Python：的web爬虫实现及原理(BeautifulSoup工具)

　　最近一直在学习python，学习完了基本语法就练习了一个爬虫demo，下面总结下。

　　

　　主要逻辑是　

　　1）初始化url管理器，也就是将rooturl加入到url管理器中

　　2）在url管理器中得到新的new_url

　　3）根据新new_url得到它的内容html_cont　　(工具 urllib.request.urlopen(url))

　　4）解析这个新页面的内容html_cont并得到新的子url，并保存解析内容结果  （利用BeautifulSoup工具）

　　5）将新得到的子url保存到url管理器

　　6）迭代2-5步骤，知道输出某个阈值的数量即可停止

　　7）输出爬去的结果

　　注意编码问题，一致为UTF-8　--　　　.decode('UTF-8')

　　

BeautifulSoup工具的安装方式：进入Python3.x\Script下 输入指令 pip install beautifulsoup4

主页面spider_main.py:

　　

'''
Created on --

@author: rongyu
'''
from bike_spider import url_manager, html_downloader, html_parser, html_outputer

class SpiderMain(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.urls = url_manager.UrlManager()
        self.downloader = html_downloader.HtmlDownloader()
        self.parser = html_parser.HtmlParser()
        self.outputer = html_outputer.HtmlOutputer()

    def craw(self, root_url):
        count =
        self.urls.add_new_url(root_url)
        while self.urls.has_new_url():
            try:
                new_url = self.urls.get_new_url()
                print ('craw %d:%s'%(count,new_url))
                html_cont = self.downloader.download(new_url)
                new_urls,new_data = self.parser.parse(new_url,html_cont)
                self.urls.add_new_urls(new_urls)
                self.outputer.collect_data(new_data)

                if count == :
                    break

                count = count +
            except:
                print('craw failed')

        self.outputer.output_html()

#主程序入口

if __name__=="__main__":
    root_url = "http://baike.baidu.com/view/21087.htm"
    obj_spider = SpiderMain()
    obj_spider.craw(root_url)　　　　#根据url开始爬取

url管理器页面UrlManager.py

'''
Created on --

@author: rongyu
'''

class UrlManager(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.new_urls = set()
        self.old_urls = set()

    def add_new_url(self,url):
        if url is None:
            return
        if url not in self.new_urls and url not in self.old_urls:
            self.new_urls.add(url)

    def has_new_url(self):
        return len(self.new_urls) != 

    def get_new_url(self):
        new_url = self.new_urls.pop()
        self.old_urls.add(new_url)
        return new_url

    def add_new_urls(self,urls):
        if urls is None or len(urls) == :
            return
        for url in urls:
            self.add_new_url(url)

下载器页面 HtmlDownloader.py

import urllib.request

class HtmlDownloader(object):

    def download(self,url):
        if url is None:
            return None

        response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)

        return response.read().decode('UTF-8')

解析器页面HtmlParser.py

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import re
import urllib.parse

class HtmlParser(object):

    def _get_new_urls(self, page_url, soup):
        new_urls = set()
        #/view/.htm
        links = soup.find_all('a',href=re.compile(r"/view/\d+\.htm"))
        for link in links:
            new_url = link['href']
            new_full_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(page_url,new_url)
            new_urls.add(new_full_url)
        return new_urls

    def _get_new_data(self, page_url, soup):
        res_data = {}

        #url
        res_data['url'] = page_url

        #<dd class="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title"> <h1>Python</h1>
        title_node = soup.find('dd',class_="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title").find("h1")
        res_data['title'] = title_node.get_text()

        #<div class="lemma-summary" label-module="lemmaSummary">
        summary_node = soup.find('div',class_="lemma-summary")
        res_data['summary'] = summary_node.get_text()

        return res_data

    def parse(self,page_url,html_cont):
        if page_url is None or html_cont is None:
            return

        soup = BeautifulSoup(html_cont,'html.parser',from_encoding='UTF-8')
        new_urls = self._get_new_urls(page_url,soup)
        new_data = self._get_new_data(page_url,soup)
        return new_urls,new_data
    

输出器的代码HtmlOutputer.py

class HtmlOutputer(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.datas = []

    def collect_data(self,data):
        if data is None:
            #print("collect_data -data is none!")
            return

        self.datas.append(data)
        #print(self.datas)

    def output_html(self):
        fout = open('output.html','w')

        fout.write("<html>")
        fout.write("<body>")
        fout.write("<table>")
        for data in self.datas:
           fout.write("<tr>")
           fout.write("<td>%s</td>"%data['url'].encode('UTF-8'))
           fout.write("<td>%s</td>"%data['title'].encode('UTF-8'))
           fout.write("<td>%s</td>"%data['summary'].encode('UTF-8'))
           fout.write("</tr>")
        fout.write("</table>")
        fout.write("</body>")
        fout.write("</html>")

实验结果：

控制台输出

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" 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