1.Basic Techniques and Knowledge

1.1 BASIC WINDOWS PROGRAMMING IN C/C++

1.Hello World Version 1:Starting Your Browser

Let's get down now to the business of writing a basic Windows program in C.Here is our first windows program:

 #define STRICT
 #include<windows.h>
 #include<tchar.h>
 #include<assert.h>
 #pragma comment(linker,"/subsystem:\"windows\"" )

 const TCHAR szOperation[]=_T("open");
 const TCHAR szAddress[]=_T("www.helloworld.com");

 int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInst,HINSTANCE,LPSTR lpCmd,int nShow)
 {
     HINSTANCE hRslt=ShellExecute(NULL,szOperation,szAddress,NULL,NULL,SW_SHOWNORMAL);
     assert(hRslt>(HINSTANCE)HINSTANCE_ERROR);
     return ;
 }

If you could run this program,your browser would bring up a web page through a powerful Win32 API call,ShellExecute.

The program starts by defining a macro STRICT,which tells the windows include file to treat different object types differently,making it easier for the compiler to give programmers waring messages if they mix HANDLE with HINSTANCE,or HPEN with HBRUSH.if you hear a reader complaining that sample program certain books can't even compile,it is likely that the sample programs were not tested with the macro CTRICT defined.This happens because the newer version of Windows include files that turn STRICT on by default,while the older versions do not.

2.Hello World Version 2:Drawing Directly to Desktop

 #define STRICT
 #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
 #include <windows.h>
 #include <tchar.h>
 #include <assert.h>
 void CenterText(HDC hDC, int x, int y, LPCTSTR szFace,
  LPCTSTR szMessage, int point)
 {
  HFONT hFont = CreateFont(
  -point * GetDeviceCaps(hDC, LOGPIXELSY) / ,
  , , , FW_BOLD, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE,
  ANSI_CHARSET, OUT_TT_PRECIS, CLIP_DEFAULT_PRECIS,
  PROOF_QUALITY, VARIABLE_PITCH, szFace);
  assert(hFont);
  HGDIOBJ hOld = SelectObject(hDC, hFont);
  SetTextAlign(hDC, TA_CENTER | TA_BASELINE);
  SetBkMode(hDC, TRANSPARENT);
  SetTextColor(hDC, RGB(, , 0xFF));
  TextOut(hDC, x, y, szMessage, _tcslen(szMessage));
  SelectObject(hDC, hOld);
  DeleteObject(hFont);
 }
 const TCHAR szMessage[] = _T("Hello, World");
 const TCHAR szFace[] = _T("Times New Roman");
 //#pragma comment(linker, "-merge:.rdata=.text")
 //#pragma comment(linker, "-align:512")

 #pragma comment(linker, "/entry:WinMainCRTStartup")

 extern "C" void WinMainCRTStartup()
 {
  HDC hDC = GetDC(NULL);
  assert(hDC);
  CenterText(hDC, GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN) / ,
  GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN) / ,
  szFace, szMessage, );
  ReleaseDC(NULL, hDC);
  ExitProcess();
 }

这个程序研究了一些时间，用VC6.0编译，需在将原程序指定连接选项的方法改为 #pragma comment(linker, "/entry:WinMainCRTStartup")，表示将程序的入口点设置为自定义的WinMainCRTStartup；另外还需要将编译模式由Debug改为Release，具体的在菜单栏空白处点击右键，勾选“组建”，选择Release

3.Hello World Version 3:Create a Full-Screen Window

We will try to develop a simple object-ariented window program in C++ without the help of Microsoft Foundation Class.

Here is the header file for the KWindow class:

//win.h

#pragma once
class KWindow
{
 virtual void OnDraw(HDC hDC)
 {
 }
 virtual void OnKeyDown(WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
 {
 }
 virtual LRESULT WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg,
 WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
 static LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND hWnd,
 UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
 virtual void GetWndClassEx(WNDCLASSEX & wc);
public:
 HWND m_hWnd;
 KWindow(void)
 {
 m_hWnd = NULL;
 }
 virtual ~KWindow(void)
 {
 }
virtual bool CreateEx(DWORD dwExStyle,
 LPCTSTR lpszClass, LPCTSTR lpszName, DWORD dwStyle,
 int x, int y, int nWidth, int nHeight, HWND hParent,
 HMENU hMenu, HINSTANCE hInst);
 bool RegisterClass(LPCTSTR lpszClass, HINSTANCE hInst);
 virtual WPARAM MessageLoop(void);
 BOOL ShowWindow(int nCmdShow) const
 {
 return ::ShowWindow(m_hWnd, nCmdShow);
 }
 BOOL UpdateWindow(void) const
 {
 return ::UpdateWindow(m_hWnd);
 }
};

Here is the implementation for the KWindow class:

win.cpp

#define STRICT
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#include ".\win.h"
LRESULT KWindow::WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg,
 WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
 switch( uMsg )
 {
 case WM_KEYDOWN:
 OnKeyDown(wParam, lParam);
 return 0;
 case WM_PAINT:
 {
 PAINTSTRUCT ps;
  BeginPaint(m_hWnd, &ps);
 OnDraw(ps.hdc);
 EndPaint(m_hWnd, &ps);
 }
 return 0;
 case WM_DESTROY:
 PostQuitMessage(0);
 return 0;
 }
 return DefWindowProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam);
}
LRESULT CALLBACK KWindow::WindowProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg,
 WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
 KWindow * pWindow;
 if ( uMsg == WM_NCCREATE )
 {
 assert( ! IsBadReadPtr((void *) lParam,
 sizeof(CREATESTRUCT)) );
 MDICREATESTRUCT * pMDIC = (MDICREATESTRUCT *)
 ((LPCREATESTRUCT) lParam)->lpCreateParams;
 pWindow = (KWindow *) (pMDIC->lParam);
 assert( ! IsBadReadPtr(pWindow, sizeof(KWindow)) );
 SetWindowLong(hWnd, GWL_USERDATA, (LONG) pWindow);
 }
 else
 pWindow=(KWindow *)GetWindowLong(hWnd, GWL_USERDATA);
 if ( pWindow )
 return pWindow->WndProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam);
 else
 return DefWindowProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam);
}
bool KWindow::RegisterClass(LPCTSTR lpszClass, HINSTANCE hInst)
{
 WNDCLASSEX wc;
 if ( ! GetClassInfoEx(hInst, lpszClass, &wc) )
 {
 GetWndClassEx(wc);
 wc.hInstance = hInst;
 wc.lpszClassName = lpszClass;
 if ( !RegisterClassEx(&wc) )
 return false;
 }
 return true;
}
bool KWindow::CreateEx(DWORD dwExStyle,
 LPCTSTR lpszClass, LPCTSTR lpszName, DWORD dwStyle,
 int x, int y, int nWidth, int nHeight, HWND hParent,
 HMENU hMenu, HINSTANCE hInst)
{
if ( ! RegisterClass(lpszClass, hInst) )
 return false;
 // use MDICREATESTRUCT to pass this pointer, support MDI child window
 MDICREATESTRUCT mdic;
 memset(& mdic, 0, sizeof(mdic));
 mdic.lParam = (LPARAM) this;
 m_hWnd = CreateWindowEx(dwExStyle, lpszClass, lpszName,
 dwStyle, x, y, nWidth, nHeight,
 hParent, hMenu, hInst, & mdic);
 return m_hWnd!=NULL;
}
void KWindow::GetWndClassEx(WNDCLASSEX & wc)
{
 memset(& wc, 0, sizeof(wc));
 wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
 wc.style = 0;
 wc.lpfnWndProc = WindowProc;
 wc.cbClsExtra = 0;
 wc.cbWndExtra = 0;
 wc.hInstance = NULL;
 wc.hIcon = NULL;
 wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
 wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
 wc.lpszMenuName = NULL;
 wc.lpszClassName = NULL;
 wc.hIconSm = NULL;
}
WPARAM KWindow::MessageLoop(void)
{
 MSG msg;
 while ( GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0) )
 {
 TranslateMessage(&msg);
 DispatchMessage(&msg);
 }
 return msg.wParam;
}

Here is our third version of"Hello,World",a normal window program version using C++:

Hello3.cpp

#define STRICT
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN

#include<windows.h>
#include<assert.h>
#include<tchar.h>

#include ".\win.h"

void CenterText(HDC hDC, int x, int y, LPCTSTR szFace,
 LPCTSTR szMessage, int point)
{
 HFONT hFont = CreateFont(
 -point * GetDeviceCaps(hDC, LOGPIXELSY) / 72,
 0, 0, 0, FW_BOLD, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE,
 ANSI_CHARSET, OUT_TT_PRECIS, CLIP_DEFAULT_PRECIS,
 PROOF_QUALITY, VARIABLE_PITCH, szFace);
 assert(hFont);
 HGDIOBJ hOld = SelectObject(hDC, hFont);
 SetTextAlign(hDC, TA_CENTER | TA_BASELINE);
 SetBkMode(hDC, TRANSPARENT);
 SetTextColor(hDC, RGB(0, 0, 0xFF));
 TextOut(hDC, x, y, szMessage, _tcslen(szMessage));
 SelectObject(hDC, hOld);
 DeleteObject(hFont);
}

const TCHAR szMessage[]=_T("Hello,Word!");
const TCHAR szFace[]=_T("Times New Roman");
const TCHAR szHint[]=_T("Press ESC to quit.");
const TCHAR szProgram[]=_T("HelloWorld3");

class KHelloWindow:public KWindow
{
	void OnKeyDown(WPARAM wParam,LPARAM lParam)
	{
		if(wParam==VK_ESCAPE)
			PostMessage(m_hWnd,WM_CLOSE,0,0);
	}
	void OnDraw(HDC hDC)
	{
		TextOut(hDC,0,0,szHint,lstrlen(szHint));
		CenterText(hDC,GetDeviceCaps(hDC,HORZRES)/2,GetDeviceCaps(hDC,VERTRES)/2,
			szFace,szMessage,72);
	}
public:
};

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInst,HINSTANCE,LPSTR lpCmd,int nShow)
{
	KHelloWindow win;
	win.CreateEx(0,szProgram,szProgram,WS_POPUP,0,0,GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN),GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN),
		NULL,NULL,hInst);
	win.ShowWindow(nShow);
	win.UpdateWindow();

	return win.MessageLoop();

}

Source code attachment：

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4.Hello World Version 4:Drawing With DirectDraw

Microsoft's DirectDraw API,initially designed for high-performance game programing,allows programs to get even closer with a screen buffer and features offered by advanced display cards.

Here is a simple program using DirectDraw:

// Hello4.cpp
#define STRICT
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#include <ddraw.h>
#include ".\win.h"

#pragma comment(lib,"ddraw.lib")

void CenterText(HDC hDC, int x, int y, LPCTSTR szFace,
 LPCTSTR szMessage, int point)
{
 HFONT hFont = CreateFont(
 -point * GetDeviceCaps(hDC, LOGPIXELSY) / 72,
 0, 0, 0, FW_BOLD, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE,
 ANSI_CHARSET, OUT_TT_PRECIS, CLIP_DEFAULT_PRECIS,
 PROOF_QUALITY, VARIABLE_PITCH, szFace);
 assert(hFont);
 HGDIOBJ hOld = SelectObject(hDC, hFont);
 SetTextAlign(hDC, TA_CENTER | TA_BASELINE);
 SetBkMode(hDC, TRANSPARENT);
 SetTextColor(hDC, RGB(0, 0, 0xFF));
 TextOut(hDC, x, y, szMessage, _tcslen(szMessage));
 SelectObject(hDC, hOld);
 DeleteObject(hFont);
}

const TCHAR szMessage[] = _T("Hello, World !");
const TCHAR szFace[] = _T("Times New Roman");
const TCHAR szHint[] = _T("Press ESC to quit.");
const TCHAR szProgram[] = _T("HelloWorld4");
// Copy CenterText from Hello2.cpp
class KDDrawWindow : public KWindow
{
 LPDIRECTDRAW lpdd;
 LPDIRECTDRAWSURFACE lpddsprimary;
 void OnKeyDown(WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
 {
 if (wParam==VK_ESCAPE )
 PostMessage(m_hWnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0);
 }
 void Blend(int left, int right, int top, int bottom);
void OnDraw(HDC hDC)
 {
 TextOut(hDC, 0, 0, szHint, lstrlen(szHint));
 CenterText(hDC, GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN)/2,
 GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN)/2,
 szFace, szMessage, 48);
 Blend(80, 560, 160, 250);
 }
public:
 KDDrawWindow(void)
 {
 lpdd = NULL;
 lpddsprimary = NULL;
 }
 ~KDDrawWindow(void)
 {
 if ( lpddsprimary )
 {
 lpddsprimary->Release();
 lpddsprimary = NULL;
 }
 if ( lpdd )
 {
 lpdd->Release();
 lpdd = NULL;
 }
 }
  bool CreateSurface(void);
};
bool KDDrawWindow::CreateSurface(void)
{
 HRESULT hr;
 hr = DirectDrawCreate(NULL, &lpdd, NULL);
 if (hr!=DD_OK)
 return false;
 hr = lpdd->SetCooperativeLevel(m_hWnd,
 DDSCL_FULLSCREEN | DDSCL_EXCLUSIVE);
 if (hr!=DD_OK)
 return false;
 hr = lpdd->SetDisplayMode(640, 480, 32);
 if (hr!=DD_OK)
 return false;
 DDSURFACEDESC ddsd;
 memset(& ddsd, 0, sizeof(ddsd));
 ddsd.dwSize = sizeof(ddsd);
 ddsd.dwFlags = DDSD_CAPS;
 ddsd.ddsCaps.dwCaps = DDSCAPS_PRIMARYSURFACE;
 return lpdd->CreateSurface(&ddsd, &lpddsprimary, NULL)
 ==DD_OK;
}
void inline Blend(unsigned char *dest, unsigned char *src)
{
 dest[0] = (dest[0] + src[0])/2;
 dest[1] = (dest[1] + src[1])/2;
 dest[2] = (dest[2] + src[2])/2;
}
void KDDrawWindow::Blend(int left, int right,
 int top, int bottom)
{
 DDSURFACEDESC ddsd;
 memset(&ddsd, 0, sizeof(ddsd));
 ddsd.dwSize = sizeof(ddsd);
 HRESULT hr = lpddsprimary->Lock(NULL, &ddsd,
 DDLOCK_SURFACEMEMORYPTR | DDLOCK_WAIT, NULL);
 assert(hr==DD_OK);
 unsigned char *screen = (unsigned char *)
 ddsd.lpSurface;
 for (int y=top; y<bottom; y++)
 {
 unsigned char * pixel = screen + y * ddsd.lPitch
 + left * 4;
 for (int x=left; x<right; x++, pixel+=4)
 if ( pixel[0]!=255 || pixel[1]!=255 ||
 pixel[2]!=255 ) // non white
 {
 ::Blend(pixel-4, pixel); // left
 ::Blend(pixel+4, pixel); // right
 ::Blend(pixel-ddsd.lPitch, pixel); // up
 ::Blend(pixel+ddsd.lPitch, pixel); // down
 }
 }
 lpddsprimary->Unlock(ddsd.lpSurface);
}
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInst, HINSTANCE,
 LPSTR lpCmd, int nShow)
{
 KDDrawWindow win;
 win.CreateEx(0, szProgram, szProgram,
 WS_POPUP,
 0, 0,
 GetSystemMetrics( SM_CXSCREEN ),
 GetSystemMetrics( SM_CYSCREEN ),
 NULL, NULL, hInst);
 win.CreateSurface();
 win.ShowWindow(nShow);
 win.UpdateWindow();
 return win.MessageLoop();
}

运行该程序，需要将第三个“Hello,World”程序中的”win.h“和”win.cpp“文件导入进来；另外，在主程序中需要添加 #pragma comment(lib,"ddraw.lib")语句，即导入DirectDraw支持的静态链接库文件，以及添加对CenterText函数的定义

Don't be discouraged if you've not touched the DirectDraw API yet;We will cover it in full detail in Chapter 18.