[转] 一篇好文 ---steve jobs (stay hungry, stay foolish)

斯蒂夫•保罗•乔布斯（Steve Paul Jobs，1955年2月24日出生－）是蘋果電腦的現任首席執行長(首席执行官)兼創辦人之一。同時也是Pixar動畫公司的董事長及首席執行長。这是他2005在斯坦福大学做的毕业演讲。。。很鼓舞人。。。也许精彩就在平实之间。。。

Thank you.
I'm honored to be with you today for your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. Truth be told, I never graduated from college, and this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today, I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just  three stories.

The first story is about connecting the dots.

I dropped out of Reed College after the first six months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?

It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife -- except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl.

So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking, "We've got an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said, "Of course." My biological mother found out later that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would go to college. This was the start in my life.

And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life.

So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out okay. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked far more interesting.

It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms. I returned coke bottles for the five cent deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the seven miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:

Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.

None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the "Mac" would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, it's likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on that calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards 10 years later.
Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something -- your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever -- because believing that the dots will connect down the road will give you the confidence to follow your heart, even when it leads you off the well-worn path, and that will make all the difference.

My second story is about love and loss.

I was lucky -- I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz1 and I started Apple in my parents' garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a two billion dollar company with over 4000 employees. We'd just released our finest creation -- the Macintosh -- a year earlier, and I had just turned 30.

And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. And so at 30, I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.

I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down -- that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me: I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.

I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.

During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world's first computer-animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, and I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.

I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometime life -- Sometimes life going to hit you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love.

And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking -- and don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking -- don't settle.

My third story is about death.

When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I've looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.

Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything -- all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure -- these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.

About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for "prepare to die." It means to try and tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.

I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and, thankfully, I'm fine now.

This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept: No one wants to die.

Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It's Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it's quite true.

Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma -- which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.

When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the "bibles" of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 60s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and Polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along. It was idealistic, overflowing with neat tools and great notions.

Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I've always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.

Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.
Thank you all very much.

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随着互联网快速成为日常工作生活的一部分，对于从事互联网的职业也有了更加清晰的定位：设计，前端开发，后端，编辑，运营等等。在这里跟随汇道科技小编一起看看前端开发的人员的角度来看看应该掌握哪些技能。
大部分人会很自然地认为 " 页面的开发没什么技术含量，很简单 "。不仅有这种普遍的认知，对从业者来说也有很多疑惑：做页面前端实现，没问题；兼容性，小 case；图片集成，一直都在用……还能有什么问题？是不是真的没什么问题了呢？那么页面开发还有哪些要求，还要做些什么，这里面的水有多深，让我们舀舀看。
技能一：绘制原型图，实现效果图
优秀的前端开发人员必然熟练掌握一种原型图设计工具，能够将构思通过工具绘制成原型图。同时能够将设计做出的视觉稿通过页面代码的方式表现出来。比如目前最流行，便捷的原型图工具 Mockplus，历史悠久的 Axure 等。能完成这两个内容就可以初步进入页面前端的从业者行列了，但这就代表着我们可以胜任页面开发的工作了？不，才刚刚开始！
技能二：与设计师的沟通和项目的参与
各行各业沟通很重要，作为前端开发人员，接触到的最主要的 " 客户 " 就是项目设计师。设计师根据原型图出视觉稿，在这个过程中，前端开发人员需要和设计师进行某些效果实现的探讨，比如对低端浏览器渲染效率影响，是否可以通过 CSS3 实现从而使结构更加清晰，是否能在视觉效果和代码实现中寻求平衡。前端开发有义务对开发出来的页面稳定性和渲染效率负责。在很多情况下，项目进度要求设计与前端开发同步进行，这种情况下就必须尽可能多的参与到项目沟通。
技能三：搭建良好的页面结构
在前端开发中页面结构的编写好比盖房时的打地基，结构的好坏会直接影响到代码的质量、JS 开发、后端的开发以及以后页面的扩展、调整和迭代。当拿到设计稿之后不要急于开工，多观察思考。先分析布局，划分框架，然后规划结构，编写代码。
技能四：优美的代码
随着 web 项目功能越来越复杂，带来的直接后果就是代码的体量变得很庞大。如何进行协同开发和代码的维护是从前端开发开始就要思考的问题。这种情形下需要考虑完善，统一规划，养成一个良好的代码开发习惯。比如：合理的使用标签、良好的注释、清晰的代码结构、准确使用 CSS 等。优美的代码，清晰的结构能够为下游开发和协同开发降低了不小的沟通成本。
技能五：保障效率
作为项目开发中靠前的一环，前端开发人员一定要有一个认识：尽早完成为项目后续进展争取更多的时间。" 工欲善其事，必先利其器 "，除了实战经验和代码习惯的形成可以帮助我们提高效率外，想要提高对自己开发的进度掌控能力，还需要学会使用辅助工具帮助提高页面开发的效率，比如使用 Less 或 Sass 可以帮助我们拓展和组织 CSS，大大提高 CSS 的编写效率增加了可维护性。多多发掘一定会找到最合适自己使用的工具。
技能六：针对服务器的优化
页面开发也需要了解服务器的优化，尽量减小服务器负担。比如 css sprite 就是一个典型减小服务器请求数的例子，以及对 class 名进行了混淆压缩避免命名过长的冗余；应用 base64 减少请求数量等等措施。这些都是综合权衡的结果，需要考虑各个方面整体优化。因为当页面访问量达到一定的数量级时，再小的一点优化都会达到可观的效果，否则小问题会带来大灾难。
技能七：永远不停止学习
这是一个飞速发展的时代，同时也是充满机会的时代，HTML5 时代的来临伴随着移动互联网的兴起创造了更大的机会，还有太多的东西值得我们去学习去发现。作为一名开发人员，走在技术的最前沿永远是保持竞争力最好的方式。正所谓 " 唯有高屋建瓴方可水到渠成 "。拿苹果 CEO 在斯坦福演讲的一句话 "Stay Hungry， Stay Foolish" 和大家共勉。