django高级之爬虫基础

一、爬虫原理

Python非常适合用来开发网页爬虫，理由如下：
1、抓取网页本身的接口
相比与其他静态编程语言，如java，c#，c++，python抓取网页文档的接口更简洁；相比其他动态脚本语言，如perl，shell，python的urllib包提供了较为完整的访问网页文档的API。（当然ruby也是很好的选择）
此外，抓取网页有时候需要模拟浏览器的行为，很多网站对于生硬的爬虫抓取都是封杀的。这是我们需要模拟user agent的行为构造合适的请求，譬如模拟用户登陆、模拟session/cookie的存储和设置。在python里都有非常优秀的第三方包帮你搞定，如Requests，mechanize

2、网页抓取后的处理
抓取的网页通常需要处理，比如过滤html标签，提取文本等。python的beautifulsoap提供了简洁的文档处理功能，能用极短的代码完成大部分文档的处理。
其实以上功能很多语言和工具都能做，但是用python能够干得最快，最干净。

3、爬虫架构

URL管理器：管理待爬取的url集合和已爬取的url集合，传送待爬取的url给网页下载器。
网页下载器（urllib、requests）：爬取url对应的网页，存储成字符串或文件，传送给网页解析器。
网页解析器（BeautifulSoup）：解析出有价值的数据，存储下来，同时补充url到URL管理器。

4、运行流程

5、HTTP请求内容

GET:

http GET /index.html?p=1 http1.1\r\nhost:oldboyedu.com\r\n....\r\n\r\

默认请求头：Content-Type:text/html; charset=utf-8
无请求体

POST:

http POST / http1.1\r\nhost:oldboyedu.com\r\n....\r\n\r\nname=alex&age=18

默认请求头：content-type:application/url-from
请求体：\r\n\r\nname=alex&age=18

http POST / http1.1\r\nhost:oldboyedu.com\r\n....\r\n\r\n{"name": "alex", "age": 18}

默认请求头：content-type:application/json
请求体：\r\n\r\n{"name": "alex", "age": 18}

ps.响应：

- 响应：
   响应头
      - 浏览器读取
   响应体
      - 看到的内容

6、提高爬虫性能

【协程】异步非阻塞，并在网页解析器（BeautifulSoup）使用lxml模块（为c语言写的规则模块，效率高）解析。

7、待补充：

二、requests模块

Python标准库中提供了：urllib、urllib2、httplib等模块以供Http请求，但是，它的 API 太渣了。它是为另一个时代、另一个互联网所创建的。它需要巨量的工作，甚至包括各种方法覆盖，来完成最简单的任务。

Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

1、get请求：

 # 1、无参数实例

 import requests

 ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')

 print ret.url

 print ret.text

 # 2、有参数实例

 import requests

 payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}

 ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)

 print ret.url

 print ret.text

2、POST请求

 # 1、基本POST实例

 import requests

 payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}

 ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)

 print ret.text

 # 2、发送请求头和数据实例

 import requests

 import json

 url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'

 payload = {'some': 'data'}

 headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}

 ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers) # 等价于request.post(url,json=payload)

 print ret.text

 print ret.cookies

3、其他请求

 requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)

 requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)

 requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)

 requests.head(url, **kwargs)

 requests.delete(url, **kwargs)

 requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)

 requests.options(url, **kwargs)

 # 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建

 requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)

4、更多参数

method：请求类型（GET、POST、delete、put、head、patch、options）

url：访问地址
Params：在 QueryString、Form、Server Variable 以及 Cookies 找数据，他首先在 QueryString 集合查找数据，如果在 QueryString 找到数据，就返回数据，如果没有找到就去 Form 集合中查找数据，找到就返回，否则在往下一下个集合查找数据。是所有post和get传过来的值的集合

data（json）： POST类型所带参数，声名发送请求体的格式

headers：定制头部信息

cookies：定制cookies信息

files：文件处理

(optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.

        ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``

        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string

        defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers

        to add for the file.

auth：登陆使用，适用于类似ftp之类封装好的简单登陆验证。

(optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.

timeout：请求等待响应多长时间，数据发送多长时间。 仅对连接过程有效，与响应体的下载无关。

 (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data

        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read

        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.

allow_redirects：网络请求中可能会遇到重定向，我们需要一次处理一个请求，可以把重定向禁止。模拟打开

(optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.

proxies：代理访问配置。

(optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.

verify：https是否访问开启，配合cert的CA证书使用

 (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.

stream：(optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.

 块编码请求

 对于出去和进来的请求，Requests 也支持分块传输编码。要发送一个块编码的请求，仅需为你的请求体提供一个生成器（或任意没有具体长度的迭代器）：

 def gen():

     yield 'hi'

     yield 'there'

 requests.post('http://some.url/chunked', data=gen())

 对于分块的编码请求，我们最好使用 Response.iter_content() 对其数据进行迭代。在理想情况下，你的 request 会设置 stream=True，这样你就可以通过调用 iter_content 并将分块大小参数设为 None，从而进行分块的迭代。如果你要设置分块的最大体积，你可以把分块大小参数设为任意整数。

cert：私有证书配置。

(optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.

使用方法：

 def param_method_url():

     # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')

     # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')

     pass

 def param_param():

     # - 可以是字典

     # - 可以是字符串

     # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）

     # requests.request(method='get',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

     # requests.request(method='get',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")

     # requests.request(method='get',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

     # 错误

     # requests.request(method='get',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

     pass

 def param_data():

     # 可以是字典

     # 可以是字符串

     # 可以是字节

     # 可以是文件对象

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"

     # )

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",

     # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

     # )

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4

     # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

     # )

     pass

 def param_json():

     # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)

     # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}

     requests.request(method='POST',

                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                      json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

 def param_headers():

     # 发送请求头到服务器端

     requests.request(method='POST',

                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                      json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},

                      headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

                      )

 def param_cookies():

     # 发送Cookie到服务器端

     requests.request(method='POST',

                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                      data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},

                      cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},

                      )

     # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）

     from http.cookiejar import CookieJar

     from http.cookiejar import Cookie

     obj = CookieJar()

     obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,

                           discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,

                           port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)

                    )

     requests.request(method='POST',

                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                      data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},

                      cookies=obj)

 def param_files():

     # 发送文件

     # file_dict = {

     # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')

     # }

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # files=file_dict)

     # 发送文件，定制文件名

     # file_dict = {

     # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))

     # }

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # files=file_dict)

     # 发送文件，定制文件名

     # file_dict = {

     # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")

     # }

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # files=file_dict)

     # 发送文件，定制文件名

     # file_dict = {

     #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})

     # }

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     #                  files=file_dict)

     pass

 def param_auth():

     from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth

     ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))

     print(ret.text)

     # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',

     # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))

     # ret.encoding = 'gbk'

     # print(ret.text)

     # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))

     # print(ret)

     #

 def param_timeout():

     # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)

     # print(ret)

     # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))

     # print(ret)

     pass

 def param_allow_redirects():

     ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)

     print(ret.text)

 def param_proxies():

     # proxies = {

     # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",

     # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",

     # }

     # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}

     # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)

     # print(ret.headers)

     # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth

     #

     # proxyDict = {

     # 'http': '77.75.105.165',

     # 'https': '77.75.105.165'

     # }

     # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')

     #

     # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)

     # print(r.text)

     pass

 def param_stream():

     ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)

     print(ret.content)

     ret.close()

     # from contextlib import closing

     # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:

     # # 在此处理响应。

     # for i in r.iter_content():

     # print(i)

 def requests_session():

     import requests

     session = requests.Session()

     ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie

     i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

     ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权

     i2 = session.post(

         url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",

         data={

             'phone': "",

             'password': "xxxxxx",

             'oneMonth': ""

         }

     )

     i3 = session.post(

         url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",

     )

     print(i3.text)

官方文档：http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/user/quickstart.html#id4

三、beautifulsoup模块

BeautifulSoup是一个模块，该模块用于接收一个HTML或XML字符串，然后将其进行格式化，之后遍可以使用他提供的方法进行快速查找指定元素，从而使得在HTML或XML中查找指定元素变得简单。

解析器	使用方法	优势	劣势
Python标准库	BeautifulSoup(markup, “html.parser”)	Python的内置标准库执行速度适中文档容错能力强	Python 2.7.3 or 3.2.2)前的版本中文档容错能力差
lxml HTML 解析器	BeautifulSoup(markup, “lxml”)	速度快文档容错能力强	需要安装C语言库
lxml XML 解析器	BeautifulSoup(markup, [“lxml”, “xml”])BeautifulSoup(markup, “xml”)	速度快唯一支持XML的解析器	需要安装C语言库
html5lib	BeautifulSoup(markup, “html5lib”)	最好的容错性以浏览器的方式解析文档生成HTML5格式的文档	速度慢不依赖外部扩展

 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

 html_doc = """

 <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>

 <body>

 asdf

     <div class="title">

         <b>The Dormouse's story总共</b>

         <h1>f</h1>

     </div>

 <div class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were

     <a  class="sister0" id="link1">Els<span>f</span>ie</a>,

     <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and

     <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;

 and they lived at the bottom of a well.</div>

 ad<br/>sf

 <p class="story">...</p>

 </body>

 </html>

 """

 soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")

 # 找到第一个a标签

 tag1 = soup.find(name='a')

 # 找到所有的a标签

 tag2 = soup.find_all(name='a')

 # 找到id＝link2的标签

 tag3 = soup.select('#link2')

1、安装

pip3 install beautifulsoup4

2、使用示例：

 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

 html_doc = """

 <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>

 <body>

     ...

 </body>

 </html>

 """

 soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")

3、name，标签名称（获取，更改）

 # tag = soup.find('a')

 # name = tag.name # 获取

 # print(name)

 # tag.name = 'span' # 设置

 # print(soup)

4、attr，标签属性（获取，更改）

 # tag = soup.find('a')

 # attrs = tag.attrs    # 获取

 # print(attrs)

 # tag.attrs = {'ik':123} # 设置

 # tag.attrs['id'] = 'iiiii' # 设置

 # print(soup)

5、children,所有子标签（获取）

 # body = soup.find('body')

 # v = body.children

6、children,所有子子孙孙标签（获取）

 # body = soup.find('body')

 # v = body.descendants

7、clear,将标签的所有子标签全部清空（保留标签名）

 # tag = soup.find('body')

 # tag.clear()

 # print(soup)

8、decompose,递归的删除所有的标签

 # body = soup.find('body')

 # body.decompose()

 # print(soup)

9、extract,递归的删除所有的标签，并获取删除的标签

 # body = soup.find('body')

 # v = body.extract()

 # print(soup)

10、decode,转换为字符串（含当前标签）；decode_contents（不含当前标签）

 # body = soup.find('body')

 # v = body.decode()

 # v = body.decode_contents()

 # print(v)

11、 encode,转换为字节（含当前标签）；encode_contents（不含当前标签）

 # body = soup.find('body')

 # v = body.encode()

 # v = body.encode_contents()

 # print(v)

12、 find,获取匹配的第一个标签

 # tag = soup.find('a')

 # print(tag)

 # tag = soup.find(name='a', attrs={'class': 'sister'}, recursive=True, text='Lacie')

 # tag = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister', recursive=True, text='Lacie')

 # print(tag)

13、find_all,获取匹配的所有标签

 # tags = soup.find_all('a')

 # print(tags)

 # tags = soup.find_all('a',limit=1)

 # print(tags)

 # tags = soup.find_all(name='a', attrs={'class': 'sister'}, recursive=True, text='Lacie')

 # # tags = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister', recursive=True, text='Lacie')

 # print(tags)

 # ####### 列表 #######

 # v = soup.find_all(name=['a','div'])

 # print(v)

 # v = soup.find_all(class_=['sister0', 'sister'])

 # print(v)

 # v = soup.find_all(text=['Tillie'])

 # print(v, type(v[0]))

 # v = soup.find_all(id=['link1','link2'])

 # print(v)

 # v = soup.find_all(href=['link1','link2'])

 # print(v)

 # ####### 正则 #######

 import re

 # rep = re.compile('p')

 # rep = re.compile('^p')

 # v = soup.find_all(name=rep)

 # print(v)

 # rep = re.compile('sister.*')

 # v = soup.find_all(class_=rep)

 # print(v)

 # rep = re.compile('http://www.oldboy.com/static/.*')

 # v = soup.find_all(href=rep)

 # print(v)

 # ####### 方法筛选 #######

 # def func(tag):

 # return tag.has_attr('class') and tag.has_attr('id')

 # v = soup.find_all(name=func)

 # print(v)

 # ## get,获取标签属性

 # tag = soup.find('a')

 # v = tag.get('id')

 # print(v)

14、has_attr,检查标签是否具有该属性

 # tag = soup.find('a')

 # v = tag.has_attr('id')

 # print(v)

15、 get_text,获取标签内部文本内容

 # tag = soup.find('a')

 # v = tag.get_text('id')

 # print(v)

16、index,检查标签在某标签中的索引位置

 # tag = soup.find('body')

 # v = tag.index(tag.find('div'))

 # print(v)

 # tag = soup.find('body')

 # for i,v in enumerate(tag):

 # print(i,v)

17、is_empty_element,是否是空标签(是否可以是空)或者自闭合标签，

判断是否是如下标签：'br' , 'hr', 'input', 'img', 'meta','spacer', 'link', 'frame', 'base'

 # tag = soup.find('br')

 # v = tag.is_empty_element

 # print(v)

18、当前的关联标签

 # soup.next 下一个子元素

 # soup.next_element list形式下一个子元素

 # soup.next_elements list形式所有子元素

 # soup.next_sibling 下一个元素的兄弟

 # soup.next_siblings  list形式元素的所有兄弟元素

 #

 # tag.previous 上一个元素

 # tag.previous_element list形式上一个元素

 # tag.previous_elements list形式上面所有元素

 # tag.previous_sibling list形式上一个元素的所有兄弟

 # tag.previous_siblings list形式上所有元素的所有兄弟

 #

 # tag.parent 父节点

 # tag.parents 所有父节点

19、查找某标签的关联标签

 # tag.find_next(...)

 # tag.find_all_next(...)

 # tag.find_next_sibling(...)

 # tag.find_next_siblings(...)

 # tag.find_previous(...)

 # tag.find_all_previous(...)

 # tag.find_previous_sibling(...)

 # tag.find_previous_siblings(...)

 # tag.find_parent(...)

 # tag.find_parents(...)

 # 参数同find_all

20、 select,select_one, CSS选择器

 soup.select("title")

 soup.select("p nth-of-type(3)")

 soup.select("body a")

 soup.select("html head title")

 tag = soup.select("span,a")

 soup.select("head > title")

 soup.select("p > a")

 soup.select("p > a:nth-of-type(2)")

 soup.select("p > #link1")

 soup.select("body > a")

 soup.select("#link1 ~ .sister")

 soup.select("#link1 + .sister")

 soup.select(".sister")

 soup.select("[class~=sister]")

 soup.select("#link1")

 soup.select("a#link2")

 soup.select('a[href]')

 soup.select('a[href="http://example.com/elsie"]')

 soup.select('a[href^="http://example.com/"]')

 soup.select('a[href$="tillie"]')

 soup.select('a[href*=".com/el"]')

 from bs4.element import Tag

 def default_candidate_generator(tag):

     for child in tag.descendants:

         if not isinstance(child, Tag):

             continue

         if not child.has_attr('href'):

             continue

         yield child

 tags = soup.find('body').select("a", _candidate_generator=default_candidate_generator)

 print(type(tags), tags)

 from bs4.element import Tag

 def default_candidate_generator(tag):

     for child in tag.descendants:

         if not isinstance(child, Tag):

             continue

         if not child.has_attr('href'):

             continue

         yield child

 tags = soup.find('body').select("a", _candidate_generator=default_candidate_generator, limit=1)

 print(type(tags), tags)

21、标签的内容.text（只能取） .string(能取、能改)

 # tag = soup.find('span')

 # print(tag.string)          # 获取

 # tag.string = 'new content' # 设置

 # print(soup)

 # tag = soup.find('body')

 # print(tag.string)

 # tag.string = 'xxx'

 # print(soup)

 # tag = soup.find('body')

 # v = tag.stripped_strings  # 递归内部获取所有标签的文本

22.append在当前标签内部追加一个标签

 # tag = soup.find('body')

 # tag.append(soup.find('a'))

 # print(soup)

 #

 # from bs4.element import Tag

 # obj = Tag(name='i',attrs={'id': 'it'})

 # obj.string = '我是一个新来的'

 # tag = soup.find('body')

 # tag.append(obj)

 # print(soup)

23、insert在当前标签内部指定位置插入一个标签

 # from bs4.element import Tag

 # obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})

 # obj.string = '我是一个新来的'

 # tag = soup.find('body')

 # tag.insert(2, obj)

 # print(soup)

24、 insert_after,insert_before 在当前标签后面或前面插入

 # from bs4.element import Tag

 # obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})

 # obj.string = '我是一个新来的'

 # tag = soup.find('body')

 # # tag.insert_before(obj)

 # tag.insert_after(obj)

 # print(soup)

25、replace_with 在当前标签替换为指定标签

 # from bs4.element import Tag

 # obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})

 # obj.string = '我是一个新来的'

 # tag = soup.find('div')

 # tag.replace_with(obj)

 # print(soup)

26、创建标签之间的关系

 # tag = soup.find('div')

 # a = soup.find('a')

 # tag.setup(previous_sibling=a)

 # print(tag.previous_sibling)

27、wrap，将指定标签把当前标签包裹起来

 # from bs4.element import Tag

 # obj1 = Tag(name='div', attrs={'id': 'it'})

 # obj1.string = '我是一个新来的'

 #

 # tag = soup.find('a')

 # v = tag.wrap(obj1)

 # print(soup)

 # tag = soup.find('a')

 # v = tag.wrap(soup.find('p'))

 # print(soup)

28、unwrap，去掉当前标签，将保留其包裹的标签

 # tag = soup.find('a')

 # v = tag.unwrap()

 # print(soup)

四、自动登陆爬虫示例

1、抽屉

 #!/usr/bin/env python

 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

 import requests

 # ############## 方式一 ##############

 """

 # ## 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie

 i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

 i1_cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict()

 # ## 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权

 i2 = requests.post(

     url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",

     data={

         'phone': "8615131255089",

         'password': "xxooxxoo",

         'oneMonth': ""

     },

     cookies=i1_cookies

 )

 # ## 3、点赞（只需要携带已经被授权的gpsd即可）

 gpsd = i1_cookies['gpsd']

 i3 = requests.post(

     url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523",

     cookies={'gpsd': gpsd}

 )

 print(i3.text)

 """

 # ############## 方式二 ##############

 """

 import requests

 session = requests.Session()

 i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

 i2 = session.post(

     url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",

     data={

         'phone': "8615131255089",

         'password': "xxooxxoo",

         'oneMonth': ""

     }

 )

 i3 = session.post(

     url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523"

 )

 print(i3.text)

 """

 抽屉新热榜

2、github

 #!/usr/bin/env python

 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

 import requests

 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

 # ############## 方式一 ##############

 #

 # # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity_token

 # i1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login')

 # soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')

 # tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})

 # authenticity_token = tag.get('value')

 # c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()

 # i1.close()

 #

 # # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证

 # form_data = {

 # "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,

 #     "utf8": "",

 #     "commit": "Sign in",

 #     "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",

 #     'password': 'xxoo'

 # }

 #

 # i2 = requests.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data, cookies=c1)

 # c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()

 # c1.update(c2)

 # i3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories', cookies=c1)

 #

 # soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')

 # list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')

 #

 # from bs4.element import Tag

 #

 # for child in list_group.children:

 #     if isinstance(child, Tag):

 #         project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')

 #         size_tag = child.find(name='small')

 #         temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )

 #         print(temp)

 # ############## 方式二 ##############

 # session = requests.Session()

 # # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity_token

 # i1 = session.get('https://github.com/login')

 # soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')

 # tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})

 # authenticity_token = tag.get('value')

 # c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()

 # i1.close()

 #

 # # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证

 # form_data = {

 #     "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,

 #     "utf8": "",

 #     "commit": "Sign in",

 #     "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",

 #     'password': 'xxoo'

 # }

 #

 # i2 = session.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data)

 # c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()

 # c1.update(c2)

 # i3 = session.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories')

 #

 # soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')

 # list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')

 #

 # from bs4.element import Tag

 #

 # for child in list_group.children:

 #     if isinstance(child, Tag):

 #         project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')

 #         size_tag = child.find(name='small')

 #         temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )

 #         print(temp)

 github

3、知乎

 #!/usr/bin/env python

 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

 import time

 import requests

 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

 session = requests.Session()

 i1 = session.get(

     url='https://www.zhihu.com/#signin',

     headers={

         'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',

     }

 )

 soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, 'lxml')

 xsrf_tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': '_xsrf'})

 xsrf = xsrf_tag.get('value')

 current_time = time.time()

 i2 = session.get(

     url='https://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif',

     params={'r': current_time, 'type': 'login'},

     headers={

         'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',

     })

 with open('zhihu.gif', 'wb') as f:

     f.write(i2.content)

 captcha = input('请打开zhihu.gif文件，查看并输入验证码：')

 form_data = {

     "_xsrf": xsrf,

     'password': 'xxooxxoo',

     "captcha": 'captcha',

     'email': '424662508@qq.com'

 }

 i3 = session.post(

     url='https://www.zhihu.com/login/email',

     data=form_data,

     headers={

         'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',

     }

 )

 i4 = session.get(

     url='https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile',

     headers={

         'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',

     }

 )

 soup4 = BeautifulSoup(i4.text, 'lxml')

 tag = soup4.find(id='rename-section')

 nick_name = tag.find('span',class_='name').string

 print(nick_name)

 知乎

4、博客园

 #!/usr/bin/env python

 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

 import re

 import json

 import base64

 import rsa

 import requests

 def js_encrypt(text):

     b64der = 'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB'

     der = base64.standard_b64decode(b64der)

     pk = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der)

     v1 = rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, 'utf8'), pk)

     value = base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b'\n', b'')

     value = value.decode('utf8')

     return value

 session = requests.Session()

 i1 = session.get('https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin')

 rep = re.compile("'VerificationToken': '(.*)'")

 v = re.search(rep, i1.text)

 verification_token = v.group(1)

 form_data = {

     'input1': js_encrypt('wptawy'),

     'input2': js_encrypt('asdfasdf'),

     'remember': False

 }

 i2 = session.post(url='https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin',

                   data=json.dumps(form_data),

                   headers={

                       'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',

                       'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',

                       'VerificationToken': verification_token}

                   )

 i3 = session.get(url='https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx')

 print(i3.text)

 博客园