linux中python安装

1、查看当前环境中是否存在python安装包

[zyj@localhost ~]$  rpm -qa | grep python
gnome-python2-gnome-2.28.-.el6.x86_64
python-slip-0.2.-.el6_2.noarch
python-iniparse-0.3.-2.1.el6.noarch
python-pycurl-7.19.-.el6.x86_64
gnome-python2-gconf-2.28.-.el6.x86_64
gnome-python2-extras-2.25.-.el6.x86_64
gnome-python2-libegg-2.25.-.el6.x86_64
notify-python-0.1.-.el6.x86_64
python-libs-2.6.-.el6_8.x86_64
python-ethtool-0.6-.el6.x86_64
python-mako-0.3.-.el6.noarch
abrt-python-2.0.-.el6.centos.x86_64
gnome-python2-gnomekeyring-2.28.-.el6.x86_64
gnome-python2-bonobo-2.28.-.el6.x86_64
python-meh-0.12.-.el6.noarch
python-2.6.-.el6_8.x86_64
libuser-python-0.56.-.el6_7.x86_64

2、在官网上查看最新的版本；也可以通过yum install 安装python安装包，但是有可能yum源上面没有最新的python版本，所以采用下载的方式安装最新的安装包。

https://www.python.org/downloads/source/

[root@localhost home]# yum info python  //查看yum源上的py安装包信息
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Installed Packages
Name        : python
Arch        : x86_64
Version     : 2.6.
Release     : .el6_8
Size        :  k
Repo        : installed
From repo   : anaconda-CentOS-.x86_64
Summary     : An interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
URL         : http://www.python.org/
License     : Python
Description : Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming
            : language often compared to Tcl, Perl, Scheme or Java. Python includes
            : modules, classes, exceptions, very high level dynamic data types and
            : dynamic typing. Python supports interfaces to many system calls and
            : libraries, as well as to various windowing systems (X11, Motif, Tk,
            : Mac and MFC).
            :
            : Programmers can write new built-in modules for Python in C or C++.
            : Python can be used as an extension language for applications that need
            : a programmable interface.
            :
            : Note that documentation for Python is provided in the python-docs
            : package.
            :
            : This package provides the "python" executable; most of the actual
            : implementation is within the "python-libs" package.
[root@localhost home]#
[root@localhost home]# yum search python3  //查询yum源是否有？
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Warning: No matches found for: python3
No Matches found

3、安装python源码：

---

•  下载：将安装包上传到linux的家目录下

[root@localhost home]# cd zyj
[root@localhost zyj]# ll
total
drwxr-xr-x.  zyj zyj      Apr  : Desktop
drwxr-xr-x.  zyj zyj      Apr  : Documents
drwxr-xr-x.  zyj zyj      Apr  : Downloads
drwxr-xr-x.  zyj zyj      Apr  : Music
drwxr-xr-x.  zyj zyj      Apr  : Pictures
drwxr-xr-x.  zyj zyj      Apr  : Public
-rw-rw-r--.  zyj zyj  May     Python-3.6..tgz
drwxr-xr-x.  zyj zyj      Apr  : Templates
drwxr-xr-x.  zyj zyj      Apr  : Videos
-rw-rw-r--.  zyj zyj   Apr  : mysql-server-5.1.-.el6_8.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost zyj]# mv Python-3.6..tgz ../
[root@localhost home]# ll
total
-rwxrwxrwx.   root root        Apr  : .txt
-rw-rw-r--.   zyj  zyj   May     Python-3.6..tgz
-rwxrwxrwx.   zyj  zyj         Apr  : hello.txt
drwxr-xrwx.   root root      Apr  : x
drwx------.  zyj  zyj       May   : zyj

• 查看源码（.c结尾为c语言）：在windows下打开压缩包，查看里面文件的后缀。
• 准备编译环境（检查c语言编译环境，gcc）

[root@localhost home]# rpm -qa | grep gcc
libgcc-4.4.-.el6.x86_64
gcc-4.4.-.el6.x86_64

[root@localhost home]# yum install gcc-c++ //安装c++编译环境

• 检查（依赖、兼容），预编译：

[root@localhost home]# tar -zxvf Python-3.6..tgz //解压安装包
[root@localhost home]# ls
.txt  Python-3.6.  Python-3.6..tgz  hello.txt  x  zyj
[root@localhost home]# cd Python-3.6. //进入安装包目录下
[root@localhost Python-3.6.]# ll
total
drwxr-xr-x.  sl sl    Mar  : Doc
drwxr-xr-x.   sl sl    Mar  : Grammar
drwxr-xr-x.   sl sl    Mar  : Include
-rw-r--r--.   sl sl   Mar  : LICENSE
drwxr-xr-x.  sl sl    Mar  : Lib
drwxr-xr-x.   sl sl    Mar  : Mac
-rw-r--r--.   sl sl   Mar  : Makefile.pre.in
drwxr-xr-x.   sl sl    Mar  : Misc
drwxr-xr-x.  sl sl    Mar  : Modules
drwxr-xr-x.   sl sl    Mar  : Objects
drwxr-xr-x.   sl sl    Mar  : PC
drwxr-xr-x.   sl sl    Mar  : PCbuild
drwxr-xr-x.   sl sl    Mar  : Parser
drwxr-xr-x.   sl sl    Mar  : Programs
drwxr-xr-x.   sl sl    Mar  : Python
-rw-r--r--.   sl sl    Mar  : README.rst
drwxr-xr-x.  sl sl    Mar  : Tools
-rw-r--r--.   sl sl   Mar  : aclocal.m4
-rwxr-xr-x.   sl sl   Mar  : config.guess
-rwxr-xr-x.   sl sl   Mar  : config.sub
-rwxr-xr-x.   sl sl  Mar  : configure
-rw-r--r--.   sl sl  Mar  : configure.ac
-rwxr-xr-x.   sl sl    Mar  : install-sh
-rw-r--r--.   sl sl   Mar  : pyconfig.h.in
-rw-r--r--.   sl sl  Mar  : setup.py

执行可执行文件：

[root@localhost Python-3.6.5]# ./configure --help
`configure' configures python 3.6 to adapt to many kinds of systems.

Usage: ./configure [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]...

To assign environment variables (e.g., CC, CFLAGS...), specify them as
VAR=VALUE.  See below for descriptions of some of the useful variables.

Defaults for the options are specified in brackets.

Configuration:
  -h, --help              display this help and exit
      --help=short        display options specific to this package
      --help=recursive    display the short help of all the included packages
  -V, --version           display version information and exit
  -q, --quiet, --silent   do not print `checking ...' messages
      --cache-file=FILE   cache test results in FILE [disabled]
  -C, --config-cache      alias for `--cache-file=config.cache'
  -n, --no-create         do not create output files
      --srcdir=DIR        find the sources in DIR [configure dir or `..']

Installation directories:
  --prefix=PREFIX         install architecture-independent files in PREFIX
                          [/usr/local]
  --exec-prefix=EPREFIX   install architecture-dependent files in EPREFIX
                          [PREFIX]
......

Report bugs to <https://bugs.python.org/>.

[root@localhost Python-3.6.5]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/python-3.6.5  //第三方软件安装在/usr/ 目录下。
checking whether gcc -pthread supports computed gotos... yes
checking for build directories... done
checking for -O2... yes
checking for glibc _FORTIFY_SOURCE/memmove bug... no
checking for gcc ipa-pure-const bug... no
checking for stdatomic.h... no
checking for GCC >= 4.7 __atomic builtins... no
checking for ensurepip... upgrade
checking if the dirent structure of a d_type field... yes
checking for the Linux getrandom() syscall... no
checking for the getrandom() function... no
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating Makefile.pre
config.status: creating Modules/Setup.config
config.status: creating Misc/python.pc
config.status: creating Misc/python-config.sh
config.status: creating Modules/ld_so_aix
config.status: creating pyconfig.h
creating Modules/Setup
creating Modules/Setup.local
creating Makefile
If you want a release build with all stable optimizations active (PGO, etc),
please run ./configure --enable-optimizations

准备安装依赖包：zlib、openssl。python的pip需要依赖这两个包。

[root@localhost home]# yum install zlib* openssl*  //安装依赖包
[root@localhost home]# cd Python-3.6.
[root@localhost Python-3.6.]# ls
Doc      LICENSE  Makefile         Misc     PC       Programs    Tools         config.log     configure     pyconfig.h
Grammar  Lib      Makefile.pre     Modules  PCbuild  Python      aclocal.m4    config.status  configure.ac  pyconfig.h.in
Include  Mac      Makefile.pre.in  Objects  Parser   README.rst  config.guess  config.sub     install-sh    setup.py
[root@localhost Python-3.6.]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/python-3.6.5 --enable-optimizations  //完整的预编译
...
creating Modules/Setup
creating Modules/Setup.local
creating Makefile  //没有任何报错
[root@localhost Python-3.6.]# 

• 编译：make

[root@localhost Python-3.6.]# make
...
make[]: Entering directory `/home/Python-3.6.'
find . -name '*.gc??' -exec rm -f {} ';'
find . -name '*.profclang?' -exec rm -f {} ';'
find . -name '*.dyn' -exec rm -f {} ';'
rm -f /home/Python-3.6./coverage.info
rm -rf /home/Python-3.6./lcov-report
make[]: Leaving directory `/home/Python-3.6.'
[root@localhost Python-3.6.]# //一般检查最后几行有没有error

• 安装：make install

[root@localhost Python-3.6.]#make install //安装
......
Collecting setuptools
Collecting pip
Installing collected packages: setuptools, pip
Successfully installed pip-9.0. setuptools-39.0.
[root@localhost Python-3.6.]#

[root@localhost Python-3.6.]# cd /usr/python-3.6./
[root@localhost python-3.6.]# ls
bin include lib share
[root@localhost python-3.6.]# pwd  //python安装后的目录
/usr/python-3.6.

[root@localhost python-3.6.]# cd /home/Python-3.6.
[root@localhost Python-3.6.]# pwd  //python源码目录，可以删除掉
/home/Python-3.6.

[root@localhost Python-3.6.]# cd /usr/python-3.6.5/
[root@localhost python-3.6.]# ls
bin include lib share
[root@localhost python-3.6.]# ll
total
drwxr-xr-x.  root root  May  : bin
drwxr-xr-x.  root root  May  : include
drwxr-xr-x.  root root  May  : lib
drwxr-xr-x.  root root  May  : share
[root@localhost python-3.6.]# cd bin
[root@localhost bin]# ll
total
lrwxrwxrwx.  root root  May  : 2to3 -> 2to3-3.6
-rwxr-xr-x.  root root  May  : 2to3-3.6
-rwxr-xr-x.  root root  May  : easy_install-3.6
lrwxrwxrwx.  root root  May  : idle3 -> idle3.
-rwxr-xr-x.  root root  May  : idle3.
-rwxr-xr-x.  root root  May  : pip3
-rwxr-xr-x.  root root  May  : pip3.
lrwxrwxrwx.  root root  May  : pydoc3 -> pydoc3.
-rwxr-xr-x.  root root  May  : pydoc3.
lrwxrwxrwx.  root root  May  : python3 -> python3.6
lrwxrwxrwx.  root root  May  : python3-config -> python3.-config
-rwxr-xr-x.  root root  May  : python3.
lrwxrwxrwx.  root root  May  : python3.-config -> python3.6m-config
-rwxr-xr-x.  root root  May  : python3.6m
-rwxr-xr-x.  root root  May  : python3.6m-config
lrwxrwxrwx.  root root  May  : pyvenv -> pyvenv-3.6
-rwxr-xr-x.  root root  May  : pyvenv-3.6

[root@localhost bin]# python
Python 2.6.6 (r266:, Aug  , ::)
[GCC 4.4.  (Red Hat 4.4.-)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> exit
Use exit() or Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit
>>> exit()
[root@localhost bin]#
[root@localhost bin]# python3  //需要设置环境变量，如果命令找不到，则此命令的执行文件不在系统的环境变量（PATH）中。
bash: python3: command not found

• 配置环境变量：让系统自动找到命令执行文件路径。PATH的值是一堆目录，之间通过冒号隔开。

[root@localhost bin]# printenv //查看环境变量或使用echo $PATH查看
HOSTNAME=localhost.localdomain
SELINUX_ROLE_REQUESTED=
SHELL=/bin/bash
TERM=xterm
HISTSIZE=
SSH_CLIENT=192.168.166.1
SELINUX_USE_CURRENT_RANGE=
SSH_TTY=/dev/pts/
USER=zyj
PATH=/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/home/zyj/bin  目录之间的分隔使用冒号隔开。
MAIL=/var/spool/mail/zyj
PWD=/usr/python-3.6./bin
LANG=en_US:.UTF-
SELINUX_LEVEL_REQUESTED=
HISTCONTROL=ignoredups
SSH_ASKPASS=/usr/libexec/openssh/gnome-ssh-askpass
HOME=/root
SHLVL=
LOGNAME=zyj
SSH_CONNECTION=192.168.166.1  192.168.166.128
LESSOPEN=||/usr/bin/lesspipe.sh %s
G_BROKEN_FILENAMES=
OLDPWD=/usr/python-3.6.
_=/usr/bin/printenv
[root@localhost bin]# 

设置环境变量：

[root@localhost bin]# vi ~/.bash_profile
[root@localhost bin]# vi ~/.bashrc
# .bashrc

# User specific aliases and functions

alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'

# Source global definitions
if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
        . /etc/bashrc
fi
PATH=$PATH:/usr/python-3.6.5/bin   //在原有PATH下追加新的路径。
#第二种修改环境变量的方式
PYTHON_HOME=/usr/python-3.6.5
PATH=$PATH:$PYTHON_HOME/bin
：wq
[root@localhost bin]# source ~/.bashrc  //执行生效，只要PATH修改，均需要source生效。
[root@localhost ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/home/zyj/bin:/usr/python-3.6.5/bin

[root@localhost bin]# python3
Python 3.6. (default, May   , ::)
[GCC 4.4.  (Red Hat 4.4.-)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 

注意：一般遵守改变自己用户的配置文件，不要改整个系统的配置文件。

/etc/profile ：整个系统的环境变量配置文件

~/.bashrc：当前用户的环境变量配置文件，推荐使用。

补充：安装一个python工具，ipython3，这个工具可以在python中执行linux的命令，比较好用，推荐安装。

[root@localhost bin]# pip3 install ipython3
Collecting ipython
[root@localhost bin]# ipython3
/usr/python-3.6./lib/python3./site-packages/IPython/core/history.py:: UserWarning: IPython History requires SQLite, your history will not be saved
warn("IPython History requires SQLite, your history will not be saved")
Python 3.6. (default, May  , ::)
Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
IPython 6.3. -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.

In []: ls
2to3@ idle3@ iptest3* pip3* pydoc3.* python3-config@ python3.6m* pyvenv-3.6*
2to3-3.6* idle3.* ipython* pip3.* pygmentize* python3.* python3.6m-config*
easy_install-3.6* iptest* ipython3* pydoc3@ python3@ python3.-config@ pyvenv@
In []: cd /home