MVC在软件架构中是一种比较重要的架构思想，已经被广泛的应用在实际的java web项目开发中，我们所要了解和掌握的是mvc的架构思想和使用mvc模式来分析和解决问题的方法。当然相同或不同的项目都有各种分析解决的思路，这里采用一个应用struts2+hibernate+jsp的实例系统来进一步分析mvc模式。

以班级管理系统为例的架构图:

首先由用户通过VIEW层对系统进行业务请求:

classAdd.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<%

String path = request.getContextPath();

String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";

%>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">

<html>

  <head>

    <base href="<%=basePath%>">

    <title>新增班级</title>

    <meta charset="utf-8" />

    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">

    <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">

    <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">

    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">

    <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">

    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />

    <!-- Bootstrap Styles-->

    <link href="assets/css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet" />

    <!-- FontAwesome Styles-->

    <link href="assets/css/font-awesome.css" rel="stylesheet" />

    <!-- Morris Chart Styles-->

    <link href="assets/js/morris/morris-0.4.3.min.css" rel="stylesheet" />

    <!-- Custom Styles-->

    <link href="assets/css/custom-styles.css" rel="stylesheet" />

    <!-- Google Fonts-->

    <link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' />

    <!-- TABLE STYLES-->

    <link href="assets/js/dataTables/dataTables.bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet" />

    <!--

    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">

    -->

  </head>

  <body>

      <div id="wrapper">

        <nav class="navbar navbar-default top-navbar" role="navigation">

            <div class="navbar-header">

                <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".sidebar-collapse">

                    <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span>

                    <span class="icon-bar"></span>

                    <span class="icon-bar"></span>

                    <span class="icon-bar"></span>

                </button>

                <a class="navbar-brand" href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-comments"></i> <strong>班级管理系统</strong></a>

            </div>

            <!-- headtop最高的mune栏 -->

            <ul class="nav navbar-top-links navbar-right">

                <!-- 第四个 -->

                <!-- /.dropdown -->

                <li class="dropdown">

                    <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" aria-expanded="false">

                        <i class="fa fa-user fa-fw"></i> <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i>

                    </a>

                    <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-user">

                        <li><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-user fa-fw"></i> User Profile</a></li>

                        <li><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-gear fa-fw"></i> Settings</a></li>

                        <li class="divider"></li>

                        <li><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-sign-out fa-fw"></i> Logout</a></li>

                    </ul>

                    <!-- /.dropdown-user -->

                </li>

                <!-- /.dropdown -->

            </ul>

        </nav>

        <!--/. NAV TOP  -->

        <!-- 左侧菜单栏 -->

        <nav class="navbar-default navbar-side" role="navigation">

        <div id="sideNav" href=""><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div>

            <div class="sidebar-collapse">

                <ul class="nav" id="main-menu">

                    <li>

                        <a href="index.html" class="active-menu"><i class="fa fa-sitemap"></i> 班级管理<span class="fa arrow"></span></a>

                            <ul class="nav nav-second-level">

                            <li>

                                <a href="classAdd.jsp">新建班级</a>

                            </li>

                            <li>

                                <a href="ClassInformationAction.action">班级信息</a>

                            </li>

                            </ul>

                    </li>

                    <li>

                        <a href="ui-elements.html"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i>学生管理<span class="fa arrow"></a>

                            <ul class="nav nav-second-level">

                            <li>

                                <a href="studentAdd.jsp">添加学生</a>

                            </li>

                            <li>

                                <a href="StudentInformationAction.action">学生信息</a>

                            </li>

                            </ul>

                    </li>

                    <li>

                        <a href="chart.html"><i class="fa fa-table"></i>课程管理<span class="fa arrow"></a>

                            <ul class="nav nav-second-level">

                            <li>

                                <a href="courseAdd.jsp">添加课程</a>

                            </li>

                            <li>

                                <a href="CourseInformationAction.action">课程信息</a>

                            </li>

                            </ul>

                    </li>

                    <li>

                        <a href="tab-panel.html"><i class="fa fa-bar-chart-o"></i>成绩管理<span class="fa arrow"></a>

                            <ul class="nav nav-second-level">

                            <li>

                                <a href="#">成绩录入</a>

                            </li>

                            <li>

                                <a href="#">查询成绩</a>

                            </li>

                            <li>

                                <a href="#">成绩统计</a>

                            </li>

                            </ul>

                    </li>

                    <li>

                        <a href="empty.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-file"></i> Empty Page</a>

                    </li>

                </ul>

            </div>

        </nav>

        <!-- /. NAV SIDE  -->

        <!-- /. NAV SIDE  -->

        <div id="page-wrapper">

            <div id="page-inner">

                <div class="row">

                    <div class="col-md-12">

                        <h1 class="page-header">班级管理<small> > 新增班级</small></h1>

                    </div>

                </div>

                <!-- /. ROW  -->

                <div class="row">

                <div class="col-lg-12">

                    <div class="panel panel-default">

                        <div class="panel-heading">

                                           请输入新增班级信息

                        </div>

                        <div class="panel-body">

                            <div class="row">

                                <!-- /.col-lg-6 (nested) -->

                                <div class="col-lg-6">

                                    <form role="form" action="ClassAddAction" method="post">

                                        <div class="form-group has-success">

                                            <label class="control-label" for="inputSuccess">请输入班级编号</label>

                                            <input name="classunitnumber" type="text" class="form-control" id="inputSuccess">

                                        </div>

                                        <div class="form-group has-warning">

                                            <label class="control-label" for="inputWarning">请输入班级名称</label>

                                            <input name="classunitname" type="text" class="form-control" id="inputWarning">

                                        </div>

                                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default" onclick="add()">提  交</button>

                                        <button type="reset" class="btn btn-default">重  置</button>

                                    </form>

                                </div>

                                <!-- /.col-lg-6 (nested) -->

                            </div>

                            <!-- /.row (nested) -->

                        </div>

                        <!-- /.panel-body -->

                    </div>

                    <!-- /.panel -->

                </div>

                <!-- /.col-lg-12 -->

            </div>

                <!-- /. ROW  -->

                <footer><p>Copyright &copy; 石家庄铁道大学软件工程系</p></footer>

            </div>

            <!-- /. PAGE INNER  -->

        </div>

        <!-- /. PAGE WRAPPER  -->

    </div>

    </div>

    <!-- /. WRAPPER  -->

    <!-- JS Scripts-->

    <!-- jQuery Js -->

    <script src="assets/js/jquery-1.10.2.js"></script>

    <!-- Bootstrap Js -->

    <script src="assets/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>

    <!-- Metis Menu Js -->

    <script src="assets/js/jquery.metisMenu.js"></script>

    <script src="assets/js/dataTables/jquery.dataTables.js"></script>

    <script src="assets/js/dataTables/dataTables.bootstrap.js"></script>

        <script>

            $(document).ready(function () {

                $('#dataTables-example').dataTable();

            });

    </script>

    <script>

    $(document).ready(function() {

        $('#example').dataTable( {

            "sPaginationType": "full_numbers"

        });

    });

    function add(){

        alert("添加成功!");

            return true;

    }

</script>

    <!-- Morris Chart Js -->

    <script src="assets/js/morris/raphael-2.1.0.min.js"></script>

    <script src="assets/js/morris/morris.js"></script>

    <script src="assets/js/easypiechart.js"></script>

    <script src="assets/js/easypiechart-data.js"></script>

    <!-- Custom Js -->

    <script src="assets/js/custom-scripts.js"></script>

  </body>

</html>

然后由Controller层通过struts的拦截器对view层的拦截过滤，实现调用不同的业务处理逻辑。

web.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<web-app version="3.0"

    xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"

    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

    xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee

    http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">

  <display-name></display-name>

  <welcome-file-list>

    <welcome-file>login.html</welcome-file>

  </welcome-file-list>

  <filter>

      <filter-name>struts2</filter-name>

      <filter-class>

          org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter

      </filter-class>

  </filter>

  <filter-mapping>

      <filter-name>struts2</filter-name>

      <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>

  </filter-mapping>

   <context-param>

    <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>

    <param-value>/WEB-INF/classes/applicationContext.xml</param-value>

  </context-param>

  <listener>

    <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>

  </listener>

  <filter>

    <filter-name>openSessionInView</filter-name>

    <filter-class>org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.support.OpenSessionInViewFilter</filter-class>

  </filter>  

  <filter-mapping>

    <filter-name>openSessionInView</filter-name>

    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>

  </filter-mapping>

  </web-app>

struts.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>

<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.1//EN" "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.1.dtd">

<struts>

<!-- 把Struts的action交给spring托管 -->

    <constant name="struts.objectFactory" value="spring"/>

    <!--  设置struts为开发模式，这样能够及时的响应修改  不过没有搞懂是什么意思-->

    <constant name="struts.devMode" value="false"/>

    <constant name="struts.il8n.encoding" value="UTF-8"></constant>

    <!--设置上传文件大小 （20MB）-->

    <constant name="struts.multipart.maxSize" value="2097152"></constant>

    <!--    定位视图资源的根路径 -->

    <!--    <constant name="struts.convention.result.path" value="/WEB-INF/"></constant> -->

    <!--设置struts配置文件修改以后系统是否自动重新加载该文件默认为false但是在开发环境下还是要设置成true-->

    <constant name="struts.configuration.xml.reload" value="true"></constant>

<!--************************************************************************************************************ -->

    <package name="default" namespace="/" extends="struts-default">

        <action name="LoginAction" class="LoginAction"><!-- name是jsp页面识别的名字，class是action中类的名字 -->

            <result name="success">home.jsp</result>

            <result name="error">login.html</result>

        </action>

        <!-- 班级管理 -->

        <action name="ClassInformationAction" class="ClassInformationAction">

            <result name="success">classInformation.jsp</result>

        </action>

        <action name="ClassAddAction" class="ClassAddAction">

            <result name="success">classAdd.jsp</result>

        </action>

        <action name="ClassEditAction" class="ClassEditAction">

            <result name="success">classInformation.jsp</result>

        </action>

        <action name="ClassDelAction" class="ClassDelAction">

            <result name="success">classInformation.jsp</result>

        </action>

        <!-- 学生管理 -->

        <action name="StudentInformationAction" class="StudentInformationAction">

            <result name="success">studentInformation.jsp</result>

        </action>

        <action name="StudentAddAction" class="StudentAddAction">

            <result name="success">studentAdd.jsp</result>

        </action>

        <action name="StudentEditAction" class="StudentEditAction">

            <result name="success">studentInformation.jsp</result>

        </action>

        <action name="StudentDelAction" class="StudentDelAction">

            <result name="success">studentInformation.jsp</result>

        </action>

    </package>

</struts>

找到相应的action去处理相应的业务:

ClassAddAction.java

package com.zdr.action;

import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;

import com.zdr.entity.Classunit;

import com.zdr.service.ClassunitService;

public class ClassAddAction extends ActionSupport{

    //变量

    private String classunitname = "";

    private String classunitnumber = "";

    private String result = "";

    private ClassunitService classunitService;

    private Classunit classnumber;

    //函数

    public String getClassunitname() {

        return classunitname;

    }

    public void setClassunitname(String classunitname) {

        this.classunitname = classunitname;

    }

    public String getClassunitnumber() {

        return classunitnumber;

    }

    public void setClassunitnumber(String classunitnumber) {

        this.classunitnumber = classunitnumber;

    }

    public String getResult() {

        return result;

    }

    public void setResult(String result) {

        this.result = result;

    }

    public ClassunitService getClassunitService() {

        return classunitService;

    }

    public void setClassunitService(ClassunitService classunitService) {

        this.classunitService = classunitService;

    }

    @Override

    public String execute() throws Exception

    {

        if(classunitService.checkClassnumber(getClassunitnumber()))

        {

            //result = "班级编号重复!";

            return ERROR;

        }

        else

        {

            classnumber = new Classunit();

            classnumber.setClassNumber(classunitnumber);

            classnumber.setClassName(classunitname);

            classunitService.addClassunit(classnumber);

        }

        return SUCCESS;

    }

}

通过调用关系，调用model层dao层方法完成业务处理:

package com.zdr.dao;

import java.util.List;

import java.util.Set;

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;

import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;

import org.hibernate.Criteria;

import org.hibernate.LockMode;

import org.hibernate.Query;

import org.hibernate.Session;

import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;

import org.hibernate.criterion.Restrictions;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;

import org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.support.HibernateDaoSupport;

import com.zdr.entity.Classunit;

import com.zdr.entity.Student;

/**

 * A data access object (DAO) providing persistence and search support for

 * Classunit entities. Transaction control of the save(), update() and delete()

 * operations can directly support Spring container-managed transactions or they

 * can be augmented to handle user-managed Spring transactions. Each of these

 * methods provides additional information for how to configure it for the

 * desired type of transaction control.

 *

 * @see com.zdr.entity.Classunit

 * @author MyEclipse Persistence Tools

 */

public class ClassunitDAO extends HibernateDaoSupport {

    private static final Log log = LogFactory.getLog(ClassunitDAO.class);

    private SessionFactory sessionFactory;

    private Session session;

    // property constants

    public static final String CLASS_NAME = "className";

    protected void initDao() {

        // do nothing

    }

    public  boolean checkClassnumber(String  classunitnumber)

    {

            if(classunitnumber!= null)

            {

            Classunit cun = findById(classunitnumber);

            if(cun == null)

            {

                return  false;

            }

            }

            return  true;

    }

    public Classunit findclassunitnumber(String classunitnumber)

    {

        if(classunitnumber!=null)

        {

            return findById(classunitnumber);

        }

        return null;

    }

    public void save(Classunit transientInstance) {

        log.debug("saving Classunit instance");

        try {

            getHibernateTemplate().save(transientInstance);

            log.debug("save successful");

        } catch (RuntimeException re) {

            log.error("save failed", re);

            throw re;

        }

    }

    public void delete(Classunit persistentInstance) {

        log.debug("deleting Classunit instance");

        try {

            getHibernateTemplate().delete(persistentInstance);

            log.debug("delete successful");

        } catch (RuntimeException re) {

            log.error("delete failed", re);

            throw re;

        }

    }

    public Classunit findById(java.lang.String id) {

        log.debug("getting Classunit instance with id: " + id);

        try {

            Classunit instance = (Classunit) getHibernateTemplate().get(

                    "com.zdr.entity.Classunit", id);

            return instance;

        } catch (RuntimeException re) {

            log.error("get failed", re);

            throw re;

        }

    }

    public List<Classunit> findByExample(Classunit instance) {

        log.debug("finding Classunit instance by example");

        try {

            List<Classunit> results = (List<Classunit>) getHibernateTemplate()

                    .findByExample(instance);

            log.debug("find by example successful, result size: "

                    + results.size());

            return results;

        } catch (RuntimeException re) {

            log.error("find by example failed", re);

            throw re;

        }

    }

    public List findByProperty(String propertyName, Object value) {

        log.debug("finding Classunit instance with property: " + propertyName

                + ", value: " + value);

        try {

            String queryString = "from Classunit as model where model."

                    + propertyName + "= ?";

            return getHibernateTemplate().find(queryString, value);

        } catch (RuntimeException re) {

            log.error("find by property name failed", re);

            throw re;

        }

    }

    public List<Classunit> findByClassName(Object className) {

        return findByProperty(CLASS_NAME, className);

    }

    public List<Classunit> findAll() {

        log.debug("finding all Classunit instances");

        try {

            String queryString = "from Classunit";

            return getHibernateTemplate().find(queryString);

        } catch (RuntimeException re) {

            log.error("find all failed", re);

            throw re;

        }

    }

    public Classunit merge(Classunit detachedInstance) {

        log.debug("merging Classunit instance");

        try {

            Classunit result = (Classunit) getHibernateTemplate().merge(

                    detachedInstance);

            log.debug("merge successful");

            return result;

        } catch (RuntimeException re) {

            log.error("merge failed", re);

            throw re;

        }

    }

    public void attachDirty(Classunit instance) {

        log.debug("attaching dirty Classunit instance");

        try {

            getHibernateTemplate().saveOrUpdate(instance);

            log.debug("attach successful");

        } catch (RuntimeException re) {

            log.error("attach failed", re);

            throw re;

        }

    }

    public void attachClean(Classunit instance) {

        log.debug("attaching clean Classunit instance");

        try {

            getHibernateTemplate().lock(instance, LockMode.NONE);

            log.debug("attach successful");

        } catch (RuntimeException re) {

            log.error("attach failed", re);

            throw re;

        }

    }

    public static ClassunitDAO getFromApplicationContext(ApplicationContext ctx) {

        return (ClassunitDAO) ctx.getBean("ClassunitDAO");

    }

}

处理结果再由struts.xml去返回相应的结果所对应的业务方向。

调用关系图:

总结:

当用户通过view层向系统发送业务请求时，struts.xml根据已经定义好的处理逻辑进行相应的处理，将其业务分给指定的action来处理。而model层通过不同的业务逻辑调用实现试图和逻辑的分层，由action去调用相应的dao层业务进行业务逻辑处理，处理结果再由struts.xml去返回相应的结果所对应的业务方向。

通过mvc体现的质量属性:

可修改性:将视图与业务逻辑分离，易于业务的变动和修改。

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