Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG

In this note, I reference the MySQL manual file.

After downloading the MySQL package that suits your needs and before attempting to install it, make sure that it is intact and has not been tampered with. There are three means of integrity checking:

In gerneral, GnuPG verify package consists of 3 steps:

1.Import the public key of the campany, organization or personal key, if you don't have, you should download it first.

Linux:

>gpg --import KEYS

Windows:

Open Kleopatra>File>Import Certificates>(Load public key file)

2.Download the target file and target file .asc extension, and make sure that both files are stored in the same directory.

3.Verify package:

Linux:

>gpg --verify *target file.tar.gz* *target file.tar.gz.asc*

Windows:

Either drag and drop the signature(.asc) file into Kleopatra, or laod the dialog from>File>Decrypt/Verify Files...,

and then choose either the .msi or .asc file.

• MD5 checksums
• Cryptographic signatures using GnuPG, the GNU Privacy Guard
• For RPM packages, the built-in RPM integrity verification mechanism

The following sections describe how to use these methods.

If you notice that the MD5 checksum or GPG sigatures do not match, first try to download the respective package one more time, perhaps from another mirror site.

1.Verifying the MD5 Checksum

After you have downloaded a MySQL package, you should make sure that its MD5 checksum matches the one provided on the MySQL download pages. Each package has an individual checksum that you can verify against the package that you downloaded. The correct MD5 checksum is listed on the downloads page for each MySQL product, and you will compare it against the MD5 checksum of the file(product) that you download.

Each operating system and setup offers its own version of tools for checking the MD5 checksum. Typically the command is named md5sum, or it may be named md5, and some operation systems do not ship it at all. On Linux it is part of the GNU Text Utilities package, which is available for a wide range of platforms. You can also download the source code from http://www.gnu.org/software/textutils/. If you have OpenSSL installed, you can use the command **openssl md5 package_name instead. A Windows implementation of the md5 command line utility is availble from http://www.fourmilab.ch/md5/. winMd5Sum is a graphical MD5 checking tool that can be obtained from http://www.nullriver.com/index/products/winmd5sum. Our Microsoft examples will assume the name md5.exe.

Linux and Microsoft Windows examples:

shell> md5sum mysql-standard-5.7.20-linux-i686.tar.gz
aaab65abbec64d5e907dcd41b8699945  mysql-standard-5.7.20-linux-i686.tar.gz

D:\wkdir\software\dev>md5.exe "mysql-connector-c++-1.1.9-winx64.msi"
F789FA68CB58BA17AC439DADF42D65BD  mysql-connector-c++-1.1.9-winx64.msi

You should verify that the resulting checksum (the string of hexadecimal digits) match the one displayed on the download page immediately below the respective package.

Note

Make sure to verify the chekcsum of the archive file (for exmaple, the .zip, .tar.gz, or .msi file) and not of the files that are contained inside of the archive. In other words, verify the file before extracting its contents.

---

2.Signature Checking Using GnuPG

Another method of verifying the integrity and authenticity of a package is to use crytographic signatures. This is more reliable than using [MD5 checksums](#1), but requires more work.

We sign MySQL downloadable packages with GnuPG(GNU Privacy Guard). GnuPG is an Open Source alternative to the well-known Pretty Good Privacy(PGP) by PhilZimmermann. Most Linux distributions ship with GnuPG installed by default. Otherwise, see http://www.gnupg.org/ for more information about GnuPG and how to obtain and install it.

To verify the signature for a specific package, you first need to obtain a copy of our public GPG build key, which you can download from http://pgp.mit.edu/. The key that you want to obtain is named mysql-build@oss.orablce.com. Alternatively, you can copy and paste the key directly from the following text:

-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: GnuPG v1.4.5 (GNU/Linux)

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=HfUN
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

To import the build key into your personal public GPG keyring, use gpg --import. For example, if you have saved the key in a file named mysql_pubkey.asc, the import command looks like this:

shell> gpg --import mysql_pubkey.asc
gpg: key 5072E1F5: public key "MySQL Release Engineering
<mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:               imported: 1
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found

You can also download the key from the public keyserver using the public key id, 5072E1F5:

shell> gpg --recv-keys 5072E1F5
gpg: requesting key 5072E1F5 from hkp server keys.gnupg.net
gpg: key 5072E1F5: "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>"
1 new user ID
gpg: key 5072E1F5: "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>"
53 new signatures
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:           new user IDs: 1
gpg:         new signatures: 53

If you want to import the key into your RPM configuration to validate RPM install packages, you should be able to import the key directly:

shell> rpm --import mysql_pubkey.asc

If you experience problems or require RPM specific information, see Signature Checking Using RPM

After you have download and imported the public build key, download your desired MySQL package and the corresponding signature, which also is available from the download page. The siganature file has the same name as the distribution file with an .asc extension, as shown by the examples in the following table.

Table2.1 MySQL Package and Signature Files for Source files

File Type	File Name
Distribution file	mysql-standard-5.7.20-linux-i686.tar.gz
Signature file	mysql-standard-5.7.20-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc

Make sure that both files are stored in the same directory and then run the following command to verify the signature for the distribution file:

shell> gpg --verify package_name.asc

If the downloaded package is valid, you will see a "Good signature" similar to:

shell> gpg --verify mysql-standard-5.7.20-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc
gpg: Signature made Tue 01 Feb 2011 02:38:30 AM CST using DSA key ID 5072E1F5
gpg: Good signature from "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>"

The Good signature message indicates that the file signature is valid, when compared to the signature listed on our site. But you might also see warnings, like so:

shell> gpg --verify mysql-standard-5.7.20-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc
gpg: Signature made Wed 23 Jan 2013 02:25:45 AM PST using DSA key ID 5072E1F5
gpg: checking the trustdb
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Good signature from "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>"
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
gpg:          There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
Primary key fingerprint: A4A9 4068 76FC BD3C 4567  70C8 8C71 8D3B 5072 E1F5

That is normal, as they depend on your setup and configuration. Here are explanations for these warnings:

• "gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found": This means that the specific key is not "ultimately trusted" by you or your web of trust, which is okay for the purpose of verifying file signatures.
• "WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature! There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.": This refers to your level of trust in your belief that you possess our real public key. This is a personal decision. Ideally, a MySQL developer would hand you the key in person, but more commonly, you downloaded it. Was the download tampered with? Probably not, but this decision is up to you. Setting up a web of trust is one method for trusting them.
  
  See the GPG documentation for more information on how to work with public keys.

Note:

Beware that RHEL5.5 will not import the key above if you copy-paste it directly, there is an extra linebreak right before"-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----" you need to remove manually.

---

3.Signature Checking Using Gpg4win for Windows

The Section [2.Signagture Checking Using GnuPG](#2) section describes how to verify MySQL downloads using GPG. That guide also applies to Microsoft Windows, but another option is to use a GUI tool like Gpg4win. You may use a different tool but our examples are based on Gpg4win, and utilize its bundled *kleopatra* GUI.
Download an install Gpg4win, and then load Kleopatra. The dialog should look similar to:
**Figure 3.1 Initial screen after loading Kleopatra**

Next, add the MySQL Relaese Engineering certificate. Do this by clicking >File, >Lookup Certificates on Server. Type "Mysql Release Engineering" into the search box and press Search.

If you have the signature files that you had downloaded from official site. You can import certificates directly. >File, >Import Certificates. Loading your signature file that has the same name as the install package files with an .asc extension, as shown by Table 2.1.

Figure 3.2 Find the MySQL Release Engineering certificate

Select the "MySQL Release Engineering" certificate. The Fingerprint and Key-ID must be "5072E1F5", or choose Details... to confirm the certificate is valid. Now, import it by clicking Import. An import dialog will be displayed, choose Okay, and this certificate will now be listed under the >Import Certificates tab.

Next, configure the trust level for our certificate. Select our certificate, then from the main menu select >Certificates, >Change Owner Trust.... We suggest choosing >I believe check are very accurate for our certificate, as otherwise you might not be able to verify our signature. Select >I believe checks are very accurate and then press OK.

Figure 3.3 Changing the Trust level

Next, verify the downloaded MySQL package file. This requires files both the packaged file, and the signature. The signature file must have the same name as the packaged file but with an appended .asc extension, as shown by the example in the following table. The signature is linked to on the downloads page for each MySQL product. You must create the .asc file with this signature.

Table 3.1 MySQL Package and Signature Files for MySQL Installer for Microsoft Windows

File Type	File Name
Distribution file	mysql-installer-community-5.7.20.msi
Signature file	mysql-installer-community-5.7.20.msi.asc

Make sure that both files are stored in the same directory and then run the following command to verify the signature for the distribution file. Either drag and drop the signature(.asc) file into Kleopatra, or load the dialog from >File, >Decrypt/Verify Files..., and then choose either the .msi or .asc file.

Figure 3.4 The Decrypt/Verify Files dialog

Click Decrypt/Verify to check the file. The two most common results will look like the following, and although the yellow warning looks problematic, the following means that the file check passed with success. You may now run this installer.

Figure 2.5 The Decrypt/Verify Results: Good

Seeing a red "The signature is bad" error means the file is invalid. Do not execute the MSI file if you see this error.

Figure 2.6 The Decrypt/Verify Results: Bad

The Section 3“Signature Checking Using GnuPG” section explains why you probably don't see a green Good signature result.

---

4.Signature Checking Using RPM

For RPM packages, there is no separate signature. RPM packages have a built-in GPG signature and MD5 checksum. You can verify a package by running the following command:
```shell
shell> rpm --checksig package_name.rpm
```
Example:
```shell
shell> rpm --checksig MySQL-server-5.7.20-0.linux_glibc2.5.i386.rpm
MySQL-server-5.7.20-0.linux_glibc2.5.i386.rpm: md5 gpg OK
```
**Note**
If you are using RPM 4.1 and it complains about (GPG) NOT OK (MISSING KEYS: GPG#5072e1f5), even though you have imported the MySQL public build key into your own GPG keyring, you need to import the key into the RPM keyring first. RPM 4.1 no longer uses your personal GPG keyring (or GPG itself). Rather, RPM maintains a separate keyring because it is a system-wide application and a user's GPG public keyring is a user-specific file. To import the MySQL public key into the RPM keyring, first obtain the key, then use rpm --import to import the key. For example:

shell> gpg --export -a 5072e1f5 > 5072e1f5.asc
shell> rpm --import 5072e1f5.asc

Alternatively, rpm also supports loading the key directly from a URL, and you can use this manual page:

shell> rpm --import http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/checking-gpg-signature.html

If you need to obtain the MySQL public key, see Section 2 “Signature Checking Using GnuPG”.

reference:

https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/verifying-package-integrity.html