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技术细节参见Linux网络设置高级指南

注意事项参见程序注释

快速使用指南：

  1. 根菜单下，直接回车意味着刷新
  2. 其它输入的时候，除了标明特定含义外，直接回车通常意味着取消或者跳过

net-config.py

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
"""
网络设置脚本
在debian wheezy环境下测试通过
依赖命令：ip, iw, wpa_supplicant, wpa_cli, dhclient
注意：
- /etc/network/interfaces里面仅保留lo设备配置
- 与Gnome Network Manager/Wicd是否冲突未知
"""
__author__ = 'M@llon'
__version__ = ''
 
import os
import sys
import traceback
 
import net
 
 
def test(v):
    test.result = v
    return v
 
 
def select_interface(interfaces):
    """
    选择一个已知接口
    返回接口名
    直接回车返回空字符串
    """
    while True:
        name = input('Enter interface name: ')
        if name == '' or name in interfaces:
            return name
 
 
def connect_wireless(interface_name):
    """
    连接无线
    """
    ssid = None
    while True:
        ssid = input('Enter SSID, RETURN for scanning: ')
        if not ssid:
            for s in net.get_ssids(interface_name):
                print(s)
        else:
            break
 
    sec = input('Select security method Open/WEP/WPA [0,1,2]: ')
    if sec == '0':
        net.connect_wireless(interface_name, ssid)
    elif sec == '1':
        keys = input('Enter comma separated keys: ').split(',')
        net.connect_wireless_with_wep(interface_name, ssid, keys)
    elif sec == '2':
        key = input('Enter key: ')
        net.connect_wireless_with_wpa(interface_name, ssid, key)
 
 
def setup_ip_gateway_dns(interface_name):
    """
    手工设置IP地址、默认网关和DNS
    """
    if test(input('Enter comma separated ip addresses: ')):
        ip_addresses = test.result.split(',')
        net.set_ip_addresses(interface_name, ip_addresses)
    if test(input('Enter gateway address: ')):
        ip_address = test.result
        net.set_default_route(interface_name, ip_address)
    if test(input('Enter comma separated dns addresses: ')):
        name_servers = test.result.split(',')
        net.set_name_servers(name_servers)
 
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 提升到root权限
    if os.geteuid():
        args = [sys.executable] + sys.argv
        # 下面两种写法，一种使用su，一种使用sudo，都可以
        #os.execlp('su', 'su', '-c', ' '.join(args))
        os.execlp('sudo', 'sudo', *args)
 
    # 显示根菜单
    while True:
        try:
            interfaces = net.get_interfaces()
 
            os.system('clear')
            net.print_state(interfaces, net.get_default_route(), net.get_name_servers())
        except Exception as ex:
            traceback.print_exc()
            break
 
        print('Root Menu:')
        print('    0 - Quit')
        print('    1 - cleanup all settings')
        print('    2 - enable interface')
        print('    3 - disable interface')
        print('    4 - connect interface')
        print('    5 - disconnect interface')
        print('    6 - setup ip, gateway and dns using dhcp')
        print('    7 - setup ip, gateway and dns manually')
        print('    8 - load preset')
        print()
 
        try:
            choice = input('Enter your choice: ')
            if choice == '0':
                break
            elif choice == '1':
                if input('Are you sure? [y/n]: ').lower() == 'y':
                    net.cleanup_all(interfaces)
            elif choice in ('2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7') and test(select_interface(interfaces)):
                name = test.result
                if choice == '2':
                    if not interfaces[name]['enabled']:
                        net.enable_interface(name)
                elif choice == '3':
                    if interfaces[name]['enabled']:
                        if interfaces[name]['connected'] and interfaces[name]['wireless']:
                            net.disconnect_wireless(name)
                        net.disable_interface(name)
                elif choice == '4':
                    if interfaces[name]['enabled'] and interfaces[name]['wireless'] and (
                        not interfaces[name]['connected']):
                        connect_wireless(name)
                elif choice == '5':
                    if interfaces[name]['connected'] and interfaces[name]['wireless']:
                        net.disconnect_wireless(name)
                elif choice == '6':
                    if interfaces[name]['connected']:
                        net.set_dhcp(name)
                elif choice == '7':
                    setup_ip_gateway_dns(name)
        except KeyboardInterrupt as ex:
            print()
            break
        except Exception as ex:
            traceback.print_exc()
            input('Press any key to continue...')

net.py

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
"""
常用网络命令的python封装
"""
__author__ = 'M@llon'
__version__ = ''
 
import os
import re
 
 
def test(v):
    test.result = v
    return v
 
 
def get_interfaces():
    """
    获取所有网络接口信息
    遇到任何错误均抛出异常
    """
    interfaces = dict()
 
    # 获取接口名、索引号、启停状态、连接状态、硬件地址、IPv4地址
    for line in os.popen('ip -o addr show'):
        if test(re.match('^(\d+):\s+(\w+):\s+<(.+?)>\s+.+?state\s+(\w+)\s+.+?link/(\w+)\s+(\S+)\s+.+?\n$', line)):
            m = test.result
            # 这些标记的含义参见“/linux/if.h”中的“IFF_...”宏
            flags = m.group(3).split(',')
            # 去掉回环接口
            if 'LOOPBACK' in flags:
                continue
            interfaces[m.group(2)] = {
                'index': int(m.group(1)),
                'enabled': 'UP' in flags,
                'connected': {'UP': True, 'DOWN': False}.get(m.group(4)),
                'hardware_address': m.group(6),
                'wireless': False,
                'ip_addresses': list()
            }
        elif test(re.match('^\d+:\s+(\w+)\s+inet\s+(\S+)\s+.+?\n$', line)):
            m = test.result
            name = m.group(1)
            interface = interfaces.get(name)
            if not interface:
                # 此处就排除了上面去掉的接口，例如loopback接口
                continue
            interface['ip_addresses'].append(m.group(2))
 
    # 获取无线类型的接口
    for line in os.popen('iw dev'):
        if test(re.match('^\s+Interface\s+(\w+)\s*?\n$', line)):
            # 接口是否为wireless
            interfaces[test.result.group(1)]['wireless'] = True
 
    # 获取无线类型的接口的连接信息
    for name in interfaces:
        interface = interfaces[name]
        if interface['wireless']:
            for line in os.popen('iw dev %s link' % name):
                # 此处也可以通过“Connected ...”行判断是否已连接，但是上面已经判断了
                if test(re.match('^\s+SSID:\s+(\S+)\s*?\n$', line)):
                    # 获取SSID
                    interface['ssid'] = test.result.group(1)
 
    return interfaces
 
 
def get_default_route():
    """
    获取默认路由信息
    """
    default_route = None
 
    for line in os.popen('ip route show'):
        if test(re.match('^\s*default\s+via\s+(\S+)\s+dev\s+(\S+)\s*\n$', line)):
            m = test.result
            default_route = {
                'ip_address': m.group(1),
                'interface_name': m.group(2)
            }
            break
 
    return default_route
 
 
def get_name_servers():
    """
    获取域名服务器IP地址列表
    """
    name_servers = list()
 
    for line in open('/etc/resolv.conf'):
        if test(re.match('^\s*nameserver\s+(\S+)\s*\n$', line)):
            name_servers.append(test.result.group(1))
 
    return name_servers
 
 
def print_state(interfaces, default_route, name_servers):
    """
    打印所有网络接口、路由以及DNS信息
    """
    # 网络接口
    print('Network Interfaces:')
    print('    %10s  %8s  %17s  %s' % (
        'name',
        'type',
        'mac address',
        'state',
    ))
    print('    ----------  --------  -----------------  -----')
    for name in interfaces:
        interface = interfaces[name]
        state = list()
        if interface['enabled']:
            state.append('enabled')
        if interface['connected']:
            state.append('connected')
        if test(interface.get('ssid')):
            state.append('ssid:%s' % test.result)
        if len(interface['ip_addresses']):
            state.append('ip:%s' % ','.join(interface['ip_addresses']))
        print('    %10s  %8s  %17s  %s' % (
            name,
            'wireless' if interface['wireless'] else 'wired',
            interface['hardware_address'],
            ', '.join(state) if len(state) else 'N/A'
        ))
    print()
 
    # 默认路由
    print('Default Gateway:')
    if default_route:
        print('    ---> %s ---> %s' % (default_route['interface_name'], default_route['ip_address']))
    else:
        print('    N/A')
    print()
 
    # DNS
    print('DNS:')
    if len(name_servers):
        print('    %s' % ', '.join(name_servers))
    else:
        print('    N/A')
    print()
 
 
def cleanup_all(interfaces):
    """
    清理网络接口所有的设置、默认路由以及DNS
    """
    # 结束“supplicant”进程
    os.system('killall wpa_supplicant')
 
    # 禁用所有网络接口，删除所有IP地址以及路由
    for name in interfaces:
        os.system('ip link set %s down' % name)
        os.system('ip addr flush %s' % name)
 
    # 删除所有DNS地址
    open('/etc/resolv.conf', 'w').close()
 
 
def enable_interface(interface_name):
    """
    启用网络接口
    """
    os.system('ip link set %s up' % interface_name)
 
 
def disable_interface(interface_name):
    """
    禁用网络接口
    """
    os.system('ip link set %s down' % interface_name)
 
 
def get_ssids(interface_name):
    """
    扫描SSID
    """
    ssids = list()
 
    for line in os.popen('iw dev %s scan' % interface_name):
        if test(re.match('^\s+SSID:\s+(\S+)\s*?\n$', line)):
            ssids.append(test.result.group(1))
 
    return ssids
 
 
def connect_wireless(interface_name, ssid):
    """
    连接非加密的无线网
    """
    os.system('iw dev %s connect -w %s' % (interface_name, ssid))
 
 
def connect_wireless_with_wep(interface_name, ssid, keys):
    """
    连接WEP加密的无线网
    """
    os.system('iw dev %s connect -w %s key %s' % (interface_name, ssid, ' '.join(keys)))
 
 
def connect_wireless_with_wpa(interface_name, ssid, key):
    """
    连接WPA加密的无线网
    """
    os.system(
        'wpa_supplicant -i %s -D nl80211,wext -s -B -P /var/run/wpa_supplicant.%s.pid -C /var/run/wpa_supplicant' % (
            interface_name, interface_name
        ))
    os.system('wpa_cli -i %s add_network' % interface_name)
    os.system('wpa_cli -i %s set_network 0 ssid \'"%s"\'' % (interface_name, ssid))
    os.system('wpa_cli -i %s set_network 0 key_mgmt WPA-PSK' % interface_name)
    os.system('wpa_cli -i %s set_network 0 psk \'"%s"\'' % (interface_name, key))
    os.system('wpa_cli -i %s enable_network 0' % interface_name)
 
 
def disconnect_wireless(interface_name):
    """
    关闭无线连接
    """
    pattern = '^\s*\S+\s+(\S+)\s+.+?wpa_supplicant.%s.pid.+?\n$' % interface_name
    for line in os.popen('ps aux'):
        if test(re.match(pattern, line)):
            pid = test.result.group(1)
            os.system('kill -9 %s' % pid)
    os.system('iw dev %s disconnect' % interface_name)
 
 
def set_dhcp(interface_name):
    """
    使用DHCP设置接口
    """
    os.system('dhclient -r %s' % interface_name)
    os.system('dhclient %s' % interface_name)
 
 
def set_ip_addresses(interface_name, ip_addresses):
    """
    设置某网络接口的IP地址
    """
    os.system('ip addr flush %s' % interface_name)
    for ip_address in ip_addresses:
        os.system('ip addr add %s dev %s' % (ip_address, interface_name))
 
 
def set_default_route(interface_name, ip_address):
    """
    设置默认路由
    """
    os.system('ip route del default')
    os.system('ip route add default via %s dev %s' % (ip_address, interface_name))
 
 
def set_name_servers(name_servers):
    """
    设置域名服务器地址
    """
    with open('/etc/resolv.conf', 'w') as fp:
        for name_server in name_servers:
            fp.write('nameserver %s%s' % (name_server, os.linesep))

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