查询数据SELECT 之单表查询
一、单表查询的语法与关键字的执行优先级
""" # 单表查询
# 单标查询完整与法:
# select distinct(关键字,代表查询的意思,后面跟)字段1,字段2...(代表你查询结果要什么字段,可以写很多个字段,)from (指定)库名.表名 (哪个库哪个表)
指定完from之后还可以跟什么
where 约束条件 过滤的意思
group by 分组依据
having 过滤条件
order by 排序的字段
limit 限制显示的条数
;(分号结束) distinct 去重的意思,加到select后面 语法级别关键字的排列顺序如下:
select distinct 字段1,字段2,... from 库名.表名
where
group by
having
order by
limit; 每一个关键字不一定都要有
这是简写版的:
select * from 表名; 执行顺序不一定是这样的 运行角度来说先运行from!!因为数据库本质就是操作文件。操作文件第一步是判断文件路径存不存在
在的话打开文件,进行约束条件(where)
查询的结果可能有还多种,可以进行分组归类(group by)
分完组后再进行过滤,组级别的筛选(having)
having运行过滤完后出现的一条条记录进行去重(distinct),如果有重复的话
再进行排序 (order by)按照平均成绩,升序或降序
显示,可能只要头三条,其余的都不要 关键字执行的顺序:
from
where
group by
having
distinct
order by
limit def from():
pass def where():
for line in f: def group by():
pass def having():
pass def distinct():
pass def order by():
pass def limit():
pass 上面这些都被封装到了:
def select():
f= from()
data = where(f)
data = group by(data)
data = having(data)
data = distinct(data)
data= order by(data)
date = limit(data)
return data """ 二、简单查询
"""
详细讲解单表查询每部分的关键字 准备表跟记录:
#创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
); #插入记录 #三个部门:教学,销售,运营
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1), ('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2), ('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
; 改表名:
alter table 表名 rename 新表名; mysql> alter table employee rename emp;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) 删除字段
alter table emp drop 字段名; mysql> alter table emp drop office;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.13 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 简单查询 select * from 表名
*代表所有字段都包含在内 select * from emp; mysql> select * from emp;
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+-----------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | NULL | 7300.33 | 1 |
| 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | NULL | 1000000.31 | 1 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher | NULL | 8300.00 | 1 |
| 4 | yuanhao | male | 73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher | NULL | 3500.00 | 1 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher | NULL | 2100.00 | 1 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 1 |
| 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL | 30000.00 | 1 |
| 8 | 成龙 | male | 48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL | 10000.00 | 1 |
| 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 2 |
| 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | NULL | 2000.35 | 2 |
| 11 | 丁丁 | female | 18 | 2011-03-12 | sale | NULL | 1000.37 | 2 |
| 12 | 星星 | female | 18 | 2016-05-13 | sale | NULL | 3000.29 | 2 |
| 13 | 格格 | female | 28 | 2017-01-27 | sale | NULL | 4000.33 | 2 |
| 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL | 10000.13 | 3 |
| 15 | 程咬金 | male | 18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | NULL | 20000.00 | 3 |
| 16 | 程咬银 | female | 18 | 2013-03-11 | operation | NULL | 19000.00 | 3 |
| 17 | 程咬铜 | male | 18 | 2015-04-11 | operation | NULL | 18000.00 | 3 |
| 18 | 程咬铁 | female | 18 | 2014-05-12 | operation | NULL | 17000.00 | 3 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+-----------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec) 如果想指定字段就
select 字段1,字段2...from emp; 得到的是一张虚拟的表 mysql> select name,salary,id from emp;
+------------+------------+----+
| name | salary | id |
+------------+------------+----+
| egon | 7300.33 | 1 |
| alex | 1000000.31 | 2 |
| wupeiqi | 8300.00 | 3 |
| yuanhao | 3500.00 | 4 |
| liwenzhou | 2100.00 | 5 |
| jingliyang | 9000.00 | 6 |
| jinxin | 30000.00 | 7 |
| 成龙 | 10000.00 | 8 |
| 歪歪 | 3000.13 | 9 |
| 丫丫 | 2000.35 | 10 |
| 丁丁 | 1000.37 | 11 |
| 星星 | 3000.29 | 12 |
| 格格 | 4000.33 | 13 |
| 张野 | 10000.13 | 14 |
| 程咬金 | 20000.00 | 15 |
| 程咬银 | 19000.00 | 16 |
| 程咬铜 | 18000.00 | 17 |
| 程咬铁 | 17000.00 | 18 |
+------------+------------+----+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec) 去重,去的是记录的重复
select distinct 字段 from emp; mysql> select distinct post from emp;
+-----------------------------------------+
| post |
+-----------------------------------------+
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 |
| teacher |
| sale |
| operation |
+-----------------------------------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec) distinct是在having运行完后才运行的 四则运算:
比方说查员工的姓名,以及月薪
mysql> select name,salary,id from emp;
+------------+------------+----+
| name | salary | id |
+------------+------------+----+
| egon | 7300.33 | 1 |
| alex | 1000000.31 | 2 |
| wupeiqi | 8300.00 | 3 |
| yuanhao | 3500.00 | 4 |
| liwenzhou | 2100.00 | 5 |
| jingliyang | 9000.00 | 6 |
| jinxin | 30000.00 | 7 |
| 成龙 | 10000.00 | 8 |
| 歪歪 | 3000.13 | 9 |
| 丫丫 | 2000.35 | 10 |
| 丁丁 | 1000.37 | 11 |
| 星星 | 3000.29 | 12 |
| 格格 | 4000.33 | 13 |
| 张野 | 10000.13 | 14 |
| 程咬金 | 20000.00 | 15 |
| 程咬银 | 19000.00 | 16 |
| 程咬铜 | 18000.00 | 17 |
| 程咬铁 | 17000.00 | 18 |
+------------+------------+----+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec) 年薪怎么查?
可以在字段的基础上进行四则运算
select name,salary*12 from emp; mysql> select name,salary*12 as annual_salary from emp;
+------------+---------------+
| name | annual_salary |
+------------+---------------+
| egon | 87603.96 |
| alex | 12000003.72 |
| wupeiqi | 99600.00 |
| yuanhao | 42000.00 |
| liwenzhou | 25200.00 |
| jingliyang | 108000.00 |
| jinxin | 360000.00 |
| 成龙 | 120000.00 |
| 歪歪 | 36001.56 |
| 丫丫 | 24004.20 |
| 丁丁 | 12004.44 |
| 星星 | 36003.48 |
| 格格 | 48003.96 |
| 张野 | 120001.56 |
| 程咬金 | 240000.00 |
| 程咬银 | 228000.00 |
| 程咬铜 | 216000.00 |
| 程咬铁 | 204000.00 |
+------------+---------------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec) 虚拟表也有标题一说,如果没有指定就默认以字段名代替
+------------+-------------+
| name | salary*12 |
+------------+-------------+
| egon | 87603.96 |
| alex | 12000003.72 |
| wupeiqi | 99600.00 |
| yuanhao | 42000.00 |
| liwenzhou | 25200.00 |
| jingliyang | 108000.00 |
| jinxin | 360000.00 |
| 成龙 | 120000.00 |
| 歪歪 | 36001.56 |
| 丫丫 | 24004.20 |
| 丁丁 | 12004.44 |
| 星星 | 36003.48 |
| 格格 | 48003.96 |
| 张野 | 120001.56 |
| 程咬金 | 240000.00 |
| 程咬银 | 228000.00 |
| 程咬铜 | 216000.00 |
| 程咬铁 | 204000.00 |
+------------+-------------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select name,salary*12 as annual_salary from emp;
+------------+---------------+
| name | annual_salary |
+------------+---------------+
| egon | 87603.96 |
| alex | 12000003.72 |
| wupeiqi | 99600.00 |
| yuanhao | 42000.00 |
| liwenzhou | 25200.00 |
| jingliyang | 108000.00 |
| jinxin | 360000.00 |
| 成龙 | 120000.00 |
| 歪歪 | 36001.56 |
| 丫丫 | 24004.20 |
| 丁丁 | 12004.44 |
| 星星 | 36003.48 |
| 格格 | 48003.96 |
| 张野 | 120001.56 |
| 程咬金 | 240000.00 |
| 程咬银 | 228000.00 |
| 程咬铜 | 216000.00 |
| 程咬铁 | 204000.00 |
+------------+---------------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec)
字符串拼接 concat(‘名字:’,name),concat(‘年龄:’,age)
+------------------------+-----------------------+
| concat('名字:',name) | concat('年龄:',age) |
+------------------------+-----------------------+
| 名字:egon | 年龄:18 |
| 名字:alex | 年龄:78 |
| 名字:wupeiqi | 年龄:81 |
| 名字:yuanhao | 年龄:73 |
| 名字:liwenzhou | 年龄:28 |
| 名字:jingliyang | 年龄:18 |
| 名字:jinxin | 年龄:18 |
| 名字:成龙 | 年龄:48 |
| 名字:歪歪 | 年龄:48 |
| 名字:丫丫 | 年龄:38 |
| 名字:丁丁 | 年龄:18 |
| 名字:星星 | 年龄:18 |
| 名字:格格 | 年龄:28 |
| 名字:张野 | 年龄:28 |
| 名字:程咬金 | 年龄:18 |
| 名字:程咬银 | 年龄:18 |
| 名字:程咬铜 | 年龄:18 |
| 名字:程咬铁 | 年龄:18 |
+------------------------+-----------------------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select concat('名字:',name) new_name,concat('年龄:',age) new_age from emp;
+-------------------+-----------+
| new_name | new_age |
+-------------------+-----------+
| 名字:egon | 年龄:18 |
| 名字:alex | 年龄:78 |
| 名字:wupeiqi | 年龄:81 |
| 名字:yuanhao | 年龄:73 |
| 名字:liwenzhou | 年龄:28 |
| 名字:jingliyang | 年龄:18 |
| 名字:jinxin | 年龄:18 |
| 名字:成龙 | 年龄:48 |
| 名字:歪歪 | 年龄:48 |
| 名字:丫丫 | 年龄:38 |
| 名字:丁丁 | 年龄:18 |
| 名字:星星 | 年龄:18 |
| 名字:格格 | 年龄:28 |
| 名字:张野 | 年龄:28 |
| 名字:程咬金 | 年龄:18 |
| 名字:程咬银 | 年龄:18 |
| 名字:程咬铜 | 年龄:18 |
| 名字:程咬铁 | 年龄:18 |
+-------------------+-----------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select concat(name,':',age) from emp;
+----------------------+
| concat(name,':',age) |
+----------------------+
| egon:18 |
| alex:78 |
| wupeiqi:81 |
| yuanhao:73 |
| liwenzhou:28 |
| jingliyang:18 |
| jinxin:18 |
| 成龙:48 |
| 歪歪:48 |
| 丫丫:38 |
| 丁丁:18 |
| 星星:18 |
| 格格:28 |
| 张野:28 |
| 程咬金:18 |
| 程咬银:18 |
| 程咬铜:18 |
| 程咬铁:18 |
+----------------------+
mysql> select concat(name,':',age) as new_info from emp;
+---------------+
| new_info |
+---------------+
| egon:18 |
| alex:78 |
| wupeiqi:81 |
| yuanhao:73 |
| liwenzhou:28 |
| jingliyang:18 |
| jinxin:18 |
| 成龙:48 |
| 歪歪:48 |
| 丫丫:38 |
| 丁丁:18 |
| 星星:18 |
| 格格:28 |
| 张野:28 |
| 程咬金:18 |
| 程咬银:18 |
| 程咬铜:18 |
| 程咬铁:18 |
+---------------+
但是这种以冒号为分隔符的可以有一种简单的写法
concat_ws(':',字段1,字段2....)
在第一个参数指定一个:,后面的字段排着写就好了,会自动以冒号为分隔符来分割
mysql> select concat_ws(':',name,age,sex) as info from emp;
+----------------------+
| info |
+----------------------+
| egon:18:male |
| alex:78:male |
| wupeiqi:81:male |
| yuanhao:73:male |
| liwenzhou:28:male |
| jingliyang:18:female |
| jinxin:18:male |
| 成龙:48:male |
| 歪歪:48:female |
| 丫丫:38:female |
| 丁丁:18:female |
| 星星:18:female |
| 格格:28:female |
| 张野:28:male |
| 程咬金:18:male |
| 程咬银:18:female |
| 程咬铜:18:male |
| 程咬铁:18:female |
+----------------------+
(
CASE
WHEN NAME = 'egon' THEN
NAME
WHEN NAME = 'alex' THEN
CONCAT(name,'_BIGSB')
ELSE
concat(NAME, 'SB')
END
) as new_name
FROM
emp;
| new_name |
+--------------+
| egon |
| alex_BIGSB |
| wupeiqiSB |
| yuanhaoSB |
| liwenzhouSB |
| jingliyangSB |
| jinxinSB |
| 成龙SB |
| 歪歪SB |
| 丫丫SB |
| 丁丁SB |
| 星星SB |
| 格格SB |
| 张野SB |
| 程咬金SB |
| 程咬银SB |
| 程咬铜SB |
| 程咬铁SB |
+--------------+
""" 三、where 关键字
必须要有的关键字说完了,现在排着研究,from后面的where 约束条件 select distinct 字段1 from 库名.表名
where 约束条件 1.比较运算符:> < >= >= != 针对数字类型的判断,日期也可以 mysql> select * from emp where id >10 and id <15;
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | depart_id |
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+-----------+
| 11 | 丁丁 | female | 18 | 2011-03-12 | sale | NULL | 1000.37 | 2 |
| 12 | 星星 | female | 18 | 2016-05-13 | sale | NULL | 3000.29 | 2 |
| 13 | 格格 | female | 28 | 2017-01-27 | sale | NULL | 4000.33 | 2 |
| 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL | 10000.13 | 3 |
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+-----------+ 2.between and 在什么和什么之间
什么意思呢? mysql> select *from emp;
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+-----------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | NULL | 7300.33 | 1 |
| 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | NULL | 1000000.31 | 1 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher | NULL | 8300.00 | 1 |
| 4 | yuanhao | male | 73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher | NULL | 3500.00 | 1 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher | NULL | 2100.00 | 1 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 1 |
| 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL | 30000.00 | 1 |
| 8 | 成龙 | male | 48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL | 10000.00 | 1 |
| 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 2 |
| 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | NULL | 2000.35 | 2 |
| 11 | 丁丁 | female | 18 | 2011-03-12 | sale | NULL | 1000.37 | 2 |
| 12 | 星星 | female | 18 | 2016-05-13 | sale | NULL | 3000.29 | 2 |
| 13 | 格格 | female | 28 | 2017-01-27 | sale | NULL | 4000.33 | 2 |
| 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL | 10000.13 | 3 |
| 15 | 程咬金 | male | 18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | NULL | 20000.00 | 3 |
| 16 | 程咬银 | female | 18 | 2013-03-11 | operation | NULL | 19000.00 | 3 |
| 17 | 程咬铜 | male | 18 | 2015-04-11 | operation | NULL | 18000.00 | 3 |
| 18 | 程咬铁 | female | 18 | 2014-05-12 | operation | NULL | 17000.00 | 3 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+-----------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec) 找出来id大于10小于15的这些员工,怎么找? mysql> select * from emp where id between 10 and 15;
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | depart_id |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+-----------+
| 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | NULL | 2000.35 | 2 |
| 11 | 丁丁 | female | 18 | 2011-03-12 | sale | NULL | 1000.37 | 2 |
| 12 | 星星 | female | 18 | 2016-05-13 | sale | NULL | 3000.29 | 2 |
| 13 | 格格 | female | 28 | 2017-01-27 | sale | NULL | 4000.33 | 2 |
| 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL | 10000.13 | 3 |
| 15 | 程咬金 | male | 18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | NULL | 20000.00 | 3 |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+-----------+ between and 其实是大于等于10 and 小于等于15.,等于也包含在内 加了where整体怎么运行的呢?
先根据from定位到硬盘上文件在哪,文件的绝对路径,定位到文件的具体位置接下来,把表里所有的内容全都往内存里读,读到内存进行对比,where我要找的大于等于10小于等于15的结果,符合条件的留下,不符合的不要 3.in 在什么里面 找出来id=6 id=9 id=10的
mysql> select * from emp where id=6 or id=9 or id=10;
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+---------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+---------+-----------+
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 1 |
| 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 2 |
| 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | NULL | 2000.35 | 2 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+---------+-----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 但是这样写假如很多的话,有个简单的写法,可以id in()一个范围
select * from emp where id in(6,9,10);
这个跟上面的意思是一样的。
mysql> select * from emp where id in(6,9,10);
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+---------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+---------+-----------+
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 1 |
| 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 2 |
| 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | NULL | 2000.35 | 2 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+---------+-----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 4.like 模糊匹配 % 任意一个字符 查询jin开头的 select *from emp where name like 'jin%'; mysql> select *from emp where name like 'jin%';
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+-----------+
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 1 |
| 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL | 30000.00 | 1 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec) _ 任意单个字符
查询名字有两个字符的
select * from emp where name like '__'; mysql> select * from emp where name like '__';
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | depart_id |
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+-----------+
| 8 | 成龙 | male | 48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL | 10000.00 | 1 |
| 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 2 |
| 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | NULL | 2000.35 | 2 |
| 11 | 丁丁 | female | 18 | 2011-03-12 | sale | NULL | 1000.37 | 2 |
| 12 | 星星 | female | 18 | 2016-05-13 | sale | NULL | 3000.29 | 2 |
| 13 | 格格 | female | 28 | 2017-01-27 | sale | NULL | 4000.33 | 2 |
| 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL | 10000.13 | 3 |
+----+--------+--------+----- 5.逻辑运算:and or not 四、group by 关键字
分组 什么是分组?
分组就是按照某一个大家相同的属性进行分类
按照所有记录相同的部分进行归类,一定是区分度低的字段 可以按照性别,分为两类,按照年龄段,按照职位... 为什么要分组?
当我们要以组为单位进行统计时,就必须分组,分组的目的是为了以组为单位进行统计的,再去考虑单条记录毫无意义。 统计每个部门的最高工资,平均工资
有个窍门每后面那个字段就是分组的依据,但不是所有的话都这么说。 注意:分组之后,只能查到分组的字段以及组内多条记录聚合的成果。 聚合函数:
聚合函数一定是分完组才能用
where 里面不能写聚合函数,因为先执行where 那时候还没分组
max mysql> select post,max(salary) from emp group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post | max(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation | 20000.00 |
| sale | 4000.33 |
| teacher | 1000000.31 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 7300.33 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec) min avg mysql> select post,avg(salary) from emp group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
| sale | 2600.294000 |
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 7300.330000 |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec) sum mysql> select post,sum(salary) from emp group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post | sum(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation | 84000.13 |
| sale | 13001.47 |
| teacher | 1062900.31 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 7300.33 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec) count mysql> select post,count(id) from emp group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| post | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| operation | 5 |
| sale | 5 |
| teacher | 7 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select post,count(post) from emp group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post | count(post) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation | 5 |
| sale | 5 |
| teacher | 7 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec) 求男人数,女人数 mysql> select sex,count(sex) from emp group by sex;
+--------+------------+
| sex | count(sex) |
+--------+------------+
| male | 10 |
| female | 8 |
+--------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec) 统计出每个部门年龄在30岁以上员工的平均薪资 分析
给你任何的需求之前先去考虑这个查询语句最终是要什么的?---要员工的平均薪资--这个数据在哪些表里有?跟哪个表有关系?
先确定表在哪?
select * from emp ---先占位,至于要查什么不着急,以后慢慢填就好了,先分析
后面有没有where条件?有,每个部门都要过滤出30岁以上的,包括30岁
先做一次整体性的过滤
select * from emp where age >= 30
过滤完以后就剩下30岁以上的人,再分组
按照post分,取post,以及平均薪资avg(salary) select post,avg(salary) from emp where age >= 30 group by post; mysql> select post,avg(salary) from emp where age >= 30 group by post;
+---------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+---------+---------------+
| sale | 2500.240000 |
| teacher | 255450.077500 |
+---------+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
group_concat
组相关的拼接
需求每个组以及每个组内员工的姓名怎么取? 先求组
select post from emp group by post; mysql> select post from emp group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+
| post |
+-----------------------------------------+
| operation |
| sale |
| teacher |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 |
+-----------------------------------------+
逗号,不取最大值,平均值这些,取组内的人的姓名 select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post; mysql> select post, group_concat(name) from emp group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| post | group_concat(name) |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| operation | 张野,程咬金,程咬银,程咬铜,程咬铁 |
| sale | 歪歪,丫丫,丁丁,星星,格格 |
| teacher | alex,wupeiqi,yuanhao,liwenzhou,jingliyang,jinxin,成龙 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | egon |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec) 五、having关键字
where 是分组之前的过滤,即在分组之前做了一次整体性的筛选
having是在分组之后的过滤,即在分组之后专门针对聚合的结果进行进一步的筛选 where 后面不能跟聚合函数,而having可以 取出来平均薪资在10000以上的部门
select post,avg(salary) from emp group by post having avg(salary) >= 10000; mysql> select post from emp group by post having avg(salary)>=10000;
+-----------+
| post |
+-----------+
| operation |
| teacher |
+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec) 简单拼接:
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from emp group by post having avg(salary) >= 10000;
+-----------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec) 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名,岗位内包含员工名字,个数
select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from emp group by post having count(id)<2; mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from emp group by post having count(id)<2;
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| post | group_concat(name) | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | egon | 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均薪资
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from emp group by post having avg(salary) >= 10000;
+-----------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec) 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均薪资
mysql> select post , avg(salary) from emp group by post having avg(salary) between 10000 and 20000;
+-----------+--------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------+--------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
+-----------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec) 六、order by 关键字
运行 order by 一定是分完组之后的 可以用聚合函数
select * from emp order by age; mysql> select * from emp order by age;
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+-----------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | NULL | 7300.33 | 1 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 1 |
| 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL | 30000.00 | 1 |
| 11 | 丁丁 | female | 18 | 2011-03-12 | sale | NULL | 1000.37 | 2 |
| 12 | 星星 | female | 18 | 2016-05-13 | sale | NULL | 3000.29 | 2 |
| 15 | 程咬金 | male | 18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | NULL | 20000.00 | 3 |
| 16 | 程咬银 | female | 18 | 2013-03-11 | operation | NULL | 19000.00 | 3 |
| 17 | 程咬铜 | male | 18 | 2015-04-11 | operation | NULL | 18000.00 | 3 |
| 18 | 程咬铁 | female | 18 | 2014-05-12 | operation | NULL | 17000.00 | 3 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher | NULL | 2100.00 | 1 |
| 13 | 格格 | female | 28 | 2017-01-27 | sale | NULL | 4000.33 | 2 |
| 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL | 10000.13 | 3 |
| 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | NULL | 2000.35 | 2 |
| 8 | 成龙 | male | 48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL | 10000.00 | 1 |
| 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 2 |
| 4 | yuanhao | male | 73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher | NULL | 3500.00 | 1 |
| 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | NULL | 1000000.31 | 1 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher | NULL | 8300.00 | 1 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+-----------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec) 默认是升序:从小到大
select * from emp order by age asc;
省略了 降序是select * from emp order by age desc;
从大到小 年龄重复的情况下升序排,在年龄分不出胜负的情况下逗号可以按照薪资降序或者升序排
by 后面可以有多个排序依据
select * from emp order by age asc,salary desc; 查出每个部门的平均工资,按照平均工资排序 mysql> select post ,avg(salary) from emp group by post order by avg(salary) asc;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| sale | 2600.294000 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 7300.330000 |
| operation | 16800.026000 |
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec) 七、limit 关键字 限制显示的条数
语法级别和执行角度都是最后 limit 3;表示只显示3条 求出薪资最高的那个人的详细信息 select * from emp order by salary desc limit 1; mysql> select * from emp order by salary desc limit 1;
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | depart_id |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+-----------+
| 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | NULL | 1000000.31 | 1 |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec) 可以做分页显示 limit 0,5;从0开始,往后查5条
在往后查是
limit 5,10; 从5开始不包含5,往后取10条 起始位置公式 (第几页-1)*条数 八、正则表达式
之前模糊查询 like 比较局限 % _ 关于字符匹配,正则表达式最强大 怎么用正则?
select * from emp where name regexp; 代表调正则表达式,之前学过的正则表达式都可以用。
select * from emp where name regexp "^jin.*(g|n)$"; mysql> select * from emp where name regexp "^jin.*(g|n)$";
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+-----------+
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 1 |
| 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL | 30000.00 | 1 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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