百度地图、高德地图、Google地图等坐标系相关梳理
1、地理坐标系与投影坐标系
地理坐标系也就是球面坐标系，是将本不是椭球体的地球进行椭球体化，从而形成球面坐标体系，国际标准的地理坐标系就是WGS-84坐标系；
只不过各个国家为了反映该国家所在区域地球的真实形状，采用不同的数学模型对地球进行椭球体化，所以就有个Beijing54、Xian80坐标系。
投影坐标系是为平面坐标，是将地理坐标根据一定的投影规则投影到平面，形成的平面直角坐标系，比如高斯-克吕格投影，墨卡托投影等。
2、WGS-84坐标系
WGS-84坐标是地理坐标系，也就是GPS坐标，一般用国际标准的GPS记录仪记录下来的坐标，都是GPS的坐标。但是在中国为了保密，任何一个地图产品都不允许使用GPS坐标。GPS坐标以度分秒形式表示经纬度，比如google earth上采集到的是39°31'20.51，那么应该这样换算，31分就是31/60度，20.51秒就是20.51/3600度，结果就是39+ 31/60 + 20.51/3600 度。
3、GCJ－02坐标系 与 百度 bd-09坐标系
GCJ－02坐标系又名“火星坐标系”，是我国国测局独创的坐标体系，由WGS－84加密而成，在国内，必须至少使用GCJ－02坐标系，或者使用在GCJ－02加密后再进行加密的坐标系，如百度坐标系。高德和Google在国内都是使用GCJ－02坐标系，可以说，GCJ－02是国内最广泛使用的坐标系。
百度坐标系是在GCJ－02坐标系的基础上再次加密偏移后形成的坐标系，只适用于百度地图。（当然，百度地图api接口提供了google坐标转百度坐标、原始坐标转百度坐标的接口，网上也有一些转换算法，个人建议还是用百度地图api比较准确）
4、WGS84 Web Mercator 坐标系
我们在做开发的时候，尤其是web地图开发，两种坐标系至关重要 WGS84（WKID：4326） 和 WGS84 Web Mercator （WKID：102113） 。WGS84 Web Mercator 是目前在线地图（平面）采用的通用坐标系，属于投影坐标系。
5、测试
测试方法：
①使用arcgis api for javascript 调用 Google卫星地图服务；
②在①的基础上调用arcgis api for javascript 绘制折现的工具，在卫星影像图中辨识并绘制一条道路，将其坐标点经纬度（这里输出的应该是GCJ－02火星坐标系吧？我不确定，有知道的望留言！）输出到控制台；
③使用高德地图API将②获取到的坐标点集绘制成折线，比较从Google地图中获取到的点集坐标在高德地图中是否有偏差？
④使用百度地图API将②获取到的坐标点集绘制成折线，比较从Google地图中获取到的点集坐标在百度地图中是否有偏差？
Google地图相关代码：
@using Drision.Framework.Mvc;
@{
ViewBag.Title = "Google地图"; <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://localhost/arcgis_js_v39_sdk/arcgis_js_api/library/3.9/3.9/js/dojo/dijit/themes/tundra/tundra.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://localhost/arcgis_js_v39_sdk/arcgis_js_api/library/3.9/3.9/js/esri/css/esri.css" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://localhost/arcgis_js_v39_sdk/arcgis_js_api/library/3.9/3.9/init.js"></script>
} <style>
/*地图样式调整*/
.esriPopup .titlePane {
padding-left: 0px;
} .esriPopup .actionsPane .zoomTo {
display: none;
} .esriPopup .titleButton.maximize {
display: none;
} .esriPopup .titleButton.close {
display: none;
}
</style> <style>
@@media(min-width: 768px) {
.container {
max-width: 100%;
}
} @@media(min-width: 992px) {
.container {
max-width: 100%;
}
} @@media(min-width: 1200px) {
.container {
max-width: 100%;
}
} @@media(min-width: 1600px) {
.container {
max-width: 100%;
}
}
</style> <style>
/* ===========悬浮菜单栏===========*/
#controls {
/*background: #fff;*/
/*border: 1px solid #9e9fa1;*/
/*box-shadow: 0 5px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);*/
color: #7c8196;
font-family: sans-serif;
height: 40px;
top: 3.8em;
position: absolute;
width: auto;
z-index: 40;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 0.1em 0.3em 0 0.3em;
right: 1em !important;
}
</style> <div style="padding: 1px;">
<div id="mapDiv" style="min-width: 1260px; min-height: 860px;"></div> <div id="controls">
<button class="btn btn-info" id="polyline">绘制折线</button>
<button class="btn btn-danger" id="remove">清除</button>
<button class="btn btn-danger" id="quxiao">取消绘制</button>
</div>
</div> <script>
dojo.require("esri/map",
"dojo/dom",
"dojo/on",
"dojo/colors", "esri/layers/ArcGISTiledMapServiceLayer",
"esri/layers/GraphicsLayer",
"esri/geometry/Point",
"esri/geometry/Polygon",
"esri/SpatialReference",
"esri/toolbars/draw",
"esri/graphic", "esri/symbols/SimpleMarkerSymbol",
"esri/symbols/SimpleLineSymbol",
"esri/symbols/SimpleFillSymbol",
"esri/symbols/PictureMarkerSymbol", "dojo/parser",
"dijit/registry",
"dijit/layout/BorderContainer",
"dijit/layout/ContentPane",
"dijit/form/Button",
"dijit/WidgetSet", "dojo/domReady!"); function init(Map, dom, on, Color,
ArcGISTiledMapServiceLayer,
GraphicsLayer,
Point, Polygon, SpatialReference,
SimpleMarkerSymbol, SimpleLineSymbol, SimpleFillSymbol, PictureMarkerSymbol,
Draw, Graphic, parser, registry
) { loadGoogLyr();
var map = new esri.Map("mapDiv", {
logo: false,
//basemap: "streets",
center: [120.6168, 31.42],
slider: false,
zoom: 9,
showLabels: true,
});
map.addLayer(new GoogleMapLayer());
map.addLayer(new GoogleMapAnooLayer()); //*************************** 以下为自定义图层 ********************************* //======== 地图中添加绘制层 =======
var gl = new esri.layers.GraphicsLayer({ id: "bound" });
map.addLayer(gl); //======== 添加道路线 =======
var line = new esri.geometry.Polyline({
"paths": [[
[120.50459959285944, 31.235715080384875],
[120.51335432308402, 31.23696268129648],
[120.517130873377, 31.2373296196055],
[120.51961996334282, 31.237843330843624],
[120.5306062914678, 31.238430425980763],
[120.53300955074512, 31.23850381261634],
[120.5356703020879, 31.23909090364859],
[120.54219343441213, 31.24077877004094],
[120.54511167782032, 31.24107230894344],
[120.54725744503222, 31.242099687918223],
[120.54923155086718, 31.24584218824886],
[120.5501756884404, 31.24679613520138],
[120.55172064083301, 31.24760331355749],
[120.55618383663376, 31.248997514466723],
[120.55953123348435, 31.250024807227433],
[120.56287863033494, 31.25090533498366],
[120.56399442928513, 31.25149234892578],
[120.56759931820115, 31.255234477009502],
[120.5724916674443, 31.25662856523398],
[120.57540991085249, 31.2572155435902],
[120.57892896908001, 31.259269939092558],
[120.58304884212689, 31.26227808040296],
[120.58708288448528, 31.263231861286453],
[120.60639478939247, 31.26557958854718],
[120.61523535030554, 31.26668006559397],
[120.62845327633093, 31.267193617156938],
[120.63540556209752, 31.267487073938],
[120.63961126583287, 31.26763380198627],
[120.64261533992953, 31.26763380198627],
[120.64510442989535, 31.267927257398295],
[120.64931013363069, 31.26844080217318],
[120.65008260982698, 31.268587528738323],
[120.65008260982698, 31.268587528738323]
]],
"spatialReference": { "wkid": 4326 } //这里我将绘制道路提取出来的坐标点集又放入Google地图，但是用的是 wkid 4326（WGS-84坐标系）
}); //有点混乱，照理讲这个坐标应该是 GCJ-02火星坐标系的，为什么用4326才能正常显示？如果我用GPS设备提取的坐标值呢？
var lineSymbol = new esri.symbol.CartographicLineSymbol(
esri.symbol.CartographicLineSymbol.STYLE_SOLID,
new dojo.Color("#0000FF"), 2,
esri.symbol.CartographicLineSymbol.CAP_ROUND,
esri.symbol.CartographicLineSymbol.JOIN_MITER, 5
);
var polyline = new esri.Graphic(line, lineSymbol); gl.add(polyline); ////============== 以下为绘制线操作 ======================
var draw = new esri.toolbars.Draw(map);
//定义图形样式
draw.markerSymbol = new esri.symbol.SimpleMarkerSymbol();
draw.lineSymbol = new esri.symbol.SimpleLineSymbol(
esri.symbol.SimpleLineSymbol.STYLE_DASH,
new dojo.Color([255, 0, 0]), 3
);
draw.fillSymbol = new esri.symbol.SimpleFillSymbol(); $("#controls button").click(function () {
var tool = null;
switch (this.id) {
case "point": tool = "POINT"; break;
case "polyline": tool = "POLYLINE"; break;
case "polygon": tool = "POLYGON"; break;
case "circle": tool = "CIRCLE"; break;
case "rectangle": tool = "RECTANGLE"; break;
case "quxiao": draw.deactivate(); break;
case "remove": map.graphics.clear(); break;
}
if (tool !== null) {
draw.activate(esri.toolbars.Draw[tool]); //激活对应的绘制工具
}
}); draw.on("draw-complete", drawEndEvent);
function drawEndEvent(evt) {
//添加图形到地图
var symbol;
if (evt.geometry.type === "point" || evt.geometry.type === "multipoint") {
symbol = draw.markerSymbol;
} else if (evt.geometry.type === "line" || evt.geometry.type === "polyline") {
symbol = draw.lineSymbol;
}
else {
symbol = draw.fillSymbol;
}
map.graphics.add(new esri.Graphic(evt.geometry, symbol)) //将经纬度坐标点集输出到控制台(这里输出的是火星坐标系的经纬度？)
var output = "";
for (var i = 0; i < evt.geographicGeometry.paths[0].length; i++) {
output += "[" + evt.geographicGeometry.paths[0][i][0] + "," + evt.geographicGeometry.paths[0][i][1] + "],\r\n";
}
console.log(output);
}
} function loadGoogLyr() { //遥感影像图
dojo.declare("GoogleMapLayer", esri.layers.TiledMapServiceLayer, { // create WMTSLayer by extending esri.layers.TiledMapServiceLayer
constructor: function () {
this.spatialReference = new esri.SpatialReference({
wkid: 102113
});
this.initialExtent = new esri.geometry.Extent(-20037508.342787, -20037508.342787, 20037508.342787, 20037508.342787, this.spatialReference);
this.fullExtent = new esri.geometry.Extent(-20037508.342787, -20037508.342787, 20037508.342787, 20037508.342787, this.spatialReference);
//
this.tileInfo = new esri.layers.TileInfo({
"dpi": "90.71428571427429",
"format": "image/png",
"compressionQuality": 0,
"spatialReference": {
"wkid": "3857"
},
"rows": 256,
"cols": 256,
"origin": {
"x": -20037508.342787,
"y": 20037508.342787
}, // Scales in DPI 96
"lods": [{
"level": 0, "scale": 591657527.591555, "resolution": 156543.033928
}, {
"level": 1, "scale": 295828763.795777, "resolution": 78271.5169639999
}, {
"level": 2, "scale": 147914381.897889, "resolution": 39135.7584820001
}, {
"level": 3, "scale": 73957190.948944, "resolution": 19567.8792409999
}, {
"level": 4, "scale": 36978595.474472, "resolution": 9783.93962049996
}, {
"level": 5, "scale": 18489297.737236, "resolution": 4891.96981024998
}, {
"level": 6, "scale": 9244648.868618, "resolution": 2445.98490512499
}, {
"level": 7, "scale": 4622324.434309, "resolution": 1222.99245256249
}, {
"level": 8, "scale": 2311162.217155, "resolution": 611.49622628138
}, {
"level": 9, "scale": 1155581.108577, "resolution": 305.748113140558
}, {
"level": 10, "scale": 577790.554289, "resolution": 152.874056570411
}, {
"level": 11, "scale": 288895.277144, "resolution": 76.4370282850732
}, {
"level": 12, "scale": 144447.638572, "resolution": 38.2185141425366
}, {
"level": 13, "scale": 72223.819286, "resolution": 19.1092570712683
}, {
"level": 14, "scale": 36111.909643, "resolution": 9.55462853563415
}, {
"level": 15, "scale": 18055.954822, "resolution": 4.77731426794937
}, {
"level": 16, "scale": 9027.977411, "resolution": 2.38865713397468
}, {
"level": 17, "scale": 4513.988705, "resolution": 1.19432856685505
}, {
"level": 18, "scale": 2256.994353, "resolution": 0.597164283559817
}, {
"level": 19, "scale": 1128.497176, "resolution": 0.298582141647617
}]
});
this.loaded = true;
this.onLoad(this);
},
getTileUrl: function (level, row, col) {
return "http://mt" + (col % 4) + ".google.cn/vt/lyrs=s@112&hl=zh-CN&gl=cn&" + "x=" + col + "&" + "y=" + row + "&" + "z=" + level + "&s=";
}
}); //标注矢量图
dojo.declare("GoogleMapAnooLayer", esri.layers.TiledMapServiceLayer, { // create WMTSLayer by extending esri.layers.TiledMapServiceLayer
constructor: function () {
this.spatialReference = new esri.SpatialReference({
wkid: 102113
});
this.initialExtent = new esri.geometry.Extent(-20037508.342787, -20037508.342787, 20037508.342787, 20037508.342787, this.spatialReference);
this.fullExtent = new esri.geometry.Extent(-20037508.342787, -20037508.342787, 20037508.342787, 20037508.342787, this.spatialReference);
//
this.tileInfo = new esri.layers.TileInfo({
"dpi": "90.71428571427429",
"format": "image/png",
"compressionQuality": 0,
"spatialReference": {
"wkid": "3857"
},
"rows": 256,
"cols": 256,
"origin": {
"x": -20037508.342787,
"y": 20037508.342787
}, // Scales in DPI 96
"lods": [{
"level": 0, "scale": 591657527.591555, "resolution": 156543.033928
}, {
"level": 1, "scale": 295828763.795777, "resolution": 78271.5169639999
}, {
"level": 2, "scale": 147914381.897889, "resolution": 39135.7584820001
}, {
"level": 3, "scale": 73957190.948944, "resolution": 19567.8792409999
}, {
"level": 4, "scale": 36978595.474472, "resolution": 9783.93962049996
}, {
"level": 5, "scale": 18489297.737236, "resolution": 4891.96981024998
}, {
"level": 6, "scale": 9244648.868618, "resolution": 2445.98490512499
}, {
"level": 7, "scale": 4622324.434309, "resolution": 1222.99245256249
}, {
"level": 8, "scale": 2311162.217155, "resolution": 611.49622628138
}, {
"level": 9, "scale": 1155581.108577, "resolution": 305.748113140558
}, {
"level": 10, "scale": 577790.554289, "resolution": 152.874056570411
}, {
"level": 11, "scale": 288895.277144, "resolution": 76.4370282850732
}, {
"level": 12, "scale": 144447.638572, "resolution": 38.2185141425366
}, {
"level": 13, "scale": 72223.819286, "resolution": 19.1092570712683
}, {
"level": 14, "scale": 36111.909643, "resolution": 9.55462853563415
}, {
"level": 15, "scale": 18055.954822, "resolution": 4.77731426794937
}, {
"level": 16, "scale": 9027.977411, "resolution": 2.38865713397468
}, {
"level": 17, "scale": 4513.988705, "resolution": 1.19432856685505
}, {
"level": 18, "scale": 2256.994353, "resolution": 0.597164283559817
}, {
"level": 19, "scale": 1128.497176, "resolution": 0.298582141647617
}]
});
this.loaded = true;
this.onLoad(this);
},
getTileUrl: function (level, row, col) {
return "http://mt" + (col % 4) + ".google.cn/vt/lyrs=h@177000000&hl=zh-CN&gl=cn&" + "x=" + col + "&" + "y=" + row + "&" + "z=" + level + "&s=";
}
});
} dojo.ready(init);
</script>
实现效果：
高德地图相关代码：
@{
ViewBag.Title = "高德地图";
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://webapi.amap.com/maps?v=1.4.1&key= xxx（这里是key） &plugin=AMap.Geocoder,AMap.ToolBar"></script>
}
<style>
/* ===========悬浮菜单栏===========*/
#controls {
/*background: #fff;*/
/*border: 1px solid #9e9fa1;*/
/*box-shadow: 0 5px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);*/
color: #7c8196;
font-family: sans-serif;
height: 40px;
top: 3.8em;
position: absolute;
width: auto;
z-index: 40;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 0.1em 0.3em 0 0.3em;
right: 1em !important;
}
</style>
<div style="padding: 1px; width: 100%; height: 100%;">
<div id="container" style="width:100%; height:100%;"></div>
<div id="controls">
<button class="btn btn-info" id="RemotePhoto">卫星显示</button>
<button class="btn btn-info" id="RoadGrid">路网显示</button>
</div>
</div>
<script>
var map = new AMap.Map('container', {
resizeEnable: true,
center: [120.6168, 31.42],
//layers: [new AMap.TileLayer.Satellite()], //卫星图
zoom: 9
});
var roadNetLayer = new AMap.TileLayer.RoadNet({ zIndex: 12 }); //实例化路网图层
roadNetLayer.setMap(map); //在map中添加路网图层
var satellLayer = new AMap.TileLayer.Satellite({ zIndex: 11 }); //实例化卫星图
satellLayer.setMap(map); //在map中添加卫星图
var showRemote = true;
var showRoad = true;
$("#RemotePhoto").click(function () {
if (showRemote == true) {
$(this).removeClass("btn-info").addClass("btn-danger");
showRemote = false;
satellLayer.hide();
}
else {
$(this).removeClass("btn-danger").addClass("btn-info");
showRemote = true;
satellLayer.show();
}
});
$("#RoadGrid").click(function () {
if (showRoad == true) {
$(this).removeClass("btn-info").addClass("btn-danger");
showRoad = false;
roadNetLayer.hide();
}
else {
$(this).removeClass("btn-danger").addClass("btn-info");
showRoad = true;
roadNetLayer.show();
}
});
var lineArr = [
[120.50459959285944, 31.235715080384875],
[120.51335432308402, 31.23696268129648],
[120.517130873377, 31.2373296196055],
[120.51961996334282, 31.237843330843624],
[120.5306062914678, 31.238430425980763],
[120.53300955074512, 31.23850381261634],
[120.5356703020879, 31.23909090364859],
[120.54219343441213, 31.24077877004094],
[120.54511167782032, 31.24107230894344],
[120.54725744503222, 31.242099687918223],
[120.54923155086718, 31.24584218824886],
[120.5501756884404, 31.24679613520138],
[120.55172064083301, 31.24760331355749],
[120.55618383663376, 31.248997514466723],
[120.55953123348435, 31.250024807227433],
[120.56287863033494, 31.25090533498366],
[120.56399442928513, 31.25149234892578],
[120.56759931820115, 31.255234477009502],
[120.5724916674443, 31.25662856523398],
[120.57540991085249, 31.2572155435902],
[120.57892896908001, 31.259269939092558],
[120.58304884212689, 31.26227808040296],
[120.58708288448528, 31.263231861286453],
[120.60639478939247, 31.26557958854718],
[120.61523535030554, 31.26668006559397],
[120.62845327633093, 31.267193617156938],
[120.63540556209752, 31.267487073938],
[120.63961126583287, 31.26763380198627],
[120.64261533992953, 31.26763380198627],
[120.64510442989535, 31.267927257398295],
[120.64931013363069, 31.26844080217318],
[120.65008260982698, 31.268587528738323],
[120.65008260982698, 31.268587528738323]
];
var polyline = new AMap.Polyline({
path: lineArr, //设置线覆盖物路径
strokeColor: "#ff0000", //线颜色
strokeOpacity: 1, //线透明度
strokeWeight: 3, //线宽
strokeStyle: "dash", //线样式 实线：solid
strokeDasharray: [10, 5] //补充线样式
});
polyline.setMap(map);
</script>
实现效果（无偏差）：
使用百度地图api 的效果（有偏差），我只输入了部分坐标点集：
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