Linux 性能优化工具 perf top
1. perf
perf 是一个调查 Linux 中各种性能问题的有力工具。
NAME
perf - Performance analysis tools for Linux SYNOPSIS
perf [--version] [--help] COMMAND [ARGS] DESCRIPTION
Performance counters for Linux are a new kernel-based subsystem that provide a framework for all things performance
analysis. It covers hardware level (CPU/PMU, Performance Monitoring Unit) features and software features (software
counters, tracepoints) as well. SEE ALSO
perf-stat(), perf-top(), perf-record(), perf-report(), perf-list()
性能 counter 是 Linux 新内核中提供了专门的子系统 , 该子系统提供了一个专门的框架用于各种性能分析。包括各种硬件性能指标和软件性能指标。
perf 包含了：perf-stat (perf stat), perf-top (perf top), perf-record (perf record), perf-list (perf list)
注意：在查看manual时需要使用 man perf-top, 但是执行命令时使用：perf top
2. perf list
perf list 主要是用于列出有哪些可用的event，可以供 perf top -e eventname 来分析。
perf list [hw|sw|cache|tracepoint|pmu|event_glob]
perf list hw 可以列出 hard ware 的event, sw 是software的event, 其它类似
[root@localhost ~]# perf list hw
[root@localhost ~]# perf list sw
cpu-clock [Software event]
task-clock [Software event]
page-faults OR faults [Software event]
context-switches OR cs [Software event]
cpu-migrations OR migrations [Software event]
minor-faults [Software event]
major-faults [Software event]
alignment-faults [Software event]
emulation-faults [Software event]
dummy [Software event]
[root@localhost ~]# perf list pmu
[root@localhost ~]# perf list event_glob List of pre-defined events (to be used in -e):
[root@localhost ~]#
perf list tracepoint 有高达700多个(tracepoint events)：
ext4:ext4_free_inode [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_request_inode [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_allocate_inode [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_write_begin [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_da_write_begin [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_ordered_write_end [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_writeback_write_end [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_journalled_write_end [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_da_write_end [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_writepage [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_da_writepages [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_da_write_pages [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_da_writepages_result [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_discard_blocks [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_mb_new_inode_pa [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_mb_new_group_pa [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_mb_release_inode_pa [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_mb_release_group_pa [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_discard_preallocations [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_mb_discard_preallocations [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_request_blocks [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_allocate_blocks [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_free_blocks [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_sync_file [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_sync_fs [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_alloc_da_blocks [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_mballoc_alloc [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_mballoc_prealloc [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_mballoc_discard [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_mballoc_free [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_trim_extent [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_trim_all_free [Tracepoint event]
ext4:ext4_update_reserve_space [Tracepoint event]
jbd2:jbd2_checkpoint [Tracepoint event]
jbd2:jbd2_start_commit [Tracepoint event]
jbd2:jbd2_commit_locking [Tracepoint event]
jbd2:jbd2_commit_flushing [Tracepoint event]
jbd2:jbd2_commit_logging [Tracepoint event]
jbd2:jbd2_drop_transaction [Tracepoint event]
jbd2:jbd2_end_commit [Tracepoint event]
jbd2:jbd2_submit_inode_data [Tracepoint event]
jbd2:jbd2_run_stats [Tracepoint event]
jbd2:jbd2_checkpoint_stats [Tracepoint event]
jbd2:jbd2_update_superblock_end [Tracepoint event]
skb:kfree_skb [Tracepoint event]
skb:consume_skb [Tracepoint event]
skb:skb_copy_datagram_iovec [Tracepoint event]
net:net_dev_xmit [Tracepoint event]
net:net_dev_queue [Tracepoint event]
net:netif_receive_skb [Tracepoint event]
net:netif_rx [Tracepoint event]
napi:napi_poll [Tracepoint event]
sock:sock_rcvqueue_full [Tracepoint event]
sock:sock_exceed_buf_limit [Tracepoint event]
udp:udp_fail_queue_rcv_skb [Tracepoint event]
scsi:scsi_dispatch_cmd_start [Tracepoint event]
scsi:scsi_dispatch_cmd_error [Tracepoint event]
scsi:scsi_dispatch_cmd_done [Tracepoint event]
scsi:scsi_dispatch_cmd_timeout [Tracepoint event]
scsi:scsi_eh_wakeup [Tracepoint event]
ras:aer_event [Tracepoint event]
block:block_rq_abort [Tracepoint event]
block:block_rq_requeue [Tracepoint event]
block:block_rq_complete [Tracepoint event]
block:block_rq_insert [Tracepoint event]
block:block_rq_issue [Tracepoint event]
block:block_bio_bounce [Tracepoint event]
block:block_bio_complete [Tracepoint event]
block:block_bio_backmerge [Tracepoint event]
block:block_bio_frontmerge [Tracepoint event]
block:block_bio_queue [Tracepoint event]
block:block_getrq [Tracepoint event]
block:block_sleeprq [Tracepoint event]
block:block_plug [Tracepoint event]
block:block_unplug_timer [Tracepoint event]
block:block_unplug_io [Tracepoint event]
block:block_split [Tracepoint event]
block:block_remap [Tracepoint event]
block:block_rq_remap [Tracepoint event]
writeback:writeback_nothread [Tracepoint event]
writeback:writeback_queue [Tracepoint event]
writeback:writeback_exec [Tracepoint event]
writeback:writeback_pages_written [Tracepoint event]
writeback:writeback_nowork [Tracepoint event]
writeback:writeback_bdi_register [Tracepoint event]
writeback:writeback_bdi_unregister [Tracepoint event]
writeback:writeback_task_start [Tracepoint event]
writeback:writeback_task_stop [Tracepoint event]
writeback:wbc_writeback_start [Tracepoint event]
writeback:wbc_writeback_written [Tracepoint event]
writeback:wbc_writeback_wait [Tracepoint event]
writeback:wbc_balance_dirty_start [Tracepoint event]
writeback:wbc_balance_dirty_written [Tracepoint event]
writeback:wbc_balance_dirty_wait [Tracepoint event]
writeback:wbc_writepage [Tracepoint event]
kmem:kmalloc [Tracepoint event]
kmem:kmem_cache_alloc [Tracepoint event]
kmem:kmalloc_node [Tracepoint event]
kmem:kmem_cache_alloc_node [Tracepoint event]
kmem:kfree [Tracepoint event]
kmem:kmem_cache_free [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_page_free_direct [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_pagevec_free [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_page_alloc [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_page_alloc_zone_locked [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_page_pcpu_drain [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_page_alloc_extfrag [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_anon_fault [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_anon_pgin [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_anon_cow [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_anon_userfree [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_anon_unmap [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_filemap_fault [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_filemap_cow [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_filemap_unmap [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_filemap_userunmap [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_pagereclaim_pgout [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_pagereclaim_free [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_background_writeout [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_olddata_writeout [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_balancedirty_writeout [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_kswapd_ran [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_directreclaim_reclaimall [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_directreclaim_reclaimzone [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_pagereclaim_shrinkzone [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_pagereclaim_shrinkactive [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_pagereclaim_shrinkinactive [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_kernel_pagefault [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_vmscan_kswapd_sleep [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_vmscan_kswapd_wake [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_vmscan_direct_reclaim_begin [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_vmscan_direct_reclaim_end [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_vmscan_lru_isolate [Tracepoint event]
kmem:mm_vmscan_writepage [Tracepoint event]
power:power_start [Tracepoint event]
power:power_frequency [Tracepoint event]
power:power_end [Tracepoint event]
power:pstate_sample [Tracepoint event]
module:module_load [Tracepoint event]
module:module_free [Tracepoint event]
module:module_get [Tracepoint event]
module:module_put [Tracepoint event]
module:module_request [Tracepoint event]
workqueue:workqueue_insertion [Tracepoint event]
workqueue:workqueue_execution [Tracepoint event]
workqueue:workqueue_creation [Tracepoint event]
workqueue:workqueue_destruction [Tracepoint event]
signal:signal_generate [Tracepoint event]
signal:signal_deliver [Tracepoint event]
timer:timer_init [Tracepoint event]
timer:timer_start [Tracepoint event]
timer:timer_expire_entry [Tracepoint event]
timer:timer_expire_exit [Tracepoint event]
timer:timer_cancel [Tracepoint event]
timer:hrtimer_init [Tracepoint event]
timer:hrtimer_start [Tracepoint event]
timer:hrtimer_expire_entry [Tracepoint event]
timer:hrtimer_expire_exit [Tracepoint event]
timer:hrtimer_cancel [Tracepoint event]
timer:itimer_state [Tracepoint event]
timer:itimer_expire [Tracepoint event]
irq:irq_handler_entry [Tracepoint event]
irq:irq_handler_exit [Tracepoint event]
irq:softirq_entry [Tracepoint event]
irq:softirq_exit [Tracepoint event]
irq:softirq_raise [Tracepoint event]
sched:sched_kthread_stop [Tracepoint event]
sched:sched_kthread_stop_ret [Tracepoint event]
sched:sched_wait_task [Tracepoint event]
sched:sched_wakeup [Tracepoint event]
sched:sched_wakeup_new [Tracepoint event]
sched:sched_switch [Tracepoint event]
sched:sched_migrate_task [Tracepoint event]
sched:sched_process_free [Tracepoint event]
sched:sched_process_exit [Tracepoint event]
sched:sched_process_wait [Tracepoint event]
sched:sched_process_fork [Tracepoint event]
sched:sched_stat_wait [Tracepoint event]
sched:sched_stat_sleep [Tracepoint event]
sched:sched_stat_iowait [Tracepoint event]
sched:sched_stat_blocked [Tracepoint event]
sched:sched_stat_runtime [Tracepoint event]
mce:mce_record [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sendmmsg [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sendmmsg [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_recvmmsg [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_recvmmsg [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_socketcall [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_socketcall [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_add_key [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_add_key [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_request_key [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_request_key [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_keyctl [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_keyctl [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mq_open [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mq_open [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mq_unlink [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mq_unlink [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mq_timedsend [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mq_timedsend [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mq_timedreceive [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mq_timedreceive [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mq_notify [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mq_notify [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mq_getsetattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mq_getsetattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_quotactl [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_quotactl [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_nfsservctl [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_nfsservctl [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_flock [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_flock [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_io_setup [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_io_setup [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_io_destroy [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_io_destroy [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_io_submit [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_io_submit [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_io_cancel [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_io_cancel [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_io_getevents [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_io_getevents [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_eventfd2 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_eventfd2 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_eventfd [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_eventfd [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_timerfd_create [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_timerfd_create [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_timerfd_settime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_timerfd_settime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_timerfd_gettime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_timerfd_gettime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_signalfd4 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_signalfd4 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_signalfd [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_signalfd [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_epoll_create1 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_epoll_create1 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_epoll_create [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_epoll_create [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_epoll_ctl [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_epoll_ctl [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_epoll_wait [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_epoll_wait [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_epoll_pwait [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_epoll_pwait [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_inotify_init1 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_inotify_init1 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_inotify_init [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_inotify_init [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_inotify_add_watch [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_inotify_add_watch [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_inotify_rm_watch [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_inotify_rm_watch [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_ioprio_set [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_ioprio_set [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_ioprio_get [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_ioprio_get [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_bdflush [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_bdflush [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_statfs [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_statfs [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_statfs64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_statfs64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fstatfs [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fstatfs [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fstatfs64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fstatfs64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_ustat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_ustat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_utime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_utime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_utimensat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_utimensat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_futimesat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_futimesat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_utimes [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_utimes [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sync [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sync [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_syncfs [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_syncfs [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fsync [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fsync [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fdatasync [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fdatasync [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_vmsplice [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_vmsplice [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_splice [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_splice [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_tee [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_tee [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_lsetxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_lsetxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fsetxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fsetxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_lgetxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_lgetxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fgetxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fgetxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_listxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_listxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_llistxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_llistxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_flistxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_flistxattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_removexattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_removexattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_lremovexattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_lremovexattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fremovexattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fremovexattr [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_umount [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_umount [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_oldumount [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_oldumount [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mount [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mount [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_pivot_root [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_pivot_root [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sysfs [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sysfs [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getcwd [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getcwd [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_select [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_select [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_pselect6 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_pselect6 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_poll [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_poll [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_ppoll [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_ppoll [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_old_readdir [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_old_readdir [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getdents [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getdents [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getdents64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getdents64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_ioctl [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_ioctl [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_dup3 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_dup3 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_dup2 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_dup2 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_dup [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_dup [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fcntl [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fcntl [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fcntl64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fcntl64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mknodat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mknodat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mknod [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mknod [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mkdirat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mkdirat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mkdir [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mkdir [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_rmdir [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_rmdir [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_unlinkat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_unlinkat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_unlink [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_unlink [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_symlinkat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_symlinkat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_symlink [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_symlink [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_linkat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_linkat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_link [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_link [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_renameat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_renameat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_rename [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_rename [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_pipe2 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_pipe2 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_pipe [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_pipe [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_uselib [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_uselib [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_stat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_stat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_lstat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_lstat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fstat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fstat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_newstat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_newstat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_newlstat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_newlstat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_newfstat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_newfstat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_readlinkat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_readlinkat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_readlink [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_readlink [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_stat64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_stat64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_lstat64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_lstat64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fstat64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fstat64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fstatat64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fstatat64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_lseek [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_lseek [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_llseek [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_llseek [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_read [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_read [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_write [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_write [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_readv [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_readv [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_writev [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_writev [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_preadv [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_preadv [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_pwritev [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_pwritev [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sendfile [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sendfile [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sendfile64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sendfile64 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_truncate [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_truncate [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_ftruncate [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_ftruncate [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_faccessat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_faccessat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_access [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_access [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_chdir [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_chdir [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fchdir [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fchdir [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_chroot [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_chroot [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fchmod [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fchmod [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fchmodat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fchmodat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_chmod [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_chmod [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fchownat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fchownat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_chown [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_chown [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_lchown [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_lchown [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fchown [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fchown [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_open [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_open [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_openat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_openat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_creat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_creat [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_close [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_close [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_vhangup [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_vhangup [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_swapoff [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_swapoff [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_swapon [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_swapon [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_process_vm_readv [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_process_vm_readv [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_process_vm_writev [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_process_vm_writev [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_msync [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_msync [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mremap [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mremap [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mprotect [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mprotect [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_brk [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_brk [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_munmap [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_munmap [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mlock [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mlock [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_munlock [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_munlock [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mlockall [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mlockall [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_munlockall [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_munlockall [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mincore [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mincore [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_madvise [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_madvise [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_remap_file_pages [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_remap_file_pages [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_mmap_pgoff [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_mmap_pgoff [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_perf_event_open [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_perf_event_open [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_kexec_load [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_kexec_load [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_acct [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_acct [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_delete_module [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_delete_module [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_init_module [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_init_module [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_chown16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_chown16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_lchown16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_lchown16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_fchown16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_fchown16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setregid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setregid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setgid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setgid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setreuid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setreuid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setuid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setuid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setresuid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setresuid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getresuid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getresuid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setresgid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setresgid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getresgid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getresgid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setfsuid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setfsuid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setfsgid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setfsgid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getgroups16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getgroups16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setgroups16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setgroups16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getuid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getuid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_geteuid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_geteuid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getgid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getgid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getegid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getegid16 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_set_robust_list [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_set_robust_list [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_get_robust_list [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_get_robust_list [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_futex [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_futex [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getgroups [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getgroups [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setgroups [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setgroups [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setns [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setns [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_nanosleep [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_nanosleep [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_timer_create [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_timer_create [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_timer_gettime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_timer_gettime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_timer_getoverrun [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_timer_getoverrun [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_timer_settime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_timer_settime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_timer_delete [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_timer_delete [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_clock_settime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_clock_settime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_clock_gettime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_clock_gettime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_clock_adjtime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_clock_adjtime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_clock_getres [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_clock_getres [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_clock_nanosleep [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_clock_nanosleep [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setpriority [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setpriority [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getpriority [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getpriority [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_reboot [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_reboot [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setregid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setregid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setgid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setgid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setreuid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setreuid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setuid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setuid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setresuid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setresuid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getresuid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getresuid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setresgid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setresgid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getresgid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getresgid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setfsuid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setfsuid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setfsgid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setfsgid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_times [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_times [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setpgid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setpgid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getpgid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getpgid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getpgrp [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getpgrp [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getsid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getsid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setsid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setsid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_newuname [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_newuname [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sethostname [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sethostname [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setdomainname [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setdomainname [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getrlimit [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getrlimit [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_old_getrlimit [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_old_getrlimit [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setrlimit [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setrlimit [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getrusage [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getrusage [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_umask [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_umask [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_prctl [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_prctl [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getcpu [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getcpu [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_restart_syscall [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_restart_syscall [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_rt_sigprocmask [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_rt_sigprocmask [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_rt_sigpending [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_rt_sigpending [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_rt_sigtimedwait [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_rt_sigtimedwait [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_kill [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_kill [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_tgkill [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_tgkill [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_tkill [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_tkill [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_rt_sigqueueinfo [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_rt_sigqueueinfo [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_rt_tgsigqueueinfo [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_rt_tgsigqueueinfo [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sigpending [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sigpending [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sigprocmask [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sigprocmask [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_rt_sigaction [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_rt_sigaction [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sgetmask [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sgetmask [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_ssetmask [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_ssetmask [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_signal [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_signal [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_pause [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_pause [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_rt_sigsuspend [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_rt_sigsuspend [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_alarm [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_alarm [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getpid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getpid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getppid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getppid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getuid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getuid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_geteuid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_geteuid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getgid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getgid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getegid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getegid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_gettid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_gettid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sysinfo [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sysinfo [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_ptrace [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_ptrace [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_capget [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_capget [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_capset [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_capset [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sysctl [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sysctl [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_time [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_time [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_stime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_stime [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_gettimeofday [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_gettimeofday [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_settimeofday [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_settimeofday [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_adjtimex [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_adjtimex [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_getitimer [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_getitimer [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_setitimer [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_setitimer [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_exit [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_exit [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_exit_group [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_exit_group [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_waitid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_waitid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_wait4 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_wait4 [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_waitpid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_waitpid [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_syslog [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_syslog [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_personality [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_personality [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_set_tid_address [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_set_tid_address [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_unshare [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_unshare [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_nice [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_nice [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sched_setscheduler [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sched_setscheduler [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sched_setparam [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sched_setparam [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sched_getscheduler [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sched_getscheduler [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sched_getparam [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sched_getparam [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sched_setaffinity [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sched_setaffinity [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sched_getaffinity [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sched_getaffinity [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sched_yield [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sched_yield [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sched_get_priority_max [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sched_get_priority_max [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sched_get_priority_min [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sched_get_priority_min [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter_sched_rr_get_interval [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit_sched_rr_get_interval [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_enter [Tracepoint event]
syscalls:sys_exit [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:local_timer_entry [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:local_timer_exit [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:reschedule_entry [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:reschedule_exit [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:spurious_apic_entry [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:spurious_apic_exit [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:error_apic_entry [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:error_apic_exit [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:x86_platform_ipi_entry [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:x86_platform_ipi_exit [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:irq_work_entry [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:irq_work_exit [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:call_function_entry [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:call_function_exit [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:call_function_single_entry [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:call_function_single_exit [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:threshold_apic_entry [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:threshold_apic_exit [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:thermal_apic_entry [Tracepoint event]
irq_vectors:thermal_apic_exit [Tracepoint event]
tracepoint
分成了几大类：
ext4 文件系统的tracepoint events，如果是其它文件系统，比如XFS，也有对应的tracepoint event;
jbd2 文件日志的tracepoint events;
skb 内存的tracepoint events;
net,napi,sock,udp:网络的tracepoint events;
scsi, block, writeback 磁盘IO
kmem 内存
sched 调度
syscalls 系统调用
...
3. perf top -e xxx
上面的 perf list [hw|sw...] 可以知道所有的 tracepoint events, 接下来我们就可以使用 perf top -e tracepoint-event 来专门获得指定的tracepoint的信息：
1）perf top -e cpu-clock: 查看CPU的使用
2）perf top -e faults : 查看 page faults
3）perf top -e block:block_rq_issue : 查看系统IO的请求，比如可以在发现系统IO异常时，可以使用该命令进行调查，就能指定到底是什么原因导致的IO异常。 block_rq_issue 表示 block_request_issue 就是IO请求数。其实从这些可以看出，分析和调查Linux上的各种性能问题，需要我们对Linux内核有比较多的了解，不然恐怕是无从下手的。
4. 案例
参见：http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-20785090-id-4282589.html
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