『TensorFlow』正则化添加方法整理

一、基础正则化函数

tf.contrib.layers.l1_regularizer(scale, scope=None)

返回一个用来执行L1正则化的函数,函数的签名是func(weights). 
参数:

• scale: 正则项的系数.
• scope: 可选的scope name

tf.contrib.layers.l2_regularizer(scale, scope=None)

先看看tf.contrib.layers.l2_regularizer(weight_decay)都执行了什么：

import tensorflow as tf
sess=tf.Session()
weight_decay=0.1
tmp=tf.constant([0,1,2,3],dtype=tf.float32)
"""
l2_reg=tf.contrib.layers.l2_regularizer(weight_decay)
a=tf.get_variable("I_am_a",regularizer=l2_reg,initializer=tmp)
"""
#**上面代码的等价代码
a=tf.get_variable("I_am_a",initializer=tmp)
a2=tf.reduce_sum(a*a)*weight_decay/2;
a3=tf.get_variable(a.name.split(":")[0]+"/Regularizer/l2_regularizer",initializer=a2)
tf.add_to_collection(tf.GraphKeys.REGULARIZATION_LOSSES,a2)
#**
sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())
keys = tf.get_collection(tf.GraphKeys.REGULARIZATION_LOSSES)
for key in keys:
  print("%s : %s" %(key.name,sess.run(key)))

我们很容易可以模拟出tf.contrib.layers.l2_regularizer都做了什么，不过会让代码变丑。

以下比较完整实现L2 正则化。

import tensorflow as tf
sess=tf.Session()
weight_decay=0.1                                                #(1)定义weight_decay
l2_reg=tf.contrib.layers.l2_regularizer(weight_decay)           #(2)定义l2_regularizer()
tmp=tf.constant([0,1,2,3],dtype=tf.float32)
a=tf.get_variable("I_am_a",regularizer=l2_reg,initializer=tmp)  #(3)创建variable，l2_regularizer复制给regularizer参数。
                                                                #目测REXXX_LOSSES集合
#regularizer定义会将a加入REGULARIZATION_LOSSES集合
print("Global Set:")
keys = tf.get_collection("variables")
for key in keys:
  print(key.name)
print("Regular Set:")
keys = tf.get_collection(tf.GraphKeys.REGULARIZATION_LOSSES)
for key in keys:
  print(key.name)
print("--------------------")
sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())
print(sess.run(a))
reg_set=tf.get_collection(tf.GraphKeys.REGULARIZATION_LOSSES)   #(4)则REGULARIAZTION_LOSSES集合会包含所有被weight_decay后的参数和，将其相加
l2_loss=tf.add_n(reg_set)
print("loss=%s" %(sess.run(l2_loss)))
"""
此处输出0.7,即:
   weight_decay*sigmal(w*2)/2=0.1*(0*0+1*1+2*2+3*3)/2=0.7
其实代码自己写也很方便，用API看着比较正规。
在网络模型中，直接将l2_loss加入loss就好了。(loss变大，执行train自然会decay)
"""

二、添加正则化方法

a、原始办法

正则化常用到集合，下面是最原始的添加正则办法（直接在变量声明后将之添加进'losses'集合或tf.GraphKeys.LOESSES也行）：

import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np

def get_weights(shape, lambd):

    var = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(shape), dtype=tf.float32)
    tf.add_to_collection('losses', tf.contrib.layers.l2_regularizer(lambd)(var))
    return var

x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, 2))
y_ = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, 1))
batch_size = 8
layer_dimension = [2, 10, 10, 10, 1]
n_layers = len(layer_dimension)
cur_lay = x
in_dimension = layer_dimension[0]

for i in range(1, n_layers):
    out_dimension = layer_dimension[i]
    weights = get_weights([in_dimension, out_dimension], 0.001)
    bias = tf.Variable(tf.constant(0.1, shape=[out_dimension]))
    cur_lay = tf.nn.relu(tf.matmul(cur_lay, weights)+bias)
    in_dimension = layer_dimension[i]

mess_loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(y_-cur_lay))
tf.add_to_collection('losses', mess_loss)
loss = tf.add_n(tf.get_collection('losses'))

b、tf.contrib.layers.apply_regularization(regularizer, weights_list=None)

先看参数

• regularizer:就是我们上一步创建的正则化方法
• weights_list: 想要执行正则化方法的参数列表,如果为None的话,就取GraphKeys.WEIGHTS中的weights.

函数返回一个标量Tensor,同时,这个标量Tensor也会保存到GraphKeys.REGULARIZATION_LOSSES中.这个Tensor保存了计算正则项损失的方法.

tensorflow中的Tensor是保存了计算这个值的路径(方法),当我们run的时候,tensorflow后端就通过路径计算出Tensor对应的值

现在,我们只需将这个正则项损失加到我们的损失函数上就可以了.

如果是自己手动定义weight的话,需要手动将weight保存到GraphKeys.WEIGHTS中,但是如果使用layer的话,就不用这么麻烦了,别人已经帮你考虑好了.(最好自己验证一下tf.GraphKeys.WEIGHTS中是否包含了所有的weights,防止被坑)

c、使用slim

使用slim会简单很多：

 with slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d, slim.fully_connected],
                            activation_fn=tf.nn.relu,
                            weights_regularizer=slim.l2_regularizer(weight_decay)）：
    pass

此时添加集合为tf.GraphKeys.REGULARIZATION_LOSSES。