Linux-SSH远程管理服务实战

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第五章 SSH远程管理服务实战

第五章 SSH远程管理服务实战1. SSH基本概述2. SSH相关命令3. SSH验证方式4. SSH场景实践5. SSH安全优化

1. SSH基本概述

 

 

 

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SSH是一个安全协议，在进行数据传输时，会对数据包进行加密处理，加密后在进行数据传输。确保了数据传输安全。那SSH服务主要功能有哪些呢？

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1. 提供远程连接服务器的服务

2. 对传输的数据进行加密

那么除了SSH协议能提供远程连接服务，Telnet也能提供远程连接服务, 那么分别的区别是什么呢?

 

 

 

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SSH服务会对传输数据进行加密, 监听在本地22/tcp端口, ssh服务默认支持root用户登录

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Telnet服务不对数据进行加密, 监听在本地23/tcp端口, Telnet默认不支持root用户登录

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服务连接方式	服务数据传输	服务监听端口	服务登陆用户
SSH	加密	22/tcp	默认支持root用户登陆
Telnet	明文	23/tcp	不支持root用户登陆

案例: 使用wireshark验证telnet明文传输与ssh加密传输

1.安装 Telnet服务并运行

 

 

 

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[root@m01 ~]# yum install telnet-server -y

[root@m01 ~]# systemctl start telnet.socket

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2.使用wireshark检测vmnet8网卡上telnet的流量

3. telnet是无法使用root用户登录Linux系统，需要创建普通用户

 

 

 

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[root@m01 ~]# useradd qls

[root@m01 ~]# echo "1"| passwd --stdin qls

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4. 使用普通用户进行telnet登录

5. 搜索wireshark包含telnet相关的流量

6. 使用wireshark分析ssh流量

2. SSH相关命令

 

 

 

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SSH有客户端与服务端，我们将这种模式称为C/S架构，ssh客户端支持Windows、Linux、Mac等平台。

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在ssh客户端中包含 ssh|slogin远程登陆、scp远程拷贝、sftp文件传输、ssh-copy-id秘钥分发等应用程序。

​

 

 

1. ssh远程登录服务器命令示例

 

 

 

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ssh -p22 root@10.0.0.61

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# -p指定连接远程主机端口，默认22端口可省略

# root@remotehost

# "@"前面为用户名，如果用当前用户连接，可以不指定用户

# "@"后面为要连接的服务器的IP

​

 

 

2. scp复制数据至远程主机命令(全量复制)

 

 

 

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# -P 指定端口，默认22端口可不写

# -r 表示递归拷贝目录

# -p 表示在拷贝文件前后保持文件或目录属性不变

# -l 限制传输使用带宽(默认kb)

​

#推：将本地/tmp/qls推送至远端服务器10.0.0.61的/tmp目录，使用对端的root用户

[root@m01 ~]# scp -P22 -rp /tmp/qls root@10.0.0.61:/tmp

​

#拉：将远程10.0.0.61服务器/tmp/oldboy文件拉取到本地/opt/目录下

[root@m01 ~]# scp -P22 -rp root@10.0.0.61:/tmp/qls /opt/

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#限速

[root@m01 ~]# scp /opt/1.txt root@172.16.1.31:/tmp

root@172.16.1.31 password: 

test                        100%  656MB  '83.9MB/s'   00:07 

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#限速为8096kb，换算为MB，要除以 8096/8=1024KB=1MB

[root@m01 ~]# scp -rp -l 8096  /opt/1.txt root@172.16.1.31:/tmp

root@172.16.1.31s password: 

test                        7%   48MB   '1.0MB/s'   09:45 

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#结论：

1.scp通过ssh协议加密方式进行文件或目录拷贝。

2.scp连接时的用户作为为拷贝文件或目录的权限。

3.scp支持数据推送和拉取，每次都是全量拷贝，效率较低。

​

 

 

3. Sftp远程数据传输命令

 

 

 

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#  sftp>      --- 进入到ftp文件传输模式（ftp相关命令）

#  bye        --- 离开ftp模式

#  cd path    --- 切换远程主机的目录

#  get        --- 从远程服务器上将数据下载到本地

#  lcd /tmp   --- 进行本地切换目录信息

#  lpwd   --- 查看本地所在路径信息

#  put        --- 进行数据上传操作

​

#默认可以通过sftp命令连接sftp服务

sftp root@10.0.0.61

sftp -oPort=52113 root@10.0.0.61  #sftp的特殊端口连接

​

# sftp使用get下载文件至于本地服务器

sftp> get conf.txt /tmp/

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# sftp使用put上传本地服务器文件至远程服务器

sftp> put /root/t1.txt /root/

​

 

 

3. SSH验证方式

1. 基于账户密码远程登录

知道服务器的IP端口，账号密码，即可通过ssh客户端命令登陆远程主机。

 

 

 

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​

[C:\~]$ ssh -p22 root@10.0.0.61

root@10.0.0.61 password:

[root@m01 ~]#

​

 

 

2. 基于秘钥远程登录

默认情况下，通过ssh客户端命令登陆远程服务器，需要提供远程系统上的帐号与密码，但为了降低密码泄露的机率和提高登陆的方便性，建议使用密钥验证方式。

01. 在服务器上生成非对称密钥，使用-t指定密钥类型,使用-C指定用户邮箱

 

 

 

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[root@m01 ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa -C 1176494252@qq.com

...

#默认一路回车即可

...

​

 

 

02. 将A服务器上的公钥推送至B服务器

 

 

 

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#命令示例: ssh-copy-id [-i [identity_file]] [user@]machine

ssh-copy-id #命令

-i          #指定下发公钥的路径

[user@]     #以什么用户身份进行公钥分发（root）,如果不输入，表示以当前系统用户身份分发公钥

machine     #下发公钥至那台服务器, 填写远程主机IP地址

​

#分发秘钥，[将A服务器的公钥写入B服务器~/.ssh/authorized_keys文件中]

[root@m01 ~]# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@172.16.1.41

​

 

 

03. A服务器连接B服务器是无需密码的，如果能直接连接无需密码则表示秘钥已配置成功

 

 

 

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#远程登录对端主机方式

[root@m01 ~]# ssh root@172.16.1.41

[root@nfs ~]#

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#不登陆远程主机bash，但可在对端主机执行命令

[root@m01 ~]# ssh root@172.16.1.41 "hostname -i"

172.16.1.41

​

 

 

4. SSH场景实践

实践场景，用户通过Windows/MAC/Linux客户端连接跳板机免密码登录，跳板机连接后端无外网的Linux主机实现免密登录，架构图如下。

实践多用户登陆一台服务器无密码

实践单用户登陆多台服务器免密码

1. Windows客户端使用Xshell生成秘钥对，并下发公钥至跳板机

1) Xshell-->选择工具->新建密钥生成工具

2) 生成公钥对，选择下一步

3) 填写秘钥名称。秘钥增加密码则不建议配置

4) Windows会提示密码，继续即可

5) 生成秘钥后，点击Xshell->工具->用户秘钥管理者->选择对应秘钥的属性

6) 选择对应秘钥的公钥，将其复制

7) 将从Windows下复制好的公钥粘贴至跳板机~/.ssh/authorized_keys中，然后测试

 

 

 

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[root@m01 ~]# cd ; umask 077; mkdir -p .ssh ;cd .ssh

[root@m01 .ssh]# vim authorized_keys  #添加windows公钥

​

 

 

2. 跳板机下发公钥至后端主机

1) 在跳板机上生成秘钥对

 

 

 

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[root@m01 ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa -C 1176494252@qq.com

​

 

 

2) 拷贝跳板机上的密钥至后端主机，如果SSH不是使用默认22端口,使用-p指定对应端口

 

 

 

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[root@m01 ~]# ssh-copy-id  -i /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-p22 root@172.16.1.31"

[root@m01 ~]# ssh-copy-id  -i /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-p22 root@172.16.1.41"

​

 

 

3) 在m01管理机上测试是否成功登陆两台服务器

 

 

 

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[root@m01 ~]# ssh root@172.16.1.41

[root@nfs01 ~]# exit

​

[root@m01 ~]# ssh root@1172.16.1.31

[root@backup ~]# exit

​

 

 

3. 通过跳板机能实现scp拷贝文件免密码

 

 

 

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[root@manager ~]# scp /etc/hosts root@172.16.1.31:/tmp

/etc/hosts                 100%    0     0.0KB/s   00:00 

​

[root@manager ~]# scp /etc/hosts root@172.16.1.41:/tmp

/etc/hosts                 100%    0     0.0KB/s   00:00  

​

 

 

请思考以下几个问题？

 

 

 

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#问题一：

执行：ssh qls@10.0.0.51  能不能连接？

说明：基于密钥连接，会识别用户身份信息

​

#问题二：

密钥分发的实际过程：执行ssh-copy-id命令都干了什么？

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01) 将公钥文件传输到被管理服务器相应用户的家目录中

    [root@m01 ~]# scp -rp ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub root@10.0.0.51:~

输入密码

02) 被管理服务在家目录下面创建一个.ssh目录

    [root@m01 ~]# mkdir ~/.ssh/

03) 将公钥文件移动到.ssh目录中，并进行修改名称和授权

[root@m01 ~]# mv ~/id_dsa.pub ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

[root@m01 ~]# chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

04) 为什么要进行重命名?

[root@m01 ~]# cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config

47 AuthorizedKeysFile      .ssh/authorized_keys

​

#问题三：

如何实现自动批量分发公钥？

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#!/bin/bash

# 删除旧的密钥对

rm -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa*

# 创建密钥对

ssh-keygen -t rsa -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa -N "" &>/dev/null

# 批量分发公钥的操作

for ip in 5 6 7 8 9 31 41 51 61 71

do

  sshpass -p1 ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.$ip &>/dev/null

 if [ $? -eq 0 ];then

  echo -e "\033[32mhost 172.16.1.$ip Distribution of the secret key Success!!! \033[0m"

  echo

 else 

  echo -e "\033[31mhost 172.16.1.$ip Distribution of the secret key Failed !!! \033[0m"

  echo

 fi 

done

 

 

5. SSH安全优化

SSH作为远程连接服务，通常我们需要考虑到该服务的安全，所以需要对该服务进行安全方面的配置。

1.更改远程连接登陆的端口

2.禁止ROOT管理员直接登录

3.密码认证方式改为密钥认证

4.重要服务不使用公网IP地址

5.使用防火墙限制来源IP地址

SSH服务登录防护需进行如下配置调整，先对如下参数进行了解

 

 

 

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Port 6666                       # 变更SSH服务远程连接端口

PermitRootLogin         no      # 禁止root用户直接远程登录

PasswordAuthentication  no      # 禁止使用密码直接远程登录

UseDNS                  no      # 禁止ssh进行dns反向解析，影响ssh连接效率参数

GSSAPIAuthentication    no      # 禁止GSS认证，减少连接时产生的延迟

​

 

 

将如下具体配置添加至/etc/ssh/sshd_config文件中，参数需根据实际情况进行调整

 

 

 

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###SSH###

#Port 6666

#PasswordAuthentication no

#PermitRootLogin no

GSSAPIAuthentication no

UseDNS no

###END###

​

#注意：修改完配置文件一定要重启生效。

​