Java各版本新增特性, Since Java 8

作者：Grey

原文地址：

Github

语雀

博客园

Java 8

Reactor of Java 这一章来自于《Spring in Action, 5th》的笔记，因为这本书讲Reactor of Java讲的太好了，所以作为笔记摘抄了下来。

Reactor of Java

In an imperative programming model, the code would look something like this:

String name = "Craig";
String capitalName = name.toUpperCase();
String greeting = "Hello, " + capitalName + "!";
System.out.println(greeting);

In the imperative model, each line of code performs a step, one right after the other, and definitely in the same thread. Each step blocks the executing thread from moving to the next step until complete. In contrast, functional, reactive code could achieve the same thing like this:

Mono.just("Craig")
        .map(n -> n.toUpperCase())
        .map(n -> "Hello, " + n + " !")
        .subscribe(System.out::println);

The Mono in the example is one of Reactor’s two core types. Flux is the other. Both are implementations of Reactive Streams’ Publisher.

A Flux represents** a pipeline of zero, one, or many (potentially infinite) data items**.

A Mono is a specialized reactive type that’s optimized for when the dataset is known to have no more than one data item.

CREATING FROM OBJECTS

Flux<String> fruitFlux = Flux
        .just("Apple", "Orange", "Grape", "Banana", "Strawberry");
        fruitFlux.subscribe(f -> System.out.println("Hello " + f));
// for test
        StepVerifier.create(fruitFlux)
        .expectNext("Apple")
        .expectNext("Orange")
        .expectNext("Grape")
        .expectNext("Banana")
        .expectNext("Strawberry")
        .verifyComplete();

CREATING FROM COLLECTIONS

Stream<String> fruitStream = Stream.of("Apple", "Orange", "Grape", "Banana", "Strawberry");
        Flux<String> fruitFlux2 = Flux.fromStream(fruitStream);
        fruitFlux2.subscribe(s -> System.out.println(s));
        List<String> fruitList = new ArrayList<>();
        fruitList.add("Apple");
        fruitList.add("Orange");
        fruitList.add("Grape");
        fruitList.add("Banana");
        fruitList.add("Strawberry");
        Flux<String> fruitFlux3 = Flux.fromIterable(fruitList);
        fruitFlux3.subscribe(s -> System.out.println(s));
        String[] fruits = new String[] {"Apple", "Orange", "Grape", "Banana", "Strawberry" };
        Flux<String> fruitFlux = Flux.fromArray(fruits);
        fruitFlux.subscribe(s -> System.out.println(s));
        StepVerifier.create(fruitFlux)
        .expectNext("Apple")
        .expectNext("Orange")
        .expectNext("Grape")
        .expectNext("Banana")
        .expectNext("Strawberry")
        .verifyComplete();

GENERATING FLUX DATA

Flux<Integer> intervalFlux =
Flux.range(1, 5);
intervalFlux.subscribe(integer -> System.out.println(integer));
StepVerifier.create(intervalFlux)
.expectNext(1)
.expectNext(2)
.expectNext(3)
.expectNext(4)
.expectNext(5)
.verifyComplete();
Flux<Long> intervalFlux =
Flux.interval(Duration.ofSeconds(1))
.take(5);
intervalFlux.subscribe(i -> System.out.println(i));
StepVerifier.create(intervalFlux)
.expectNext(0L)
.expectNext(1L)
.expectNext(2L)
.expectNext(3L)
.expectNext(4L)
.verifyComplete();

MERGING REACTIVE TYPES

Flux<String> characterFlux = Flux
.just("Garfield", "Kojak", "Barbossa")
.delayElements(Duration.ofMillis(500));
Flux<String> foodFlux = Flux
.just("Lasagna", "Lollipops", "Apples")
.delaySubscription(Duration.ofMillis(250))
.delayElements(Duration.ofMillis(500));
Flux<String> mergedFlux = characterFlux.mergeWith(foodFlux);
mergedFlux.subscribe(s -> System.out.println(s));
StepVerifier.create(mergedFlux)
.expectNext("Garfield")
.expectNext("Lasagna")
.expectNext("Kojak")
.expectNext("Lollipops")
.expectNext("Barbossa")
.expectNext("Apples")
.verifyComplete();
Flux<String> characterFlux = Flux
.just("Garfield", "Kojak", "Barbossa");
Flux<String> foodFlux = Flux
.just("Lasagna", "Lollipops", "Apples");
Flux<Tuple2<String, String>> zippedFlux =
Flux.zip(characterFlux, foodFlux);
zippedFlux.subscribe(x -> System.out.println(x));
StepVerifier.create(zippedFlux)
.expectNextMatches(p ->
p.getT1().equals("Garfield") &&
p.getT2().equals("Lasagna"))
.expectNextMatches(p ->
p.getT1().equals("Kojak") &&
p.getT2().equals("Lollipops"))
.expectNextMatches(p ->
p.getT1().equals("Barbossa") &&
p.getT2().equals("Apples"))
.verifyComplete();
Flux<String> characterFlux = Flux
.just("Garfield", "Kojak", "Barbossa");
Flux<String> foodFlux = Flux
.just("Lasagna", "Lollipops", "Apples");
Flux<String> zippedFlux =
Flux.zip(characterFlux, foodFlux, (c, f) -> c + " eats " + f);
zippedFlux.subscribe(x -> System.out.println(x));
StepVerifier.create(zippedFlux)
.expectNext("Garfield eats Lasagna")
.expectNext("Kojak eats Lollipops")
.expectNext("Barbossa eats Apples")
.verifyComplete();

SELECTING THE FIRST REACTIVE TYPE TO PUBLISH

Flux<String> slowFlux = Flux.just("tortoise", "snail", "sloth")
.delaySubscription(Duration.ofMillis(100));
Flux<String> fastFlux = Flux.just("hare", "cheetah", "squirrel");
Flux<String> firstFlux = Flux.first(slowFlux, fastFlux);
StepVerifier.create(firstFlux)
.expectNext("hare")
.expectNext("cheetah")
.expectNext("squirrel")
.verifyComplete();

FILTERING DATA FROM REACTIVE TYPES

Flux<String> skipFlux = Flux.just(
"one", "two", "skip a few", "ninety nine", "one hundred")
.skip(3);
StepVerifier.create(skipFlux)
.expectNext("ninety nine", "one hundred")
.verifyComplete();
Flux<String> skipFlux = Flux.just(
"one", "two", "skip a few", "ninety nine", "one hundred")
.delayElements(Duration.ofSeconds(1))
.skip(Duration.ofSeconds(4));
StepVerifier.create(skipFlux)
.expectNext("ninety nine", "one hundred")
.verifyComplete();
Flux<String> nationalParkFlux = Flux.just(
"Yellowstone", "Yosemite", "Grand Canyon",
"Zion", "Grand Teton")
.take(3);
StepVerifier.create(nationalParkFlux)
.expectNext("Yellowstone", "Yosemite", "Grand Canyon")
.verifyComplete();
Flux<String> nationalParkFlux = Flux.just(
"Yellowstone", "Yosemite", "Grand Canyon",
"Zion", "Grand Teton")
.delayElements(Duration.ofSeconds(1))
.take(Duration.ofMillis(3500));
StepVerifier.create(nationalParkFlux)
.expectNext("Yellowstone", "Yosemite", "Grand Canyon")
.verifyComplete();
Flux<String> nationalParkFlux = Flux.just(
"Yellowstone", "Yosemite", "Grand Canyon",
"Zion", "Grand Teton")
.filter(np -> !np.contains(" "));
StepVerifier.create(nationalParkFlux)
.expectNext("Yellowstone", "Yosemite", "Zion")
.verifyComplete();
Flux<String> animalFlux = Flux.just(
"dog", "cat", "bird", "dog", "bird", "anteater")
.distinct();
StepVerifier.create(animalFlux)
.expectNext("dog", "cat", "bird", "anteater")
.verifyComplete();

MAPPING REACTIVE DATA

Flux<Player> playerFlux = Flux
.just("Michael Jordan", "Scottie Pippen", "Steve Kerr")
.map(n -> {
String[] split = n.split("\\s");
return new Player(split[0], split[1]);
});
StepVerifier.create(playerFlux)
.expectNext(new Player("Michael", "Jordan"))
.expectNext(new Player("Scottie", "Pippen"))
.expectNext(new Player("Steve", "Kerr"))
.verifyComplete();
Flux<Player> playerFlux = Flux
.just("Michael Jordan", "Scottie Pippen", "Steve Kerr")
.flatMap(n -> Mono.just(n)
.map(p -> {
String[] split = p.split("\\s");
return new Player(split[0], split[1]);
})
.subscribeOn(Schedulers.parallel())
);
List<Player> playerList = Arrays.asList(
new Player("Michael", "Jordan"),
new Player("Scottie", "Pippen"),
new Player("Steve", "Kerr"));
StepVerifier.create(playerFlux)
.expectNextMatches(p -> playerList.contains(p))
.expectNextMatches(p -> playerList.contains(p))
.expectNextMatches(p -> playerList.contains(p))
.verifyComplete();

BUFFERING DATA ON A REACTIVE STREAM

Flux<String> fruitFlux = Flux.just(
"apple", "orange", "banana", "kiwi", "strawberry");
Flux<List<String>> bufferedFlux = fruitFlux.buffer(3);
StepVerifier
.create(bufferedFlux)
.expectNext(Arrays.asList("apple", "orange", "banana"))
.expectNext(Arrays.asList("kiwi", "strawberry"))
.verifyComplete();
Buffering values from a reactive Flux into non-reactive List collections seems counterproductive. But when you combine buffer() with flatMap(), it enables each of the List collections to be processed in parallel:
Flux.just(
"apple", "orange", "banana", "kiwi", "strawberry")
.buffer(3)
.flatMap(x ->
Flux.fromIterable(x)
.map(y -> y.toUpperCase())
.subscribeOn(Schedulers.parallel())
.log()
).subscribe();
Flux<String> fruitFlux = Flux.just(
"apple", "orange", "banana", "kiwi", "strawberry");
Mono<List<String>> fruitListMono = fruitFlux.collectList();
StepVerifier
.create(fruitListMono)
.expectNext(Arrays.asList(
"apple", "orange", "banana", "kiwi", "strawberry"))
.verifyComplete();
Flux<String> animalFlux = Flux.just(
"aardvark", "elephant", "koala", "eagle", "kangaroo");
Mono<Map<Character, String>> animalMapMono =
animalFlux.collectMap(a -> a.charAt(0));
StepVerifier
.create(animalMapMono)
.expectNextMatches(map -> {
return
map.size() == 3 &&
map.get('a').equals("aardvark") &&
map.get('e').equals("eagle") &&
map.get('k').equals("kangaroo");
})
.verifyComplete();
Performing logic operations on reactive types
Flux<String> animalFlux = Flux.just(
"aardvark", "elephant", "koala", "eagle", "kangaroo");
Mono<Boolean> hasAMono = animalFlux.all(a -> a.contains("a"));
StepVerifier.create(hasAMono)
.expectNext(true)
.verifyComplete();
Mono<Boolean> hasKMono = animalFlux.all(a -> a.contains("k"));
StepVerifier.create(hasKMono)
.expectNext(false)
.verifyComplete();
Flux<String> animalFlux = Flux.just(
"aardvark", "elephant", "koala", "eagle", "kangaroo");
Mono<Boolean> hasAMono = animalFlux.any(a -> a.contains("a"));
StepVerifier.create(hasAMono)
.expectNext(true)
.verifyComplete();
Mono<Boolean> hasZMono = animalFlux.any(a -> a.contains("z"));
StepVerifier.create(hasZMono)
.expectNext(false)
.verifyComplete();

Spring MVC change to Spring WebFlux

@GetMapping("/recent")
public Iterable<Taco> recentTacos() {
PageRequest page = PageRequest.of(
0, 12, Sort.by("createdAt").descending());
return tacoRepo.findAll(page).getContent();
}
@GetMapping("/recent")
public Flux<Taco> recentTacos() {
return Flux.fromIterable(tacoRepo.findAll()).take(12);
}
@PostMapping(consumes="application/json")
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.CREATED)
public Taco postTaco(@RequestBody Taco taco) {
return tacoRepo.save(taco);
}
@PostMapping(consumes="application/json")
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.CREATED)
public Mono<Taco> postTaco(@RequestBody Mono<Taco> tacoMono) {
return tacoRepo.saveAll(tacoMono).next();
}
public interface TacoRepository
extends ReactiveCrudRepository<Taco, Long> {
}
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public Taco tacoById(@PathVariable("id") Long id) {
Optional<Taco> optTaco = tacoRepo.findById(id);
if (optTaco.isPresent()) {
return optTaco.get();
}
return null;
}
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public Mono<Taco> tacoById(@PathVariable("id") Long id) {
return tacoRepo.findById(id);
}

WORKING WITH RXJAVA TYPES

@GetMapping("/recent")
public Observable<Taco> recentTacos() {
return tacoService.getRecentTacos();
}
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public Single<Taco> tacoById(@PathVariable("id") Long id) {
return tacoService.lookupTaco(id);
}

Developing Reactive APIs

@Configuration
public class RouterFunctionConfig {
@Autowired
private TacoRepository tacoRepo;
@Bean
public RouterFunction<?> routerFunction() {
return route(GET("/design/taco"), this::recents)
Testing reactive controllers 279
.andRoute(POST("/design"), this::postTaco);
}
public Mono<ServerResponse> recents(ServerRequest request) {
return ServerResponse.ok()
.body(tacoRepo.findAll().take(12), Taco.class);
}
public Mono<ServerResponse> postTaco(ServerRequest request) {
Mono<Taco> taco = request.bodyToMono(Taco.class);
Mono<Taco> savedTaco = tacoRepo.save(taco);
return ServerResponse
.created(URI.create(
"http://localhost:8080/design/taco/" +
savedTaco.getId()))
.body(savedTaco, Taco.class);
}
}

Test Reactive Rest APIs

// Test Get Method
Taco[] tacos = {
testTaco(1L), testTaco(2L),
testTaco(3L), testTaco(4L),
testTaco(5L), testTaco(6L),
testTaco(7L), testTaco(8L),
testTaco(9L), testTaco(10L),
testTaco(11L), testTaco(12L),
testTaco(13L), testTaco(14L),
testTaco(15L), testTaco(16L)};
Flux<Taco> tacoFlux = Flux.just(tacos);
TacoRepository tacoRepo = Mockito.mock(TacoRepository.class);
when(tacoRepo.findAll()).thenReturn(tacoFlux);
WebTestClient testClient = WebTestClient.bindToController(
new DesignTacoController(tacoRepo))
.build();
testClient.get().uri("/design/recent")
.exchange()
.expectStatus().isOk()
.expectBody()
.jsonPath("$").isArray()
.jsonPath("$").isNotEmpty()
.jsonPath("$[0].id").isEqualTo(tacos[0].getId().toString())
.jsonPath("$[0].name").isEqualTo("Taco 1").jsonPath("$[1].id")
.isEqualTo(tacos[1].getId().toString()).jsonPath("$[1].name")
.isEqualTo("Taco 2").jsonPath("$[11].id")
.isEqualTo(tacos[11].getId().toString())
.jsonPath("$[11].name").isEqualTo("Taco 12").jsonPath("$[12]")
.doesNotExist().jsonPath("$[12]").doesNotExist();
// Test POST Method
TacoRepository tacoRepo = Mockito.mock(
TacoRepository.class);
Mono<Taco> unsavedTacoMono = Mono.just(testTaco(null));
Taco savedTaco = testTaco(null);
savedTaco.setId(1L);
Mono<Taco> savedTacoMono = Mono.just(savedTaco);
when(tacoRepo.save(any())).thenReturn(savedTacoMono);
WebTestClient testClient = WebTestClient.bindToController(
new DesignTacoController(tacoRepo)).build();
testClient.post()
.uri("/design")
.contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
.body(unsavedTacoMono, Taco.class)
.exchange()
.expectStatus().isCreated()
.expectBody(Taco.class)
.isEqualTo(savedTaco);
// Testing with a live server
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment=WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
public class DesignTacoControllerWebTest {
@Autowired
private WebTestClient testClient;
@Test
public void shouldReturnRecentTacos() throws IOException {
testClient.get().uri("/design/recent")
.accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON).exchange()
.expectStatus().isOk()
.expectBody()
.jsonPath("$[?(@.id == 'TACO1')].name")
.isEqualTo("Carnivore")
.jsonPath("$[?(@.id == 'TACO2')].name")
.isEqualTo("Bovine Bounty")
.jsonPath("$[?(@.id == 'TACO3')].name")
.isEqualTo("Veg-Out");
}
}

Consume Reactive APIs

Flux ingredients = WebClient.create()
.get()
.uri("http://localhost:8080/ingredients")
.retrieve()
.bodyToFlux(Ingredient.class);
ingredients.subscribe(i -> { ...})
Flux<Ingredient> ingredients = WebClient.create()
.get()
.uri("http://localhost:8080/ingredients")
.retrieve()
.bodyToFlux(Ingredient.class);
ingredients
.timeout(Duration.ofSeconds(1))
.subscribe(
i -> { ... },
e -> {
// handle timeout error
})
//Handing errors
ingredientMono.subscribe(
ingredient -> {
// handle the ingredient data
...
},
error-> {
// deal with the error
...
});
Mono<Ingredient> ingredientMono = webClient
.get()
.uri("http://localhost:8080/ingredients/{id}", ingredientId)
.retrieve()
.onStatus(HttpStatus::is4xxClientError,
response -> Mono.just(new UnknownIngredientException()))
.bodyToMono(Ingredient.class);

Java 9

jshell

无法用单个下划线作为变量名称

int _ = 3; // java9 or above , error

 String a = Objects.requireNonNullElse(m,"Bc"); // 若m不为null，则a = m，若m为null，则a = "Bc"

-cp, -classpath, --class-path(Java9新增)

Multi-Release JAR Files

--release
--class-path instead of -classpath
--version instead of -version
--module-path option has a shortcut -p

更多，见jeps

Java8中，接口可以有静态方法的默认实现，例：

public interface Test {
    public static void print() {
        System.out.println("interface print");
    }
    default void pout() {
        System.out.println();
    }
}

Java9中，可以支持private的静态方法实现。

public interface Test {
    private static void print() {
        System.out.println("interface print");
    }
    static void pout() {
        print();
    }
}

Optional.ofNullable(date).orElseGet(() -> newDate()); // date为null，才会执行newDate()方法，否则不执行newDate()方法
Optional.ofNullable(date).orElse(newDate()); // 无论date是否为null，都会执行newDate()方法

Java7中，可以使用try-with-Resources

try(Resouce res = ...) {
    work with res
}

res.close()会被自动执行

例：

try (var in = new Scanner(new FileInputStream("C:\\Users\\Young\\Desktop\\新建文件夹\\1.tx.txt"), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
             var out = new PrintWriter("C:\\Users\\Young\\Desktop\\新建文件夹\\out.txt", StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
            while (in.hasNext()) {
                out.println(in.next().toUpperCase());
            }
        }

in 和 out执行完毕后都会自动关闭资源

在Java9 中，你可以在try中预先声明资源

例：

  public static void printAll(String[] lines, PrintWriter out) {
       try (out) { // effectively final variable
           for (String line : lines) {
               out.println(line);
           } // out.close() called here
       }
   }

StackWalker用法示例

public class App {
    /**
     * Computes the factorial of a number
     *
     * @param n a non-negative integer
     * @return n! = 1 * 2 * . . . * n
     */
    public static int factorial(int n) {
        System.out.println("factorial(" + n + "):");
        var walker = StackWalker.getInstance();
        walker.forEach(System.out::println);
        int r;
        if (n <= 1) {
            r = 1;
        } else {
            r = n * factorial(n - 1);
        }
        System.out.println("return " + r);
        return r;
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try (var in = new Scanner(System.in)) {
            System.out.print("Enter n: ");
            int n = in.nextInt();
            factorial(n);
        }
    }
}

Java 9 expands the use of the diamond syntax to situations where it was previously not accepted. For example , you can now use diamonds with anonymous subclasses.

ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>(){
            @Override
            public String get(int index) {
                return super.get(index).replaceAll(".","*");
            }
        };

Java 10

无需定义变量类型，通过var关键字+初始化的值，可以推测出变量类型

var a = 2; // a表示int
var b = "hello"; // b 表示String
var date = new java.util.Date();
var obj = new Custome(); // 自定义对象

Java 11

String repeated = "Java".repeat(3); // 三个Java字符串连接

JDK提供了jdeprscan 来检查你的代码是否使用了deprecated的方法

专题

Lambda Expression

Method Reference	Equivalent Lambda Expression	Notes
separator::equals	x -> separator.equals(x)	This is a method expression with an object and an instance method. The lambda parameter is passed as the explicit parameter of the method
String::trim	x -> x.trim()	This is a method expression with a class and an instance method. The lambda parameter becomes the explicit parameter of the method
String::concat	(x, y) -> x.concat(y)	Again, we have an instance method, but this time, with an explicit parameter. As before, the first lambda parameter becomes the implicit parameter, and the remaining ones are passed to the method
Integer::valueOf	x -> Integer::valueOf(x)	This is a method expression with a static method. The lambda parameter is passed to the static method
Integer::sum	(x, y) -> Integer::sum(x, y)	This is another static method, but this time with two parameters. Both lambda parameters are passed to the static method. The Integer.sum method was specifically created to be used as a method reference. As a lmbda, you could just write (x, y)->x + y
Integer::new	x -> new Integer(x)	This is a constructor reference. The lambda parameters are passed to the constructor
Integer[]::new	n -> new Integer[n]	This is an array constructor reference. The lambda paramter is the array length

Functional Interface	Parameter Types	Return Types	Abstract Method Name	Description	Other Method
Runnable	none	void	run	Runs an action without arguments or return value
Supplier	none	T	get	Supplies a value of type T
Consumer	T	void	accept	Consumes a value of type T	andThen
BiConsumer<T,U>	T,U	void	accept	Consumes value of types T and U	andThen
Function<T,R>	T	R	apply	A function with argument of type T	compose, andThen, identity
BiFunction<T,U,R>	T,U	R	apply	A function with arguments of types T and U	andThen
UnaryOperator	T	T	apply	A unary operator on the type T	compose, andThen, identity
BinaryOperator	T,T	T	apply	A binary operator on the type T	andThen, maxBy, minBy
Predicate	T	boolean	test	A boolean-valued function	and, or, negate, isEqual
BiPredicate<T,U>	T,U	boolean	test	A boolean-valued function with two argumnets	and,or,negate

Functional interfaces for Primitive Types

p, q is int ,long double; P, Q is Int, Long, Double

Functional Interface	Parameter Types	Return Types	Abstract Method Name
BooleanSupplier	none	boolean	getAsBoolean
PSupplier	none	p	getAsP
PConsumer	p	void	accept
ObjPConsumer	T,p	void	accept
PFunction	p	T	apply
PToQFunction	p	q	applyAsQ
ToPFunction	T	p	applyAsP
ToPBiFunction<T,U>	T,U	p	applyAsP
PUnaryOperator	p	p	applyAsP
PBinaryOperator	p,p	p	applyAsP
PPredicate	p	boolean	test

Service Loaders

Proxies

Logging

Generic Programming

E for the element type of a collection
K and V for key and value type of a table
T(and the neighboring letters U and S, if neccessary) for "any type at all"

Pair<String> a = new Pair<>("A", "B");
Pair<Double> b = new Pair<>(1.1, 1.11);
System.out.println(a.getClass() == b.getClass()); // TRUE

in Java8

public static <T> Pair<T> makePair(Supplier<T> constr) {
    return new Pair<>(constr.get(), constr.get());
}
Pair<String> p = Pair.makePair(String:new);

In general, there is no relationship between Pair<S> and Pair<T>, no matter how S and T are related.

BUT

var managerBuiddies = new Pair<Manager>(ceo, cfo);
Pair<? extends Employee> buddies = managerBuddies;

Collections

Concurrency

Stream

Java 8

// 流操作
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add(1);
list.add(2);
list.parallelStream().filter(i -> i > 1).count();
list.stream().filter(i -> i > 1).count();
Stream<String> words = Stream.of(contents.split(","));
// 创建流
var limits = new BigInteger("1000");
Stream<BigInteger> integerStream = Stream.iterate(BigInteger.ZERO, n -> n.compareTo(limits) < 0, n -> n.add(BigInteger.ONE));
System.out.println(integerStream.count());

如果我们持有的iterable对象不是集合，那么可以通过下面的调用将其转换成一个流

StreamSupport.stream(iterable.spliterator(),false);

如果我们持有的是Iterator对象，并且希望得到一个由它的结果构成的流，那么可以使用下面的语句

StreamSupport.stream(Spliterators.spliteratorUnknowSize(iterator, Spliterator.ORDERED),false);

至关重要的是，在执行流的操作时，我们并没有修改流背后的集合。记住，流并没有收集其数据，数据一直存储在单独的集合中

Optional

String result = optionalString.orElse(""); // The wrapped string , or "" if none
String result = optionalString.orElseGet(() -> System.getProperty("myapp.default"));
String result = optionalString.orElseThrow(IllegalStateException::new);

消费Optinal值

optionalValue.ifPresent(v -> result.add(v));
optionalValue.ifPresentOrElse(v -> System.out.println("Found" + v),
()-> logger.warning("no match"));

管道化Optional

Optional<String> transformed = optionalString.filter(s -> s.length() >= 8).map(String::toUpperCase);

in Java9

// 如果optionalString的值存在，那么result为optionalString，如果值不存在，那么就会计算lambda表达式，并使用计算出来的结果
Optional<String> transformed = optionalString.or(() -> alternatives.stream().findFirst());

参考资料

Spring in Action, 5th

Java核心技术·卷 I（原书第11版）

Java核心技术·卷 II（原书第11版）