Python 爬虫六 性能相关

前面已经讲过了爬虫的两大基础模块：

　　requests模块：用来伪造请求爬取数据

bs4模块：用来整理，提取数据

当我们真正的开始有需求的时候通常都是批量爬取url这样的。那如何批量爬取呢？

按照正常的思路，我们开始用不同的实现方式，写一些实例代码。

1、串行

串行，如字面意思，就是写个for 循环一个个执行：

import requests

def fetch_async(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response

url_list = ['http://www.github.com', 'http://www.bing.com']

for url in url_list:
    fetch_async(url)

时间进度表示：

for 循环每次为url做处理的时候执行fetch_async方法，首先发送请求到目的url的服务器（图片中的请求），之后程序就会阻塞住，等待目的服务器的结果返回（阻塞等待时间），接收到服务器的返回数据后，进行再次数据处理。说到这里，一定都会觉得这是最差的方案了。

2、并行 多线程or多进程

from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor  # 线程处理池
import requests

def fetch_async(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response

url_list = ['http://www.github.com', 'http://www.bing.com']
pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(5)  # 设置线程池的容量
for url in url_list:
    pool.submit(fetch_async, url)  # 提交执行函数和参数
pool.shutdown(wait=True)  # 取决于最慢的线程的执行时间来结束线程池

from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor  # 进程池
import requests

def fetch_async(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response

url_list = ['http://www.github.com', 'http://www.bing.com']
pool = ProcessPoolExecutor(5)  # 设置进程池的最大容量
for url in url_list:
    pool.submit(fetch_async, url)  # 提交到进程池，带上目的函数跟参数
pool.shutdown(wait=True)  # 取决于最慢的进程的执行时间来结束进程池

上面的两种是相似的，通过多线程或多进程来进行并行处理，增加单位时间段内的并发量来提高效率。

补充：带回调函数的多线程

from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
import requests

def fetch_async(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response

def callback(future):  # 线程池内函数的返回结果
    print(future.result())

url_list = ['http://www.github.com', 'http://www.bing.com']
pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(5)
for url in url_list:
    v = pool.submit(fetch_async, url)
    v.add_done_callback(callback)  # 线程处理完成之后调用此函数
pool.shutdown(wait=True)

线程池回调函数

进程池的回调函数是一样的：

v.add_done_callback(callback)

通过上述方法，均可以实现对请求性能的提交，但是，从之前的解析图中，可以发现，当发送请求后，无论是串行还是并行，放大到每一次请求，都不可避免的遇到了阻塞，等待返回结果这个过程。IO阻塞时会造成线程和进程的浪费。所以这时候我们引入异步IO。

异步IO

不了解异步IO的可以看一下之前的这个博客：http://www.cnblogs.com/wuzdandz/p/7633386.html

异步IO的模块已经有很多封装好的，这里为大家介绍几个：

a、asyncio

import asyncio  # python3.3之后的一个内置模块

@asyncio.coroutine
def func1():
    print('before...func1......')
    # 异步调用
    yield from asyncio.sleep(5)
    print('end...func1......')

tasks = [func1(), func1()]

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()  # 获取EventLoop
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))  # 执行coroutine
loop.close()

有一个缺点是asyncio没有提供发送http请求的功能，修改一下代码

import asyncio

@asyncio.coroutine
def fetch_async(host, url='/'):
    print(host, url)
    reader, writer = yield from asyncio.open_connection(host, 80)

    request_header_content = """GET %s HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\n\r\n""" % (url, host,)  # 定制http请求字串
    request_header_content = bytes(request_header_content, encoding='utf-8')

    writer.write(request_header_content)
    yield from writer.drain()
    text = yield from reader.read()
    print(host, url, text)
    writer.close()

tasks = [
    fetch_async('www.cnblogs.com', '/wuzdandz/'),
    fetch_async('dig.chouti.com', '/pic/show?nid=4073644713430508&lid=10273091')
]

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
loop.close()

b、asyncio + aiohttp

import aiohttp
import asyncio

@asyncio.coroutine
def fetch_async(url):
    print(url)
    response = yield from aiohttp.request('GET', url)
    # data = yield from response.read()
    # print(url, data)
    print(url, response)
    response.close()

tasks = [fetch_async('http://www.google.com/'), fetch_async('http://www.chouti.com/')]

event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = event_loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
event_loop.close()

c、asyncio + requests

import asyncio
import requests

@asyncio.coroutine
def fetch_async(func, *args):
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    future = loop.run_in_executor(None, func, *args)
    response = yield from future
    print(response.url, response.content)

tasks = [
    fetch_async(requests.get, 'http://www.cnblogs.com/wuzdandz/'),
    fetch_async(requests.get, 'http://dig.chouti.com/pic/show?nid=4073644713430508&lid=10273091')
]

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
loop.close()

d、gevent + requests

import gevent

import requests
from gevent import monkey

monkey.patch_all()

def fetch_async(method, url, req_kwargs):
    print(method, url, req_kwargs)
    response = requests.request(method=method, url=url, **req_kwargs)
    print(response.url, response.content)

# ##### 发送请求 #####
gevent.joinall([
    gevent.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.python.org/', req_kwargs={}),
    gevent.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.yahoo.com/', req_kwargs={}),
    gevent.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://github.com/', req_kwargs={}),
])

# ##### 发送请求（协程池控制最大协程数量） #####
# from gevent.pool import Pool
# pool = Pool(None)
# gevent.joinall([
#     pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.python.org/', req_kwargs={}),
#     pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.yahoo.com/', req_kwargs={}),
#     pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.github.com/', req_kwargs={}),
# ])

e、grequests

import grequests

request_list = [
    grequests.get('http://httpbin.org/delay/1', timeout=0.001),
    grequests.get('http://fakedomain/'),
    grequests.get('http://httpbin.org/status/500')
]

# ##### 执行并获取响应列表 #####
# response_list = grequests.map(request_list)
# print(response_list)

# ##### 执行并获取响应列表（处理异常） #####
# def exception_handler(request, exception):
#     print(request,exception)
#     print("Request failed")

# response_list = grequests.map(request_list, exception_handler=exception_handler)
# print(response_list)

f、Twisted实例

from twisted.web.client import getPage, defer
from twisted.internet import reactor

def all_done(arg):
    reactor.stop()

def callback(contents):
    print(contents)

deferred_list = []

url_list = ['http://www.bing.com', 'http://www.baidu.com', ]
for url in url_list:
    deferred = getPage(bytes(url, encoding='utf8'))
    deferred.addCallback(callback)
    deferred_list.append(deferred)

dlist = defer.DeferredList(deferred_list)
dlist.addBoth(all_done)

reactor.run()

g、Tornado

from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient
from tornado.httpclient import HTTPRequest
from tornado import ioloop

def handle_response(response):
    """
    处理返回值内容（需要维护计数器，来停止IO循环），调用 ioloop.IOLoop.current().stop()
    :param response:
    :return:
    """
    if response.error:
        print("Error:", response.error)
    else:
        print(response.body)

def func():
    url_list = [
        'http://www.baidu.com',
        'http://www.bing.com',
    ]
    for url in url_list:
        http_client = AsyncHTTPClient()
        http_client.fetch(HTTPRequest(url), handle_response)

ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_callback(func)
ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()

h、Twisted更多

from twisted.internet import reactor
from twisted.web.client import getPage
import urllib.parse

def one_done(arg):
    print(arg)
    reactor.stop()

post_data = urllib.parse.urlencode({'check_data': 'adf'})
post_data = bytes(post_data, encoding='utf8')
headers = {b'Content-Type': b'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
response = getPage(bytes('http://dig.chouti.com/login', encoding='utf8'),
                   method=bytes('POST', encoding='utf8'),
                   postdata=post_data,
                   cookies={},
                   headers=headers)
response.addBoth(one_done)

reactor.run()

以上都是Python内置或者是第三方模块提供异步IO请求，异步IO请求的本质则是 非阻塞Socket + IO多路复用，之前根据select写过一个异步的FTP，现在来写一个自定义的牛逼的异步爬虫模块

X、自定义

# 并发 自定义异步模块  单线程、异步、回调
import socket
import select

class HttpRequest(object):
    def __init__(self, sk, item):
        self.sock = sk
        self.item = item

    def fileno(self):
        return self.sock.fileno()

class AsyncHttp(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.client_list = []
        self.connections_list = []

    def start(self, item):
        """

        :param item: ==> host; url
        :return:
        """
        try:
            sk = socket.socket()
            sk.setblocking(False)
            sk.connect((item['host']), 80)
        except BlockingIOError as e:
            pass
        self.client_list.append(HttpRequest(sk, item))
        self.connections_list.append(HttpRequest(sk, item))

    def run(self):
        """
        检测self.client_list, self.connections_list里面的socket是否已经连接成功
        :return:
        """
        while True:
            # 之前：select内部传入的参数必须是socket对象[socket对象、socket对象]    ==》 调用的就是fileno方法
            # 现在：select内部传入的参数可以是任意对象[任意对象(包含fileno方法)、任意对象(包含fileno方法)]
            # r：可读，socket对象可以读取接收到的服务端的信息；w：可写，如果又socket和服务端连接成功
            r, w, e = select.select(self.client_list, self.connections_list, [], 0.05)
            for conn in w:  # 连接成功
                host = conn.item['host']
                url = conn.item['url']
                # 构造 'GET / HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: www.baidu.com\r\n\r\n'
                temp = 'GET %s HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\n\r\n' % (host, url)
                conn.sock.sendall(bytes(temp))  # 就发送伪造好的请求给服务端,请求头+请求体
                self.connections_list.remove(conn)  # 将发送好的socket对象从监测连接的连接池中移除
            for conn in r:  # 获取响应内容
                data = conn.sock.recv(8096)
                func = conn.item['fn']
                func(data)
                conn.sock.close()
                self.client_list.remove(conn)
            if not self.client_list:
                break

def done(content):
    print(content)

reactor = AsyncHttp()

url_list = [
    {'host': 'www.baidu.com', 'url': '/', 'fn': done},
    {'host': 'www.bing.com', 'url': '/', 'fn': done},
    {'host': 'www.cnblogs.com', 'url': '/wuzdandz/', 'fn': done},
]
for item in url_list:
    reactor.start(item)

reactor.run()

关于fileno的解释

select 模块的特性，一般IO操作都有fileno方法，fileno==》文件描述符，网络相关的也是文件描述符；终端是输入输出设备也有文件描述符，但凡有这个的操作系统监听的都是文件描述符，而不是这个对象
所以select本质上就是给什么对象都是去取文件描述符fileno，开始我们没有做封装，用的是socket对象，直接调用了它的fileno方法
当进行封装时，传入的是自己的对象，我们不知道文件描述符是什么，那是操作系统所提供的，此时调用fileno方法就需要直接返回self.sock.fileno()，即socket本身的文件描述符，相当于一次转发，中间商操作