C++11 并发指南六(atomic 类型详解三 std::atomic (续))

C++11 并发指南六( <atomic> 类型详解二 std::atomic ) 介绍了基本的原子类型 std::atomic 的用法，本节我会给大家介绍C++11 标准库中的 std::atomic 针对整形(integral)和指针类型的特化版本做了哪些改进。

总地来说，C++11 标准库中的 std::atomic 针对整形(integral)和指针类型的特化版本新增了一些算术运算和逻辑运算操作。具体如下：

integral fetch_add(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
integral fetch_add(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
integral fetch_sub(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
integral fetch_sub(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
integral fetch_and(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
integral fetch_and(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
integral fetch_or(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
integral fetch_or(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
integral fetch_xor(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
integral fetch_xor(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);

integral operator++(int) volatile;
integral operator++(int);
integral operator--(int) volatile;
integral operator--(int);
integral operator++() volatile;
integral operator++();
integral operator--() volatile;
integral operator--();
integral operator+=(integral) volatile;
integral operator+=(integral);
integral operator-=(integral) volatile;
integral operator-=(integral);
integral operator&=(integral) volatile;
integral operator&=(integral);
integral operator|=(integral) volatile;
integral operator|=(integral);
integral operator^=(integral) volatile;
integral operator^=(integral);

下面我们来简单介绍以上的 std::atomic 特化版本的成员函数。

fetch_add

if T is integral (1)	T fetch_add (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept; T fetch_add (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
if T is pointer (2)	T fetch_add (ptrdiff_t val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept; T fetch_add (ptrdiff_t val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;

将原子对象的封装值加 val，并返回原子对象的旧值（适用于整形和指针类型的 std::atomic 特化版本），整个过程是原子的。sync 参数指定内存序：

Memory Order 值	Memory Order 类型
memory_order_relaxed	Relaxed
memory_order_consume	Consume
memory_order_acquire	Acquire
memory_order_release	Release
memory_order_acq_rel	Acquire/Release
memory_order_seq_cst	Sequentially consistent

另外，如果第二个参数不指定（取默认参数 memory_order_seq_cst），则 fetch_add 相当与 std::atomic::operator+=。

fetch_sub

if T is integral (1)	T fetch_sub (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept; T fetch_sub (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
if T is pointer (2)	T fetch_sub (ptrdiff_t val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept; T fetch_sub (ptrdiff_t val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;

将原子对象的封装值减 val，并返回原子对象的旧值（适用于整形和指针类型的 std::atomic 特化版本），整个过程是原子的。sync 参数指定内存序：

Memory Order 值	Memory Order 类型
memory_order_relaxed	Relaxed
memory_order_consume	Consume
memory_order_acquire	Acquire
memory_order_release	Release
memory_order_acq_rel	Acquire/Release
memory_order_seq_cst	Sequentially consistent

另外，如果第二个参数不指定（取默认参数 memory_order_seq_cst），则 fetch_sub 相当与 std::atomic::operator-=。

fetch_and

T fetch_and (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
T fetch_and (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;

将原子对象的封装值按位与 val，并返回原子对象的旧值（只适用于整型的 std::atomic 特化版本），整个过程是原子的。sync 参数指定内存序：

Memory Order 值	Memory Order 类型
memory_order_relaxed	Relaxed
memory_order_consume	Consume
memory_order_acquire	Acquire
memory_order_release	Release
memory_order_acq_rel	Acquire/Release
memory_order_seq_cst	Sequentially consistent

另外，如果第二个参数不指定（取默认参数 memory_order_seq_cst），则 fetch_add 相当与 std::atomic::operator&=。

fetch_or

T fetch_or (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
T fetch_or (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;

将原子对象的封装值按位或 val，并返回原子对象的旧值（只适用于整型的 std::atomic 特化版本），整个过程是原子的。sync 参数指定内存序：

Memory Order 值	Memory Order 类型
memory_order_relaxed	Relaxed
memory_order_consume	Consume
memory_order_acquire	Acquire
memory_order_release	Release
memory_order_acq_rel	Acquire/Release
memory_order_seq_cst	Sequentially consistent

另外，如果第二个参数不指定（取默认参数 memory_order_seq_cst），则 fetch_or 相当与 std::atomic::operator|=。

fetch_xor

T fetch_xor (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
T fetch_xor (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;

将原子对象的封装值按位异或 val，并返回原子对象的旧值（只适用于整型的 std::atomic 特化版本），整个过程是原子的。sync 参数指定内存序：

Memory Order 值	Memory Order 类型
memory_order_relaxed	Relaxed
memory_order_consume	Consume
memory_order_acquire	Acquire
memory_order_release	Release
memory_order_acq_rel	Acquire/Release
memory_order_seq_cst	Sequentially consistent

另外，如果第二个参数不指定（取默认参数 memory_order_seq_cst），则 fetch_xor 相当与 std::atomic::operator^=。

operator++

pre-increment (1)	T operator++() volatile noexcept; T operator++() noexcept;
post-increment (2)	T operator++ (int) volatile noexcept; T operator++ (int) noexcept;

自增运算符重载， 第一种形式 (1) 返回自增后的值（即前缀++），第二种形式(2) 返回自增前的值（即后缀++），适用于整形和指针类型的 std::atomic 特化版本。

operator--

自减运算符重载， 第一种形式 (1) 返回自减后的值（即前缀--），第二种形式(2) 返回自减前的值（即后缀--），适用于整形和指针类型的 std::atomic 特化版本。

atomic::operator (comp. assign.)

复合赋值运算符重载，主要包含以下形式：

if T is integral (1)	T operator+= (T val) volatile noexcept; T operator+= (T val) noexcept; T operator-= (T val) volatile noexcept; T operator-= (T val) noexcept; T operator&= (T val) volatile noexcept; T operator&= (T val) noexcept; T operator|= (T val) volatile noexcept; T operator|= (T val) noexcept; T operator^= (T val) volatile noexcept; T operator^= (T val) noexcept;
if T is pointer (2)	T operator+= (ptrdiff_t val) volatile noexcept; T operator+= (ptrdiff_t val) noexcept; T operator-= (ptrdiff_t val) volatile noexcept; T operator-= (ptrdiff_t val) noexcept;

以上各个 operator 都会有对应的 fetch_* 操作，详细见下表：

操作符	成员函数		支持类型
	复合赋值	等价于	整型	指针类型	其他类型
+	atomic::operator+=	atomic::fetch_add	是	是	否
-	atomic::operator-=	atomic::fetch_sub	是	是	否
&	atomic::operator&=	atomic::fetch_and	是	否	否
|	atomic::operator|=	atomic::fetch_or	是	否	否
^	atomic::operator^=	atomic::fetch_xor	是	否	否

好了，本节先介绍这里，下一节我会介绍 C++11 中 C 风格的原子操作 API。