ORACLE 导出(exp) & 导入(imp)

导出(exp) & 导入(imp)
   利用Export可将数据从数据库中提取出来，就是将select的结果存到一个FS二进制文件上
   利用Import则可将提取出来的数据送回到Oracle数据库中去。
   要读写数据文件内数据,所以数据库必须open
   不能备份活跃频繁数据
   exp满足select的所有特性比如权限或读一致性
   imp满足insert的所有特性比如主键或空间不足

Oracle支持三种方式基本类型的输出：
1.表方式（T方式），将指定表的数据导出。
2.用户方式（U方式），将指定用户的所有对象及数据导出。
3.全库方式（Full方式），数据库中的所有对象导出。

数据导入（Import）的过程是数据导出（Export）的逆过程，
分别将数据文件导入数据库和将数据库数据导出到数据文件。

交互模式导出exp表

[oracle@dba ~]$ exp

Export: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Apr 4 16:58:41 2011

Username: scott
Password:

Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
Enter array fetch buffer size: 4096 >

Export file: expdat.dmp > scott_tab_emp.dmp

(2)U(sers), or (3)T(ables): (2)U > T

Export table data (yes/no): yes >

Compress extents (yes/no): yes >

Export done in AL32UTF8 character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set

About to export specified tables via Conventional Path ...

Table(T) or Partition(T:P) to be exported: (RETURN to quit) > emp

. . exporting table EMP 14 rows exported

Table(T) or Partition(T:P) to be exported: (RETURN to quit) > dept

. . exporting table DEPT 4 rows exported

Table(T) or Partition(T:P) to be exported: (RETURN to quit) > 回车退出

Export terminated successfully with warnings.
[oracle@dba ~]$

查看备份文件
[oracle@dba ~]$ ll -thr scott_tab_emp.dmp
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 24K 04-04 17:00 scott_tab_emp.dmp
[oracle@dba ~]$ file scott_tab_emp.dmp
scott_tab_emp.dmp: DBase 3 data file (1380929624 records)
[oracle@dba ~]$ strings scott_tab_emp.dmp

导出的文件是二进制文件如果要经历FTP传输一定要使用binary传输模式传如果使用ASCII模式传输会损坏文件
windows cmd里的ftp 默认是ascii传输模式

linux lftp ftp等工具默认基本都是binary模式
修改方法

C:\>ftp
   ftp> status
   Not connected.
   Type: ascii; Verbose: On ; Bell: Off ; Prompting: On ; Globbing: On
   Debugging: Off ; Hash mark printing: Off .
   ftp>
   ftp> help
   Commands may be abbreviated.

!               delete
   ?               debug
   append          dir
   ascii           disconnect
   bell            get
   binary          glob
   bye             hash
   cd              help
   close           lcd
   ftp>

[oracle@dba ~]$ ftp 127.0.0.1
   Connected to 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1).
   220 (vsFTPd 2.0.5)
   Name (127.0.0.1:oracle):
   331 Please specify the password.
   Password:
   230 Login successful.
   Remote system type is UNIX.
   Using binary mode to transfer files.
   ftp> status
   Connected to 127.0.0.1.
   No proxy connection.
   Mode: stream; Type: binary; Form: non-print; Structure: file
   Verbose: on; Bell: off; Prompting: on; Globbing: on
   Store unique: off; Receive unique: off
   Case: off; CR stripping: on
   Ntrans: off
   Nmap: off
   Hash mark printing: off; Use of PORT cmds: on
   Tick counter printing: off
   ftp>

[oracle@dba ~]$ lftp oracle@127.0.0.1
   口令:
   lftp oracle@127.0.0.1:~> help get
   用法: get [OPTS] <rfile> [-o <lfile>]
   Retrieve remote file <rfile> and store it to local file <lfile>.
   .........
   -a use ascii mode (binary is the default)
   .........
   lftp oracle@127.0.0.1:~> help put
   用法: put [OPTS] <lfile> [-o <rfile>]
   Upload <lfile> with remote name <rfile>.
   .........
   -a use ascii mode (binary is the default)
   .........
   lftp oracle@127.0.0.1:~>

备份出来的是什么内容只是对象的元数据 + 用户数据
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ strings cmd_scott_tab.dmp | grep -i 'CREATE' --color
CREATE TABLE "EMP" ("EMPNO" NUMBER(4, 0), "ENAME" VARCHAR2(10), ....
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "PK_EMP" ON "EMP" ("EMPNO" ) ....
CREATE TABLE "DEPT" ("DEPTNO" NUMBER(2, 0), "DNAME" VARCHAR2(14), ....
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "PK_DEPT" ON "DEPT" ("DEPTNO" ) ....

命令模式备份表

[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ exp USERID=SCOTT/seker TABLES=EMP,DEPT FILE=cmd_scott_tab.dmp

Export: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Apr 4 17:16:22 2011

About to export specified tables via Conventional Path ...
. . exporting table EMP 14 rows exported
. . exporting table DEPT 4 rows exported
Export terminated successfully without warnings.
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$

交互模式备份schema

[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ exp

Export: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Apr 4 17:37:00 2011

Username: scott
Password:

Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
Enter array fetch buffer size: 4096 >

Export file: expdat.dmp > schema_scott.dmp

(2)U(sers), or (3)T(ables): (2)U > U

Export grants (yes/no): yes >

Export table data (yes/no): yes >

Compress extents (yes/no): yes >

Export done in AL32UTF8 character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
...............
Export terminated successfully without warnings.
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$

命令模式备份schema
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ exp userid=scott/seker file=schema.scott.dmp

.............
Export terminated successfully without warnings.
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$

只导出部分数据

[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ exp userid=scott/seker tables=emp query=\'where deptno=10\' statistics=none file=./emp_deptno_10.dmp log=./emp_deptno_10.log
表上有统计信息的时候会报EXP-0091错误，添加statistics=none即可
Export: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Apr 4 17:59:29 2011

About to export specified tables via Conventional Path ...
. . exporting table EMP
.
3 rows exported
Export terminated successfully without warnings.
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$

只导出表结构
   导出时一定要加COMPRESS=n的选项否则导入表是原始表的高水位且没数据
   一个表大小是5M
   COMPRESS=n 时得到元数据: STORAGE(INITIAL 65536)
   COMPRESS=y(默认) 时得到元数据:STORAGE(INITIAL 5242880) 这样创建的表很大又没数据
[oracle@dba ~]$ exp scott/seker tables=ob rows=n file=./ob.dmp

[oracle@dba ~]$ exp scott/seker tables=ob rows=n COMPRESS=n file=./ob2.dmp

SQL> select segment_name,sum(bytes)/1024/1024 from user_extents where segment_name='OB' group by segment_name;

SEGMENT_NAME SUM(BYTES)/1024/1024
------------------------- --------------------
OB 5

SQL> drop table OB PURGE;

Table dropped.

SQL> !
[oracle@dba ~]$ ls
Desktop ob2.dmp ob.dmp
[oracle@dba ~]$ imp userid=scott/seker file=ob.dmp
[oracle@dba ~]$ exit
SQL> select segment_name,sum(bytes)/1024/1024 from user_extents where segment_name='OB' group by segment_name;

SEGMENT_NAME SUM(BYTES)/1024/1024
------------------------- --------------------
OB 5

SQL> !
[oracle@dba ~]$ exit
exit

SQL> drop table ob purge;

Table dropped.

SQL> !
[oracle@dba ~]$ imp userid=scott/seker file=ob2.dmp

SQL> select segment_name,sum(bytes)/1024/1024 from user_extents where segment_name='OB' group by segment_name;

SEGMENT_NAME SUM(BYTES)/1024/1024
------------------------- --------------------
OB .0625

SQL>

使用参数文件

[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ cat exp.txt
userid=scott/seker
tables=emp
query='where deptno=10'
statistics=none
file=./emp_deptno_10.dmp
buffer=100000
feedback=2
log=./emp_deptno_10.log
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ exp PARFILE=exp.txt

Export: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Apr 4 17:59:52 2011

About to export specified tables via Conventional Path ...
. . exporting table EMP
.
3 rows exported
Export terminated successfully without warnings.
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$

当query中带有单引号时用两个引号代替
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ cat exp.txt
userid=scott/seker
tables=emp
query='where deptno=10 and ename=''KING'''
statistics=none
file=./emp_deptno_10.dmp
buffer=100000
feedback=2
log=./emp_deptno_10.log
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$

闪回导出（导出历史上某一时间点的数据状态，依赖undo老镜像）:
--/home/oracle/exp.txt--
userid=system/oracle
tables=scott.emp
file=/home/oracle/expdept.dmp
flashback_time="to_timestamp('2011-03-28 15:25:06','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')"
buffer=100000
feedback=5000
log=/home/oracle/expdept.log

备份的常用参数
   FEEDBACK             display progress every x rows (0)
   FILESIZE             maximum size of each dump file
   INDEXES             export indexes (Y)
   TRIGGERS              export triggers (Y)
   LOG                 log file of screen output

导入imp

指定表导入
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ imp userid=scott/seker file=schema.scott.dmp tables=t1 ;

Import: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Apr 4 18:36:26 2011

Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

Export file created by EXPORT:V10.02.01 via conventional path
import done in AL32UTF8 character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. . importing table "T1" 24672 rows imported
Import terminated successfully without warnings.
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$

导入带有外键约束的表要连同主键表一起带入否则建立外键报错带有trigger的级联表也要这样
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ imp userid=scott/seker file=schema.scott.dmp tables=emp ;

Import: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Apr 4 18:36:59 2011

Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

Export file created by EXPORT:V10.02.01 via conventional path
import done in AL32UTF8 character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. . importing table "EMP" 14 rows imported
IMP-00017: following statement failed with ORACLE error 942:
"ALTER TABLE "EMP" ADD CONSTRAINT "FK_DEPTNO" FOREIGN KEY ("DEPTNO") REFEREN"
"CES "DEPT" ("DEPTNO") ENABLE NOVALIDATE"
IMP-00003: ORACLE error 942 encountered
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
About to enable constraints...
IMP-00017: following statement failed with ORACLE error 2430:
"ALTER TABLE "EMP" ENABLE CONSTRAINT "FK_DEPTNO""
Import terminated successfully with warnings.
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$

SQL> drop table emp purge;

Table dropped.

SQL>

[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ imp userid=scott/seker file=schema.scott.dmp tables=emp,dept ;

Import: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Apr 4 18:38:09 2011

Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

Export file created by EXPORT:V10.02.01 via conventional path
import done in AL32UTF8 character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. . importing table "DEPT" 4 rows imported
. . importing table "EMP" 14 rows imported
About to enable constraints...
Import terminated successfully without warnings.
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$

导入到其他用户
这样导入到的是system模式中去了
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ imp userid=system/oracle file=schema.scott.dmp tables=emp,dept ;

Import: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Apr 4 18:41:30 2011

Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

Export file created by EXPORT:V10.02.01 via conventional path

Warning: the objects were exported by SCOTT, not by you

import done in AL32UTF8 character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
. importing SCOTT's objects into SYSTEM
. importing SCOTT's objects into SYSTEM
. . importing table "DEPT" 4 rows imported
. . importing table "EMP" 14 rows imported
About to enable constraints...
Import terminated successfully without warnings.
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$

使用touser参数导入到指定用户但userid的用户必须有权限覆盖touser的权限的人才可以这样做
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ imp userid=system/oracle touser=scott file=schema.scott.dmp tables=emp,dept ;

Import: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Apr 4 18:42:01 2011

Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

Export file created by EXPORT:V10.02.01 via conventional path

Warning: the objects were exported by SCOTT, not by you

import done in AL32UTF8 character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. . importing table "DEPT" 4 rows imported
. . importing table "EMP" 14 rows imported
About to enable constraints...
Import terminated successfully without warnings.
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$

导入时追加数据
   表不能有主键
   正常导入时先建表表存在就报错
   加ignore=y选项就是忽略表存在追加数据

导入到其他用户
SQL> create tablespace ts99 datafile '/u01/oracle/oradata/ora10g/ts99.dbf' size 20M;

Tablespace created.

SQL> create user u99 default tablespace ts99 identified by u99;

User created.

SQL> grant connect,resource to u99;

Grant succeeded.

SQL>

SQL> select owner,SEGMENT_NAME,TABLESPACE_NAME from dba_extents where SEGMENT_NAME in ('EMP','DEPT');

no rows selected

SQL>

[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ imp userid=system/oracle touser=u99 file=schema.scott.dmp tables=emp,dept ;
导入成功但存储位置却不是 ts99 这个u99的默认表空间没达到我们的目的

SQL> select owner,SEGMENT_NAME,TABLESPACE_NAME from dba_extents where SEGMENT_NAME in ('EMP','DEPT');

OWNER                   SEGMENT_NAME       TABLESPACE_NAME
------------------------------ ------------------------- ---------------
U99                   DEPT           USERS
U99                   EMP           USERS

SQL>

原因是U99用户具备所有表空间不受限的权限剔除这个权限只给他默认表空间的权限
删除刚导入的表重新导入
SQL> revoke UNLIMITED TABLESPACE from u99;

Revoke succeeded.

SQL>

SQL> alter user u99 quota unlimited on ts99;

User altered.

SQL>

[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ imp userid=system/oracle touser=u99 file=schema.scott.dmp tables=emp,dept ;

SQL> select owner,SEGMENT_NAME,TABLESPACE_NAME from dba_extents where SEGMENT_NAME in ('EMP','DEPT');

OWNER                   SEGMENT_NAME       TABLESPACE_NAME
------------------------------ ------------------------- ---------------
U99                   DEPT           TS99
U99                   EMP           TS99

SQL> 达到目的

导入时追加数据
   表不能有主键
   正常导入时先建表表存在就报错
   加ignore=y选项就是忽略表存在追加数据

导入的常用参数
   SHOW     just list file contents (N)
   COMMIT    commit array insert (N)
   BUFFER   size of data buffer
   很重要的两个参数大表我们必须限制使用批量提交以免回滚段小等问题
   commit=y       --降低导入的时候对回滚的压力。
               n -- 每张表数据导入完成后提交；
               y -- buffer满了以后就提交，一定要增大buffer的尺寸。

FULL         import entire file (N)
   indexfile=a.dmp

   indexes=N

备份表空间模式
只是备份表空间中的存储对象并不备份表空间自身的结构

[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ exp userid=system/oracle tablespaces=ts99 file=./tbs_ts99.dmp log=./tbs_ts99.log

SQL> drop tablespace ts99 including contents and datafiles;

Tablespace dropped.

SQL>

[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ imp userid=system/oracle file=./tbs_ts99.dmp full=y
.........
IMP-00003: ORACLE error 959 encountered
ORA-00959: tablespace 'TS99' does not exist
IMP-00017: following statement failed with ORACLE error 959:
.........

SQL> create tablespace ts99 datafile '/u01/oracle/oradata/ora10g/ts99.dbf' size 20M;

Tablespace created.

SQL>

[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ imp userid=system/oracle file=./tbs_ts99.dmp full=y

Import: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Tue Apr 5 03:18:47 2011

Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

Export file created by EXPORT:V10.02.01 via conventional path
import done in AL32UTF8 character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
. importing SYSTEM's objects into SYSTEM
. importing U99's objects into U99
. . importing table "DEPT" 4 rows imported
. . importing table "EMP" 14 rows imported
About to enable constraints...
Import terminated successfully without warnings.
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$

全库模式:
exp parfile=c:\exp.txt
----------------------
userid=system/oracle
full=y
filesize=50m                           定义文件大小，切割备份，为将来传输方便。
file=(c:\exp_full_1.dmp,c:\exp_full_2.dmp)   定义各种文件的名字，如果名字不够的话，导出进程会挂起要文件名字。
buffer=10000000
feedback=10000
log=c:\exp_full.log

imp parfile=c:\imp.txt
-----------------------
userid=system/oracle
full=y
filesize=50m
file=(c:\exp_full_1.dmp,c:\exp_full_2.dmp)
buffer=10000000
feedback=10000
log=c:\imp_full.log

表空间传输
从一个数据库中将一个表空间迁移至另一个数据库
   1.将本地表空间设置为只读
   2.导出表空间元数据,将导出文件和表空间包含的数据文件拿到远程
   3.远程库要手动建立和本地同样的用户
   4.导入表空间元数据,并指定原来的datafile
   5.本地和远程表空间都恢复读写正常使用

1.将本地表空间设置为只读
SQL> alter tablespace ts99 read only;

Tablespace altered.

SQL>

2.导出表空间元数据,将导出文件和表空间包含的数据文件拿到远程
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ exp userid=\''sys/oracle as sysdba'\' tablespaces=ts99 transport_tablespace=y file=./trs_tbs_ts99.dmp

Export: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Tue Apr 5 03:27:01 2011

Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
Export done in AL32UTF8 character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
Note: table data (rows) will not be exported
About to export transportable tablespace metadata...
For tablespace TS99 ...
. exporting cluster definitions
. exporting table definitions
. . exporting table DEPT
. . exporting table EMP
. exporting referential integrity constraints
. exporting triggers
. end transportable tablespace metadata export
Export terminated successfully without warnings.
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$

SQL> ! cp /u01/oracle/oradata/ora10g/ts99.dbf /u01/oracle/oradata/orcl/

SQL>

3.远程库要手动建立和本地同样的用户
SQL> select file_name,file_id,tablespace_name from dba_data_files;

FILE_NAME                   FILE_ID TABLESPACE_NAME
--------------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------
/u01/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf               4 USERS
/u01/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf               3 SYSAUX
/u01/oracle/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf               2 UNDOTBS1
/u01/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf               1 SYSTEM

SQL> create user u99 identified by u99;

User created.

SQL> grant connect,resource to u99;

Grant succeeded.

SQL>

4.导入表空间元数据,并指定原来的datafile
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ export ORACLE_SID=newdb
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$ imp userid=\''sys/oracle as sysdba'\' file=./trs_tbs_ts99.dmp tablespaces=ts99 transport_tablespace=y datafiles=\''/u01/oracle/oradata/orcl/ts99.dbf'\'

Import: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Tue Apr 5 03:36:10 2011

Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

Export file created by EXPORT:V10.02.01 via conventional path
About to import transportable tablespace(s) metadata...
import done in AL32UTF8 character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
. importing SYS's objects into SYS
. importing SYS's objects into SYS
. importing U99's objects into U99
. . importing table "DEPT"
. . importing table "EMP"
. importing SYS's objects into SYS
Import terminated successfully without warnings.
[oracle@dba exp_dir]$

SQL> select file_name,file_id,tablespace_NAME FROM DBA_DATA_FILES;

FILE_NAME                   FILE_ID TABLESPACE_NAME
--------------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------
/u01/oracle/oradata/newdb/users01.dbf               4 USERS
/u01/oracle/oradata/newdb/sysaux01.dbf               3 SYSAUX
/u01/oracle/oradata/newdb/undotbs01.dbf            2 UNDOTBS1
/u01/oracle/oradata/newdb/system01.dbf               1 SYSTEM
/u01/oracle/oradata/orcl/ts99.dbf               5 TS99

SQL>

5.本地和远程表空间都恢复读写正常使用
SQL> alter tablespace ts99 read write;

Tablespace altered.

SQL> conn u99/u99
Connected.
SQL> select * from tab;

TNAME                   TABTYPE   CLUSTERID
------------------------------ ------- ----------
DEPT                   TABLE
EMP                   TABLE

SQL>

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