SQLAlchemy ORM框架

连表操作

  • 一对多

    • 创建表 指定约束 ForeignKey

    
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://tuocigaoshou:Eb^BEF38E9FBC36CA775@111.204.117.99:3306/test", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

# 一对多
    
class Group(Base):
    
    __tablename__ = "group"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    caption = Column          # 组名

class User(Base):
    
    __tablename__ = "user"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    username = Column(String(32))
    
    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("group.nid"))  # 外键

Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
    • 插入数据
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://tuocigaoshou:Eb^BEF38E9FBC36CA775@111.204.117.99:3306/test", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

# 单表
    
class Test(Base):
    
    __tablename__ = "test"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    name = Column(String(32))

# 一对多
    
class Group(Base):
    
    __tablename__ = "group"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    caption = Column(String(32))          # 组名

class User(Base):
    
    __tablename__ = "user"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    username = Column(String(32))
    
    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("group.nid"))  # 外键

# Base.metadata.create_all(engine)    # 创建表
    
# Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)    # 删除表

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    
session = Session()

### 添加数据
    
# 向表中添加单条数据
    
session.add(Group("dba"))
    
session.add(Group("ddd"))

# 向表中添加多条数据
    
session.add_all(
    
    [
    
        User(username="a", group_id=1),
    
        User(username="b", group_id=2),
    
        User(username="c", group_id=1)
    
    ]
    
)

session.commit()
    • 查询数据

    
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://tuocigaoshou:Eb^BEF38E9FBC36CA775@111.204.117.99:3306/test", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

### 创建表结构
    
# 单表
    
class Test(Base):
    
    __tablename__ = "test"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    name = Column(String(32))

# 一对多
    
class Group(Base):
    
    __tablename__ = "group"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    caption = Column(String(32))          # 组名

class User(Base):
    
    __tablename__ = "user"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    username = Column(String(32))
    
    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("group.nid"))  # 外键

    # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于更方便的进行连表查询
    
    group = relationship("Group", backref="user")

    def __repr__(self):
    
        temp = "%s - %s - %s" % (self.nid, self.username, self.group_id)
    
        return temp

# Base.metadata.create_all(engine)    # 创建表
    
# Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)    # 删除表

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    
session = Session()

"""
    
### 添加数据
    
# 向表中添加单条数据
    
session.add(Group("dba"))
    
session.add(Group("ddd"))

# 向表中添加多条数据
    
session.add_all(
    
    [
    
        User(username="a", group_id=1),
    
        User(username="b", group_id=2),
    
        User(username="c", group_id=1)
    
    ]
    
)

session.commit()
    
"""

# # 查询单表中所有数据
    
# ret = session.query(User).all()
    
# print(ret)  # 输出User类中__repr__方法中返回的字符串
    
# for obj in ret:
    
#     print(obj.nid, obj.username, obj.group_id)
    
#
    
# # 通过指定列查询
    
# ret = session.query(User.nid, User.username).all()
    
# print(ret)  # 返回一个列表,列表中包含每一行的数据  [(2, 'a'), (3, 'b'), (4, 'c')]

# # 根据指定条件查询
    
# ret = session.query(User).filter(User.username == "a").all()
    
# obj = ret[0]
    
# print(obj.nid, obj.username, obj.group_id)

# 连表查询

# 通过join进行连表查询
    
# ret = session.query(User).join(Group)   # 返回执行的sql语句
    
# print(ret)
    
# print("------")
    
# ret = session.query(User).join(Group).all()
    
# for obj in ret:
    
#     print(obj.nid, obj.username, obj.group_id)
    
#
    
# ret = session.query(User, Group).join(Group).all()
    
# print(ret)
    
#
    
#
    
# ret = session.query(User.username, Group.caption).join(Group).all()
    
# print(ret)

# 通过relationship在创建表的类中指定连表的对应关系,然后进行连表查询
    
# 正向查询  (正向查找不能够过滤组的字段)
    
ret = session.query(User).all()
    
for obj in ret:
    
    # obj代指user表中的每一行数据
    
    # obj.group代指obj当前对应的group表中数据的对象
    
    print(obj.nid, obj.username, obj.group_id, obj.group, obj.group.nid, obj.group.caption)

# 反向查询
    
# 查找所有组名为dba的用户信息
    
obj = session.query(Group).filter(Group.caption=="dba").first()
    
print(obj.nid, obj.caption, obj.user)    # obj.user 这个地方的user是在User类中使用relationship创建对应关系中 backref对应的值

  • 多对多

    • 原始方法和新式方法1
    ### 关系在第三张表中

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://tuocigaoshou:Eb^BEF38E9FBC36CA775@111.204.117.99:3306/test", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

class Host(Base):
    
    """
    
    主机表
    
    """
    
    __tablename__ = "host"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    hostname = Column(String(32))
    
    port = Column(String(32))
    
    ip = Column(String(32))

class HostUser(Base):
    
    """
    
    登录主机的用户表
    
    """
    
    __tablename__ = "host_user"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    username = Column(String(32))

class Host_HostUser(Base):
    
    """
    
    关系表
    
    """
    
    __tablename__ = "host_to_host_user"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    host_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("host.nid"))
    
    host_user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("host_user.nid"))

    host = relationship("Host", backref="h")
    
    host_user = relationship("HostUser", backref="u")

# Base.metadata.create_all(engine)    # 创建表

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    
session = Session()

# # 向host主机表中添加多条数据
    
# session.add_all(
    
#     [
    
#         Host(hostname="c1", port="22", ip="1.1.1.1"),
    
#         Host(hostname="c2", port="22", ip="1.1.1.2"),
    
#         Host(hostname="c3", port="22", ip="1.1.1.3"),
    
#     ]
    
# )

# # 向host_user登录主机用户表中添加多条数据
    
# session.add_all(
    
#     [
    
#         HostUser(username="root"),
    
#         HostUser(username="aa"),
    
#         HostUser(username="bb"),
    
#         HostUser(username="cc"),
    
#     ]
    
# )

# # 向host_to_host_user关系表中添加多条数据
    
# session.add_all(
    
#     [
    
#         Host_HostUser(host_id=1, host_user_id=1),
    
#         Host_HostUser(host_id=1, host_user_id=2),
    
#         Host_HostUser(host_id=1, host_user_id=3),
    
#         Host_HostUser(host_id=1, host_user_id=4),
    
#         Host_HostUser(host_id=2, host_user_id=2),
    
#         Host_HostUser(host_id=2, host_user_id=4),
    
#         Host_HostUser(host_id=3, host_user_id=1),
    
#         Host_HostUser(host_id=3, host_user_id=3),
    
#     ]
    
# )

# session.commit()

# 需求:找出能够登录主机名为c1的所有用户
    
# ### 原始方式
    
# # 从host表中将找到主机名为c1的nid
    
# host_obj = session.query(Host).filter(Host.hostname == "c1").first()
    
#
    
# # 通过主机名为c1的nid在关系表中找到用户的id
    
# host_2_host_user = session.query(Host_HostUser.host_user_id).filter(Host_HostUser.host_id==host_obj.nid).all()
    
#
    
# r = zip(*host_2_host_user)
    
# users = session.query(HostUser.username).filter(HostUser.nid.in_(list(r)[0])).all()
    
# print(users)

### 原始方式结合
    
ret = session.query(HostUser.username).filter(HostUser.nid.in_(session.query(Host_HostUser.host_user_id).filter(Host_HostUser.host_id == session.query(Host.nid).filter(Host.hostname == 'c1')))).all()
    
print(ret)

### 新式方法
    
# 通过在Host_HostUser类中使用relationship建立与Host类和HostUser类建立关系,然后使用反向查询和正向询进行查找
    
host_obj = session.query(Host).filter(Host.hostname=="c1").first()
    
for item in host_obj.h:   # host_obj.h 反向查询
    
    print(item.host_user.username)  # item.host_user.username  正向查询
    • 新式方法2
    ### 关系在第1张表中 secondary=Host_HostUser.__table__ 要将关系表放在最上面 如果不使用lambda则应该将关系表放在最上面

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://tuocigaoshou:Eb^BEF38E9FBC36CA775@111.204.117.99:3306/test", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

class Host_HostUser(Base):
    
    """
    
    关系表
    
    """
    
    __tablename__ = "host_to_host_user"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    host_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("host.nid"))
    
    host_user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("host_user.nid"))

class Host(Base):
    
    """
    
    主机表
    
    """
    
    __tablename__ = "host"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    hostname = Column(String(32))
    
    port = Column(String(32))
    
    ip = Column(String(32))

    host_user = relationship("HostUser",
    
                             secondary=Host_HostUser.__table__,
    
                             backref="h")

class HostUser(Base):
    
    """
    
    登录主机的用户表
    
    """
    
    __tablename__ = "host_user"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    username = Column(String(32))

# Base.metadata.create_all(engine)    # 创建表

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    
session = Session()

# # 向host主机表中添加多条数据
    
# session.add_all(
    
#     [
    
#         Host(hostname="c1", port="22", ip="1.1.1.1"),
    
#         Host(hostname="c2", port="22", ip="1.1.1.2"),
    
#         Host(hostname="c3", port="22", ip="1.1.1.3"),
    
#     ]
    
# )

# # 向host_user登录主机用户表中添加多条数据
    
# session.add_all(
    
#     [
    
#         HostUser(username="root"),
    
#         HostUser(username="aa"),
    
#         HostUser(username="bb"),
    
#         HostUser(username="cc"),
    
#     ]
    
# )

# # 向host_to_host_user关系表中添加多条数据
    
# session.add_all(
    
#     [
    
#         Host_HostUser(host_id=1, host_user_id=1),
    
#         Host_HostUser(host_id=1, host_user_id=2),
    
#         Host_HostUser(host_id=1, host_user_id=3),
    
#         Host_HostUser(host_id=1, host_user_id=4),
    
#         Host_HostUser(host_id=2, host_user_id=2),
    
#         Host_HostUser(host_id=2, host_user_id=4),
    
#         Host_HostUser(host_id=3, host_user_id=1),
    
#         Host_HostUser(host_id=3, host_user_id=3),
    
#     ]
    
# )

# session.commit()

# 需求:找出能够登录主机名为c1的所有用户
    
### 新式方法二

host_obj = session.query(Host).filter(Host.hostname=="c1").first()
    
print(host_obj.host_user)
    • 新式方法三
    ### secondary="host_to_host_user" 关系表无顺序要求 如果不使用lambda则应该将关系表放在最上面

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://tuocigaoshou:Eb^BEF38E9FBC36CA775@111.204.117.99:3306/test", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

class Host(Base):
    
    """
    
    主机表
    
    """
    
    __tablename__ = "host"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    hostname = Column(String(32))
    
    port = Column(String(32))
    
    ip = Column(String(32))

    host_user = relationship("HostUser",
    
                             secondary="host_to_host_user",
    
                             backref="h")

class HostUser(Base):
    
    """
    
    登录主机的用户表
    
    """
    
    __tablename__ = "host_user"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    username = Column(String(32))

class Host_HostUser(Base):
    
    """
    
    关系表
    
    """
    
    __tablename__ = "host_to_host_user"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    host_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("host.nid"))
    
    host_user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("host_user.nid"))

# Base.metadata.create_all(engine)    # 创建表

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    
session = Session()

### 新式方法三

host_obj = session.query(Host).filter(Host.hostname=="c1").first()
    
print(host_obj.host_user)
    • 新式方法四
    ### secondary=lambda : Host_HostUser.__table__  如果不使用lambda则应该将关系表放在最上面

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://tuocigaoshou:Eb^BEF38E9FBC36CA775@111.204.117.99:3306/test", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

class Host(Base):
    
    """
    
    主机表
    
    """
    
    __tablename__ = "host"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    hostname = Column(String(32))
    
    port = Column(String(32))
    
    ip = Column(String(32))

    host_user = relationship("HostUser",
    
                             secondary=lambda : Host_HostUser.__table__,
    
                             backref="h")

class HostUser(Base):
    
    """
    
    登录主机的用户表
    
    """
    
    __tablename__ = "host_user"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    username = Column(String(32))

class Host_HostUser(Base):
    
    """
    
    关系表
    
    """
    
    __tablename__ = "host_to_host_user"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    host_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("host.nid"))
    
    host_user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("host_user.nid"))

# Base.metadata.create_all(engine)    # 创建表

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    
session = Session()

### 新式方法四

host_obj = session.query(Host).filter(Host.hostname=="c1").first()
    
print(host_obj.host_user)
    • 新式方法五
    ### 关系表需要使用Table()进行创建
    
### relationship 中secondary=Host_HostUser, 如果不使用lambda则应该将关系表放在最上面

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index, Table
    
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://tuocigaoshou:Eb^BEF38E9FBC36CA775@111.204.117.99:3306/test", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

Host_HostUser = Table('host_to_host_user', Base.metadata,
    
              Column('nid', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True),
    
              Column('host_id', Integer, ForeignKey("host.nid")),
    
              Column('host_user_id', Integer, ForeignKey("host_user.nid")),
    
)

class Host(Base):
    
    """
    
    主机表
    
    """
    
    __tablename__ = "host"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    hostname = Column(String(32))
    
    port = Column(String(32))
    
    ip = Column(String(32))

    host_user = relationship("HostUser",
    
                             secondary=Host_HostUser,
    
                             backref="h")

class HostUser(Base):
    
    """
    
    登录主机的用户表
    
    """
    
    __tablename__ = "host_user"
    
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
    username = Column(String(32))

# Base.metadata.create_all(engine)    # 创建表

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    
session = Session()

### 新式方法五

host_obj = session.query(Host).filter(Host.hostname=="c1").first()
    
print(host_obj.host_user)

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