机器学习实战（一）kNN
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$k$-近邻算法（kNN）的工作原理：存在一个训练样本集，样本集中的每个数据都存在标签，即我们知道样本集中每一数据与所属分类的对于关系。输入没有标签的新数据后，将新数据的每一个特征与样本集中数据对应的特征进行比较，然后算法提取样本集中特征最相似数据（最近邻）的分类标签。一般来说，我们只选择样本数据集中前 $k$ 个最相似的数据，这就是$k$-近邻算法中$k$的出处，通常$k$是不大于20的整数。最后，选择$k$个最相似的数据中出现次数最多的分类，作为新数据的分类。 |
1. Putting the kNN classification algorithm into action
For every point in our dataset:
calculate the distance between inX and the current point
sort the distances in increasing order
take k items with lowest distances to inX
find the majority class among these items
return the majority class as our prediction for the class of inX
一个简单的例子：kNN.py
# coding=utf-8
from numpy import *
import operator def createDataSet():
group = array([[1.0,1.1], [1.0,1.0], [0,0], [0,0.1]])
labels = ['A', 'A', 'B', 'B']
return group, labels def classify0(inX, dataSet, labels, k):
dataSetSize = dataSet.shape[0]
diffMat = tile(inX, (dataSetSize,1)) - dataSet
sqDiffMat = diffMat**2
sqDistances = sqDiffMat.sum(axis=1) # 按行求和
distances = sqDistances**0.5
sortedDistIndicies = distances.argsort() # 将索引按照距离从小到大顺序排列
classCount={} # 以dict形式存储
for i in range(k):
voteIlabel = labels[sortedDistIndicies[i]] # 第i最靠近的样本的标签
# dict是按照key-value的形式构成的，classCount.get(voteIlabel,0)是取出classCount中key是voteIlabel的value，如果key不存在，则定义返回0
classCount[voteIlabel] = classCount.get(voteIlabel,0) +1
# classCount.items()以(key, value) tuple 形式返回list
sortedClassCount = sorted(classCount.items(),
key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
return sortedClassCount[0][0] group, labels = createDataSet()
label = classify0([0.2,0.2], group, labels, 3)
print label
createDataSet() 函数为我们准备了四个简单的训练数据。
classify0() 函数是一个简单的$k$-近邻算法实现，函数有四个参数：待预测样本的输入特征inX，训练样本集特征集合dataSet，训练样本集标签向量labels，最近邻数目$k$。
2. Example: improving matches from a dating site with kNN
Example: using kNN on results from a dating site
1. Collect: Text file provided.
2. Prepare: Parse a text file in Python.
3. Analyze: Use Matplotlib to make 2D plots of our data.
4. Train: Doesn’t apply to the kNN algorithm.
5. Test: Write a function to use some portion of the data Hellen gave us as test examples. The test examples are classified against the non-test examples. If the predicted class doesn’t match the real class, we’ll count that as an error.
6. Use: Build a simple command-line program Hellen can use to predict whether she’ll like someone based on a few inputs.
2.1 Prepare: parsing data from a text file
所有训练数据存放在文本文件datingTestSet.txt中，样本容量大小为1000。样本主要包含以下三种特征：
■ Number of frequent flyer miles earned per year
■ Percentage of time spent playing video games
■ Liters of ice cream consumed per week
设计分类器之前，我们首先要把原始数据读入到python中。在kNN.py中创建名为file2matrix的函数，以此来处理原始数据。该函数的输入为文件名字符串，输出为训练样本矩阵和类标签向量。
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53151 2.129921 1.477378 didntLike
11992 0.000000 1.606849 smallDoses
33114 9.489005 0.827814 largeDoses
7413 0.000000 1.020797 smallDoses
10583 0.000000 1.270167 smallDoses
58668 6.556676 0.055183 didntLike
35018 9.959588 0.060020 largeDoses
70843 7.436056 1.479856 didntLike
14011 0.404888 0.459517 smallDoses
35015 9.952942 1.650279 largeDoses
70839 15.600252 0.021935 didntLike
3024 2.723846 0.387455 smallDoses
5526 0.513866 1.323448 smallDoses
5113 0.000000 0.861859 smallDoses
20851 7.280602 1.438470 smallDoses
40999 9.161978 1.110180 largeDoses
15823 0.991725 0.730979 smallDoses
35432 7.398380 0.684218 largeDoses
53711 12.149747 1.389088 largeDoses
64371 9.149678 0.874905 didntLike
9289 9.666576 1.370330 smallDoses
60613 3.620110 0.287767 didntLike
18338 5.238800 1.253646 smallDoses
22845 14.715782 1.503758 largeDoses
74676 14.445740 1.211160 didntLike
34143 13.609528 0.364240 largeDoses
14153 3.141585 0.424280 smallDoses
9327 0.000000 0.120947 smallDoses
18991 0.454750 1.033280 smallDoses
9193 0.510310 0.016395 smallDoses
2285 3.864171 0.616349 smallDoses
9493 6.724021 0.563044 smallDoses
2371 4.289375 0.012563 smallDoses
13963 0.000000 1.437030 smallDoses
2299 3.733617 0.698269 smallDoses
5262 2.002589 1.380184 smallDoses
4659 2.502627 0.184223 smallDoses
17582 6.382129 0.876581 smallDoses
27750 8.546741 0.128706 largeDoses
9868 2.694977 0.432818 smallDoses
18333 3.951256 0.333300 smallDoses
3780 9.856183 0.329181 smallDoses
18190 2.068962 0.429927 smallDoses
11145 3.410627 0.631838 smallDoses
68846 9.974715 0.669787 didntLike
26575 10.650102 0.866627 largeDoses
48111 9.134528 0.728045 largeDoses
43757 7.882601 1.332446 largeDoses
这里我们还需要先把标签替换成数字型的以便识别，largeDoses -> 3, smallDoses -> 2, didntLike -> 1
def file2matrix(filename):
fr = open(filename)
arrayOLines = fr.readlines()
numberOfLines = len(arrayOLines)
returnMat = zeros((numberOfLines,3))
classLabelVector = []
index = 0;
for line in arrayOLines:
line = line.strip() # 去掉所有的回车符
listFromLine = line.split('\t') # 按照tab字符分割成list
returnMat[index,:] = listFromLine[0:3]
# 我们必须明确地将标签值转换成整型，否则python语言会将其当做字符串处理
classLabelVector.append(int(listFromLine[-1]))
index += 1
return returnMat, classLabelVector
接下来我们可以采用图形化的方式直观的展示数据。
2.2 Analyze: creating scatter plots with Matplotlib
我们在cmd中定位到源码所在路径，然后绘制原始数据的散点图：
>>> import kNN
>>> datingDataMat, datingLabels = kNN.file2matrix('datingTestSet2.txt')
>>> import matplotlib
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> fig = plt.figure()
>>> ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
>>> ax.scatter(datingDataMat[:,1], datingDataMat[:,2])
>>> plt.show()
由于没有使用样本分类的label，我们很难从上图看到任何有用的数据模式信息。为了更好的理解数据信息，我们可以使用色彩或者其他记号来区别标记
datingDataMat, datingLabels = file2matrix('datingTestSet2.txt')
from matplotlib.font_manager import FontProperties
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
zhfont1 = FontProperties(fname='C:\Windows\Fonts\simkai.ttf',size=16)
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
ax.scatter(datingDataMat[:,1], datingDataMat[:,2], 15.0*array(datingLabels), 15.0*array(datingLabels))
plt.xlabel(u'玩游戏所耗时间百分比', fontproperties=zhfont1)
plt.ylabel(u'每周消费的冰淇淋公升数', fontproperties=zhfont1)
plt.show()
2.3 Prepare: normalizing numeric values
newValue = (oldValue-min)/(max-min)
def autoNorm(dataSet):
minVals = dataSet.min(0) # 比较每行获得特征矩阵最小值
maxVals = dataSet.max(0) # 比较每行获得特征矩阵最大值
ranges = maxVals - minVals
normDataSet = zeros(shape(dataSet))
m = dataSet.shape[0] # 特征向量行数
normDataSet = dataSet - tile(minVals, (m,1)) # tile函数将变量内容复制成dataSet同样大小的矩阵
normDataSet = normDataSet/tile(ranges, (m,1))
return normDataSet, ranges, minVals
2.4 Test: testing the classifier as a whole program
机器学习算法一个很重要的工作就是评估算法的正确率，通常我们只提供已有数据的90%作为训练样本来训练分类器，而使用其余的10%数据去测试分类器，检测分类器的正确率。
这里我们可以随机选择这10%的测试样本，也可以顺序选择。
最终我们可以选择错误率来检测分类器的性能。
def datingClassTest():
hoRatio = 0.10 # 测试集所占比例
datingDataMat, datingLabels = file2matrix('datingTestSet2.txt') # 读入样本集
normMat ,ranges, minVals = autoNorm(datingDataMat) # 特征归一化
m = normMat.shape[0]
numTestVecs = int(m*hoRatio)
errorCount = 0.0
# 对于每个测试样本，测试结果，并统计错误次数
for i in range(numTestVecs):
classifierResult = classify0(normMat[i,:], normMat[numTestVecs:m,:], datingLabels[numTestVecs:m], 3)
print "the classifier came back with: %d, the real answer is: %d" % (classifierResult, datingLabels[i])
if classifierResult != datingLabels[i]:
errorCount += 1.0
print "the total error rate is: %f" % (errorCount/float(numTestVecs))
2.5 Use: putting together a useful system
def classifyPerson():
resultList = ['not at all', 'in small doses', 'in large doses']
percentTats = float(raw_input("percentage of time spent playing video games?"))
ffMiles = float(raw_input("ferquent fliter miles earned per year?"))
iceCream = float(raw_input("liters of ice cream consumed per year?"))
datingDataMat, datingLabels = file2matrix('datingTestSet2.txt') # 读入样本集
normMat, ranges, minVals = autoNorm(datingDataMat) # 特征归一化
inArr = array([ffMiles, percentTats, iceCream]) # 预测样本特征
classifierResult = classify0((inArr-minVals)/ranges, normMat, datingLabels, 3)
print "You will probably like the person: ", resultList[classifierResult-1]
到此为止，一个简单的约会对象匹配算法就完成了！
3. Example: a handwriting recognition system
3.1 Prepare: converting images into test vectors
为了简单起见，这里构造的系统只能识别数字0-9。需要识别的数字已经使用图形处理软件，处理成具有相同的色彩和大小：宽高是32像素$\times$32像素的黑白图像。尽管采用文本格式存储图形不能有效地利用内存空间，但是为了方便理解，我们还是将图像转换为文本格式。
def img2vector(filename):
returnVect = zeros((1,1024))
fr = open(filename)
for i in range(32):
lineStr = fr.readline() # 读取一行数据
for j in range(32):
returnVect[0,32*i+j] = int(lineStr[j]) # 数据默认都是以字符形式读入，需要强制转换
return returnVect testVector = img2vector('testDigits/0_13.txt')
print testVector[0,0:31]
这样我们就可以借助于之前的kNN算法代码测试了
Test: kNN on handwritten digits
from os import listdir
def handwritingClasstest():
hwLabels = []
trainingFileList = listdir('trainingDigits') # 获得路径下所有文件名
m = len(trainingFileList) # 训练样本数
trainingMat = zeros((m,1024))
for i in range(m):
fileNameStr = trainingFileList[i]
fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0]
classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0]) # 训练样本标签
hwLabels.append(classNumStr)
trainingMat[i,:] = img2vector('trainingDigits/%s' % fileNameStr) # 读取样本
testFileList = listdir('testDigits')
errorCount = 0.0
mTest = len(testFileList) # 测试样本数
for i in range(mTest):
fileNameStr = testFileList[i]
fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0]
classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0]) # 测试样本标签
vectorUnderTest = img2vector('testDigits/%s' % fileNameStr)
classifierResult = classify0(vectorUnderTest, trainingMat, hwLabels, 3) # 预测样本类别
print "the classifier came back with: %d, the real answer is: %d" % (classifierResult, classNumStr)
if classifierResult != classNumStr:
errorCount += 1.0 # 统计错误分类数
print "\nthe total number of errors is: %d" % errorCount
print "\nthe total error rate is: %f" % (errorCount/mTest) handwritingClasstest()
实际使用这个算法是，算法的执行效率并不高。因为预测时，测试样本要和所有样本做距离计算。后面我们会使用一种$k$决策树算法来节省计算开销。
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