django学习笔记(3)

Part 3: Views and templates

====> Write your first view
$ edit polls\views.py

from django.http import HttpResponse

def index(request):
    return HttpResponse("Hello, world. You're at the polls index.")

$ edit polls\urls.py

from django.conf.urls import url

from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^$', views.index, name='index'),
]

$ edit mysite\urls.py

from django.conf.urls import include, url
from django.contrib import admin

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls')),
    url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
]

====> Writing more views
$ edit polls\views.py

# ...

def detail(request, question_id):
    return HttpResponse("You're looking at question %s." % question_id)

def results(request, question_id):
    response = "You're looking at the results of question %s."
    return HttpResponse(response % question_id)

def vote(request, question_id):
    return HttpResponse("You're voting on question %s." % question_id)

$ edit polls\urls.py

from django.conf.urls import url

from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    # ex: /polls/
    url(r'^$', views.index, name='index'),
    # ex: /polls/5/
    url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/$', views.detail, name='detail'),
    # ex: /polls/5/results/
    url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/results/$', views.results, name='results'),
    # ex: /polls/5/vote/
    url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote/$', views.vote, name='vote'),
]

====> Write views that actually do something
$ edit polls\views.py

from django.http import HttpResponse

from .models import Question

def index(request):
    latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
    output = ', '.join([p.question_text for p in latest_question_list])
    return HttpResponse(output)

# Leave the rest of the views (detail, results, vote) unchanged

$ edit polls\templates\polls\index.html
{% if latest_question_list %}
    <ul>
    {% for question in latest_question_list %}
        <li><a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>
    {% endfor %}
    </ul>
{% else %}
    <p>No polls are available.</p>
{% endif %}

$ edit polls\views.py

from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.template import RequestContext, loader

from .models import Question

def index(request):
    latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
    template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
    context = RequestContext(request, {
        'latest_question_list': latest_question_list,
    })
    return HttpResponse(template.render(context))

====> A shortcut: render()

$ edit polls\views.py

from django.shortcuts import render

from .models import Question

def index(request):
    latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
    context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list}
    return render(request, 'polls/index.html', context)

====> Raising a 404 error
$ edit polls\views.py

from django.http import Http404
from django.shortcuts import render

from .models import Question
# ...
def detail(request, question_id):
    try:
        question = Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
    except Question.DoesNotExist:
        raise Http404("Question does not exist")
    return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})

$ edit polls\templates\polls\detail.html
{{ question }}

====> A shortcut: get_object_or_404()
$ edit polls\views.py

from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render

from .models import Question
# ...
def detail(request, question_id):
    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
    return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})

====> Use the template system
$ edit polls\templates\polls\detail.html

<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>
<ul>
{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
    <li>{{ choice.choice_text }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>

====> Removing hardcoded URLs in templates
$ edit polls\templates\polls\detail.html

from: <li><a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>

to:   <li><a href="{% url 'detail' question.id %}">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>

====> Namespacing URL names
$ edit mysite\urls.py

from django.conf.urls import include, url
from django.contrib import admin

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls', namespace="polls")),
    url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
]

$ edit polls\templates\polls\index.html

from: <li><a href="{% url 'detail' question.id %}">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>
to:   <li><a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>