扩展C#与元编程（二）

如果你对Windows Workflow Foundation（WF）一无所知，当看到扩展C#与元编程（一）中由MW编译器生成的FirstLook.mw.cs时，也许这么在想：我KAO，这是C#版的汇编语言！

WF到底是什么？可以这么认为：WF runtime是高级版的CLR（CLR上的CLR），activity是高级版的MSIL指令（可以勉强这么比喻），Metah.W是高级版的C#。

Activity可以分为两类：primitive activity和composite activity。Primitive activity继承自System.Activities.NativeActivity, System.Activities.NativeActivity<T>等，用来实现流程控制容器，如sequence, if-else, while, foreach, try-catch-finally等：

namespace System.Activities.Statements {
    public sealed class Sequence : NativeActivity {
        public Sequence();
        public Collection<Variable> Variables { get; }
        public Collection<Activity> Activities { get; }
        //...
    }

    public sealed class If : NativeActivity {
        public If();
        public InArgument<bool> Condition { get; set; }
        public Activity Then { get; set; }
        public Activity Else { get; set; }
        //...
    }

    public sealed class While : NativeActivity {
        public While();
        public Collection<Variable> Variables { get; }
        public Activity<bool> Condition { get; set; }
        public Activity Body { get; set; }
        //...
    }

    public sealed class ForEach<T> : NativeActivity {
        public ForEach();
        public InArgument<IEnumerable<T>> Values { get; set; }
        public ActivityAction<T> Body { get; set; }
        //...
    }

    public sealed class TryCatch : NativeActivity {
        public TryCatch();
        public Activity Try { get; set; }
        public Collection<Catch> Catches { get; }
        public Activity Finally { get; set; }
        //...
    }
}

WF这个高级CLR令人拍手称快的特性之一是，你可以自定义流程控制容器（可以想象成自定义MSIL指令），比如高大上的状态机：

namespace System.Activities.Statements {
    public sealed class StateMachine : NativeActivity {
        public StateMachine();
        public Collection<Variable> Variables { get; }
        public State InitialState { get; set; }
        public Collection<State> States { get; }
        //...
    }
    public sealed class State {
        public State();
        public bool IsFinal { get; set; }
        public Collection<Variable> Variables { get; }
        public Activity Entry { get; set; }
        public Activity Exit { get; set; }
        public Collection<Transition> Transitions { get; }
        //...
    }
    public sealed class Transition {
        public Transition();
        public Activity Trigger { get; set; }
        public Activity<bool> Condition { get; set; }
        public Activity Action { get; set; }
        public State To { get; set; }
        //...
    }
}

SecondLook.mw展示了如何使用状态机：



一个statemachine至少包含一个common state及一个final state，每个state由唯一的label标识，如InPark, InNeutral等，break关键字标明这是一个final state，statemachine关键字后的goto clause标明initial common state，当流程进入某common state后，首先执行~>所标识的entry statement，接着执行on关键字标识的trigger statement，然后依顺序评估if关键字标识的condition expression，如果某condition评估为true，则执行<~所标识的exit statement和do关键字标识的action statement（SecondLook.mw中未使用），接着跳转到goto关键字所标识的state，如果所有的condition expression都评估为false，则重新执行该state的trigger statement。如果某final state执行完毕，则该statemachine执行完毕。

MW编译器将activity Drive翻译成下面的C#代码：

//SecondLook.mw.cs, generated by MW compiler
namespace HelloMW.SecondLook
{
    class Drive : global::System.Activities.Activity
    {
        private global::System.Activities.Activity __GetImplementation__()
        {
            global::System.Activities.Activity __vroot__;
            {
                var __v__0 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.Sequence();
                var isMoved = new global::System.Activities.Variable<bool>();
                __v__0.Variables.Add(isMoved);
                __v__0.Activities.Add(new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
                {
                    isMoved.SetEx(__ctx__, false);
                }

                ));
                var __v__1 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.While();
                __v__1.Condition = new global::MetahWFuncActivity<bool>(__ctx__ => !isMoved.Get(__ctx__));
                {
                    var __v__2 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.Sequence();
                    {
                        var __v__3 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.StateMachine();
                        var action = new global::System.Activities.Variable<DriveAction>();
                        __v__3.Variables.Add(action);
                        var __v__4 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.State();
                        var __v__5 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.Transition();
                        var __v__6 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.State();
                        var __v__7 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.Transition();
                        var __v__8 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.Transition();
                        var __v__9 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.Transition();
                        var __v__10 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.State();
                        var __v__11 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.Transition();
                        var __v__12 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.State();
                        var __v__13 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.Transition();
                        var __v__14 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.State();
                        {
                            __v__3.States.Add(__v__4);
                            __v__4.Entry = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
                            {
                                Console.WriteLine("Enter InPark");
                            }

                            );
                            __v__4.Exit = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
                            {
                                Console.WriteLine("Exit InPark");
                            }

                            );
                            __v__5.Trigger = new GetDriveAction().Initialize(__activity2__ =>
                            {
                                __activity2__.Result = new global::System.Activities.OutArgument<global::HelloMW.SecondLook.DriveAction>(new global::MetahWLocationActivity<global::HelloMW.SecondLook.DriveAction>(action));
                            }

                            );
                            __v__5.Condition = new global::MetahWFuncActivity<bool>(__ctx__ => action.Get(__ctx__) == DriveAction.Neutral);
                            __v__4.Transitions.Add(__v__5);
                        }

                        {
                            __v__3.States.Add(__v__6);
                            __v__6.Entry = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
                            {
                                Console.WriteLine("Enter InNeutral");
                            }

                            );
                            __v__6.Exit = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
                            {
                                Console.WriteLine("Exit InNeutral");
                            }

                            );
                            __v__7.Trigger = new GetDriveAction().Initialize(__activity2__ =>
                            {
                                __activity2__.Result = new global::System.Activities.OutArgument<global::HelloMW.SecondLook.DriveAction>(new global::MetahWLocationActivity<global::HelloMW.SecondLook.DriveAction>(action));
                            }

                            );
                            __v__7.Condition = new global::MetahWFuncActivity<bool>(__ctx__ => action.Get(__ctx__) == DriveAction.Forward);
                            __v__6.Transitions.Add(__v__7);
                            __v__8.Trigger = __v__7.Trigger;
                            __v__8.Condition = new global::MetahWFuncActivity<bool>(__ctx__ => action.Get(__ctx__) == DriveAction.Reverse);
                            __v__6.Transitions.Add(__v__8);
                            __v__9.Trigger = __v__7.Trigger;
                            __v__9.Condition = new global::MetahWFuncActivity<bool>(__ctx__ => action.Get(__ctx__) == DriveAction.TurnOff);
                            __v__6.Transitions.Add(__v__9);
                        }

                        {
                            __v__3.States.Add(__v__10);
                            __v__10.Entry = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
                            {
                                Console.WriteLine("Enter InForward");
                                isMoved.SetEx(__ctx__, true);
                            }

                            );
                            __v__10.Exit = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
                            {
                                Console.WriteLine("Exit InForward");
                            }

                            );
                            __v__11.Trigger = new GetDriveAction().Initialize(__activity2__ =>
                            {
                                __activity2__.Result = new global::System.Activities.OutArgument<global::HelloMW.SecondLook.DriveAction>(new global::MetahWLocationActivity<global::HelloMW.SecondLook.DriveAction>(action));
                            }

                            );
                            __v__11.Condition = new global::MetahWFuncActivity<bool>(__ctx__ => action.Get(__ctx__) == DriveAction.Neutral);
                            __v__10.Transitions.Add(__v__11);
                        }

                        {
                            __v__3.States.Add(__v__12);
                            __v__12.Entry = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
                            {
                                Console.WriteLine("Enter InReverse");
                                isMoved.SetEx(__ctx__, true);
                            }

                            );
                            __v__12.Exit = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
                            {
                                Console.WriteLine("Exit InReverse");
                            }

                            );
                            __v__13.Trigger = new GetDriveAction().Initialize(__activity2__ =>
                            {
                                __activity2__.Result = new global::System.Activities.OutArgument<global::HelloMW.SecondLook.DriveAction>(new global::MetahWLocationActivity<global::HelloMW.SecondLook.DriveAction>(action));
                            }

                            );
                            __v__13.Condition = new global::MetahWFuncActivity<bool>(__ctx__ => action.Get(__ctx__) == DriveAction.Neutral);
                            __v__12.Transitions.Add(__v__13);
                        }

                        {
                            __v__3.States.Add(__v__14);
                            __v__14.IsFinal = true;
                            __v__14.Entry = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
                            {
                                Console.WriteLine("TurnedOff");
                            }

                            );
                        }

                        __v__3.InitialState = __v__4;
                        __v__5.To = __v__6;
                        __v__7.To = __v__10;
                        __v__8.To = __v__12;
                        __v__9.To = __v__14;
                        __v__11.To = __v__6;
                        __v__13.To = __v__6;
                        __v__2.Activities.Add(__v__3);
                    }

                    __v__2.Activities.Add(new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("isMoved: " + isMoved.Get(__ctx__));
                    }

                    ));
                    __v__1.Body = __v__2;
                }

                __v__0.Activities.Add(__v__1);
                __vroot__ = __v__0;
            }

            return __vroot__;
        }

        private global::System.Func<global::System.Activities.Activity> __implementation__;
        protected override global::System.Func<global::System.Activities.Activity> Implementation
        {
            get
            {
                return __implementation__ ?? (__implementation__ = __GetImplementation__);
            }

            set
            {
                throw new global::System.NotSupportedException();
            }
        }
    }
}

“汇编语言代码”总是冗长无趣的，所以有了Metah.W这样的高级语言。下面是可能的执行结果：

Enter InPark
!action: Neutral
Exit InPark
Enter InNeutral
!action: Reverse
Exit InNeutral
Enter InReverse
!action: TurnOff
!action: Forward
!action: Neutral
Exit InReverse
Enter InNeutral
!action: Forward
Exit InNeutral
Enter InForward
!action: Forward
!action: Forward
!action: Reverse
!action: Neutral
Exit InForward
Enter InNeutral
!action: TurnOff
Exit InNeutral
TurnedOff
isMoved: True
请按任意键继续. . .

Composite activity直接继承自System.Activities.Activity或System.Activities.Activity<T>，它由其它primitive activity和/或composite activity组合而成。Metah.W和WF designer只能创作composite activity。

我不知道大家怎么看待微软这家公司，多数时候MS是家专业但缺乏想象力的公司，有时它能创造出一些令人眼前一亮的作品，C#从第二版开始就一直闪亮，WF是个极富想象力的技术，不过，WF现在还是个藏在深山中的璞玉，希望此文能激起你研究WF的兴趣。关于

Metah.W: A Workflow Metaprogramming的更多信息请访问：https://github.com/knat/Metah 。

待续。