本篇体验LINQ的各种查询运算符。

 

先创建一个泛型方法,用来显示查询结果:

        private static void DisplayQuery<T>(IEnumerable<T> query)
        {
            foreach (T item in query)
            {
                //Console.WriteLine(item.ToString());
                Console.Write(item.ToString() + " ");
            }
        }

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

  对一个集合进行操作  

□ Where()对一个序列操作

● 使用Where<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> , Func<TSource, bool>):

            List<int> list = new List<int>()
            {
                1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
            };
 
            IEnumerable<int> query = list.Where(x => x > 5);
            DisplayQuery<int>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

结果:6 7 8

 

● 使用Where<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource>,Func<TSource, int, bool>),根据数据源和元素索引返回值:

            List<int> list = new List<int>()
            {
                1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
            };
 
            IEnumerable<int> query = list.Where((x,index) => index>=1 && x<=3);
            DisplayQuery<int>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

结果:2 3    

 

□ OfType()对一个序列操作

● OfType()是对非泛型IEnumerable的扩展,所以先确定集合类型后,才可以用该方法。

 

● OfType()的返回类型是IEnumerable<T>泛型,所以在使用OfType()之后,可以继续链式使用其它操作符。

 

            ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
            list.Add(1);
            list.Add(DateTime.Now);
            list.Add("spriing is coming");
            list.Add("enjoy your day");
            var query = list.OfType<string>().Where(x => x.StartsWith("enjoy"));
            DisplayQuery<string>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

结果: enjoy your day  

 

□ Cast()将非泛型序列转换成泛型序列

● 对于一个非泛型集合,就不能使用LINQ操作符:

 

● 使用Cast()可以将非泛型集合转换成泛型集合:

            ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
            list.Add("super star");
            list.Add("good day");
            var query = list.Cast<string>().Where(x => x.StartsWith("good"));
            DisplayQuery<string>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

结果:good day

 

□ OrderBy(), ThenBy(),OrderByDescending(),ThenByDescending()

关于产品和分类:

    public class Category
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }
 
    public class Product
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public Category Category { get; set; }
        public DateTime BuyDate { get; set; }
        public decimal Price { get; set; }
 
        public override string ToString()
        {
            return String.Format("编号:{0},名称:{1},类别:{2},购买时间:{3},价格:{4}", Id, Name, Category.Name, BuyDate, Price);          
        }
    }
 
    public static class ProductHelper
    {
        public static IEnumerable<Product> GetProducts()
        {
            Category category1 = new Category();
            category1.Id = 1;
            category1.Name = "数码电子";
 
            Category category2 = new Category();
            category2.Id = 2;
            category2.Name = "服饰类";
 
            return new List<Product>()
            {
                new Product(){Id = 1,BuyDate = new DateTime(2012,1,1),Category = category1,Name = "数码相机",Price = 800m},
                new Product(){Id = 2,BuyDate = new DateTime(2012,1,3),Category = category1,Name = "录像机",Price = 900m},
                new Product(){Id = 3,BuyDate = new DateTime(2012,1,2),Category = category2,Name = "体恤衫",Price = 300m},
                new Product(){Id = 4,BuyDate = new DateTime(2012,1,8),Category = category2,Name = "茄克衫",Price = 600m}
            };
        }
    }

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

● OrderBy()对某个属性排序:

 

            var query = ProductHelper.GetProducts().OrderBy(x => x.Id);
            DisplayQuery<Product>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();  

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

● OrderBy()对属性的计算值排序:

            var query = ProductHelper.GetProducts().OrderBy(x => x.BuyDate.Date);
            DisplayQuery<Product>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

● OrderBy()组合ThenBy()链式排序:

            var query = ProductHelper.GetProducts().OrderByDescending(x => x.Category.Id).ThenBy(x => x.Price);
            DisplayQuery<Product>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

注意:ThenBy()是针对IOrderedEnumerable<T>的扩展,因此不能直接在IEnumerable<T>泛型集合使用ThenBy()。

● OrderyBy()接收IComparer<T>接口类型。

创建实现IComparer<T>接口的、针对Product的比较类:

   public class ProductComparer : IComparer<Product>, IEqualityComparer<Product>
    {
        public int Compare(Product x, Product y)
        {
            if (x == y)//如果类别名称相同就比较产品价格
            {
                return x.Price.CompareTo(y.Price);
            }
            else //如果类别名称不同,比较类别的编号
            {
                return x.Category.Id.CompareTo(y.Category.Id);
            }
        }
 
        public bool Equals(Product x, Product y)
        {
            if (x.Category.Name == y.Category.Name)
            {
                return true;
            }
            else
            {
                return false;
            }
        }
 
        public int GetHashCode(Product obj)
        {
            return obj.GetHashCode();
        }
    }
 

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

主程序:

var query = ProductHelper.GetProducts().OrderBy(x => x, new ProductComparer());
            DisplayQuery<Product>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();    

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

□ Select()投影

            var query = ProductHelper.GetProducts().Select((x, index) => new {Name = x.Name, Index = index});
            foreach (var item in query)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("名称:{0},索引:{1}",item.Name,item.Index);
            }
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

在ASP.NET MVC中,经常需要填充下拉框,可以用Select()投影出IEnumerable<SelectListItem>集合:

list.Select(x => new SelectListItem{Text = x.Name, Value = x.Code});

 

□ Take()和Skip()           

            List<int> list = new List<int>()
            {
                1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
            };
            var query = list.Skip(7).Take(1);
            DisplayQuery<int>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

结果:8

 

□ TakeWhile()和SkipWhile()

● TakeWhile()在遇到不符合条件的元素时,就停止在集合中的遍历,而Where在遇到不符合条件的元素时,会继续遍历直到结束。

            int[] array = {1, 2, 10, 5, 6};
            var query = array.TakeWhile(x => x <= 5);
            DisplayQuery<int>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

结果: 1 2

 

● SkipWhile()会跳过符合条件的元素,直到遇到第一个不符合条件的元素,把该元素以及后面的元素返回。

            int[] array = {1, 2, 10, 5, 6};
            var query = array.SkipWhile(x => x <= 5);
            DisplayQuery<int>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

结果: 10 5 6

 

□ Reverse()反转元素排列

            int[] arr = {1, 2};
            var query = arr.Reverse();
            DisplayQuery<int>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

结果: 2 1

 

□ DefaultIfEmpty()针对集合为空的处理

● 如果是空的整型集合,默认返回0

            int[] array = {};
            var query = array.DefaultIfEmpty();
            DisplayQuery<int>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

结果: 0

 

● 为空的整型指定默认值

            int[] array = { };
            var query = array.DefaultIfEmpty(100);
            DisplayQuery<int>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

结果: 100          

 

● 如果是空的类类型,默认值是null,不指定默认值会抛异常

            Product[] arraryProducts = {};
            var query = arraryProducts.DefaultIfEmpty();
            DisplayQuery<Product>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

抛出异常:

 

● 为空的类类型指定默认值

            Product[] arraryProducts = { };
            Category category = new Category();
            category.Id = 1;
            category.Name = "酒类";
            var query = arraryProducts.DefaultIfEmpty(new Product(){Id = 1,BuyDate = DateTime.Now,Category = category,Name = "贵州茅台",Price = 200m});
            DisplayQuery<Product>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

□ Distinct()剔除重复元素

● 剔除重复的整型

            int[] array = {1, 2, 2};
            var query = array.Distinct();
            DisplayQuery<int>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

结果:1 2     

 

● 自定义剔除规则     

   public class Category 
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
 
        public override string ToString()
        {
            return String.Format("编号:{0},名称:{1}", Id, Name);
        }
    }
 
    public static class CategoryHelper
    {
        public static IEnumerable<Category> GetCategories()
        {
            return new List<Category>()
            {
                new Category(){Id = 1,Name = "烟类"},
                new Category(){Id = 2,Name = "烟类"},
                new Category(){Id = 3,Name = "酒类"}
            };
 
        }
    }
 
    public class CategoryComparer : IEqualityComparer<Category>
    {
        public bool Equals(Category x, Category y)
        {
            return x.Name == y.Name;
        }
 
        public int GetHashCode(Category obj)
        {
            return obj.Name.GetHashCode();
        }
    }
 

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

主程序:

            IEqualityComparer<Category> customComparer = new CategoryComparer();
            var query = CategoryHelper.GetCategories().Distinct(customComparer);
            DisplayQuery<Category>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();     

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

注意:

public int GetHashCode(Category obj)方法中,一定要返回所比较属性的哈希值。

 

● 写一个适合于任何类、任何属性的泛型方法

   public class PropertyComparer<T> : IEqualityComparer<T>
    {
        //需要比较的属性的PropertyInfo
        private PropertyInfo _PropertyInfo;
 
        //通过构造函数把需要比较的属性传进来
        public PropertyComparer(string propertyName)
        {
            _PropertyInfo = typeof (T).GetProperty(propertyName,
                BindingFlags.GetProperty | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public);
            if (_PropertyInfo == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(string.Format("{0} 不是{1}的属性",propertyName,typeof(T)));
            }
        }
 
        public bool Equals(T x, T y)
        {
            object xValue = _PropertyInfo.GetValue(x, null);
            object yValue = _PropertyInfo.GetValue(y, null);
 
            //如果xValue的属性值为null,那yValue的属性值也必须是null,才返回true
            if (xValue == null)
               return yValue == null;
            return xValue.Equals(yValue);
        }
 
        public int GetHashCode(T obj)
        {
            object propertyValue = _PropertyInfo.GetValue(obj, null);
            if (propertyValue == null)
                return 0;
            else
            {
                return propertyValue.GetHashCode();
            }
        }
    }
 

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

主程序:

            IEqualityComparer<Category> customComparer = new PropertyComparer<Category>("Name");
            var query = CategoryHelper.GetCategories().Distinct(customComparer);
            DisplayQuery<Category>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

□ GroupBy()  

   public class Category 
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
 
        public override string ToString()
        {
            return String.Format("编号:{0},名称:{1}", Id, Name);
        }
    }
 
    public static class CategoryHelper
    {
        public static IEnumerable<Category> GetCategories()
        {
            return new List<Category>()
            {
                new Category(){Id = 1,Name = "烟类"},
                new Category(){Id = 2,Name = "烟类"},
                new Category(){Id = 3,Name = "酒类"}
            };
 
        }
    }
 

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

● 通常用法

主程序:   

            IEnumerable<IGrouping<string,Category>> query = CategoryHelper.GetCategories().GroupBy(x => x.Name);
            foreach (var item in query)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("<{0}>",item.Key);
                foreach (var p in item)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine(p.ToString());
                }
            }
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

GroupBy()的返回类型是IGrouping<TKey,TSource>的集合,该接口只提供了一个Key属性,也就是用来分组的属性值。

public interface IGrouping<out TKey,out TElement>
{
    TKey Key { get; }
}

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

● 投影

            var query = CategoryHelper.GetCategories()
                .GroupBy(x => x.Name, x => new {Text = x.Id + x.Name, Value = x.Name});
            foreach (var item in query)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("<{0}>", item.Key);
                foreach (var p in item)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine(p.Text.PadRight(20) + p.Value);
                }
            }
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

  

 

  对多个集合进行操作

□ Intersect()获取2个集合的交集

            int[] arr1 = {0, 1, 2,3};
            int[] arr2 = {2, 3, 4};
            var query = arr1.Intersect(arr2);
            DisplayQuery<int>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

结果: 2 3

 

□ Except()获取第一个集合中有,而第二个集合中没有的元素

            int[] arr1 = {0, 1, 2,3};
            int[] arr2 = {2, 3, 4};
            var query = arr1.Except(arr2);
            DisplayQuery<int>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

结果:0 1
.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

□ Concat()将2个集合串联起来,不剔除重复元素           

            int[] arr1 = { 1, 2 };
            int[] arr2 = { 2, 3 };
            var query = arr1.Concat(arr2);
            DisplayQuery<int>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

结果:1 2 2 3

 

□ Union()将2个集合串联起来,剔除重复元素 

            int[] arr1 = { 1, 2 };
            int[] arr2 = { 2, 3 };
            var query = arr1.Union(arr2);
            DisplayQuery<int>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();     

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

结果:1 2 3

 

□ Zip()合并2个集合中位置相同的元素,将2个元素的操作结果返回一个新的元素。如果两个集合的长度不相等,以长度短的为准。

            int[] arr1 = {1, 2};
            string[] arr2 = {"星期一", "星期二", "星期三"};
            var query = arr1.Zip(arr2, (x, y) => String.Format("{0},{1}", x, y));
            DisplayQuery<string>(query);
            Console.ReadKey();

.csharpcode, .csharpcode pre
{
font-size: small;
color: black;
font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace;
background-color: #ffffff;
/*white-space: pre;*/
}
.csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; }
.csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; }
.csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; }
.csharpcode .str { color: #006080; }
.csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; }
.csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; }
.csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; }
.csharpcode .html { color: #800000; }
.csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; }
.csharpcode .alt
{
background-color: #f4f4f4;
width: 100%;
margin: 0em;
}
.csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }

 

 

  总结

 

● 一般性的条件筛选:Where()

● 返回具体的集合类型再进行链式操作:OfType()

● 非泛型集合转换成泛型集合后再使用LINQ操作符:Cast()

● 排序、链式排序:OrderBy(), ThenBy(),实现IComparer<T>接口可以自定义排序规则

● 投影:Select()

● 返回前N个,跳过N个,分页:Take()和Skip()  
● 返回符合/不符合条件,但不执行完遍历:TakeWhile()和SkipWhile()

● 反转集合元素:Reverse()

● 空集合处理:DefaultIfEmpty()

● 剔除集合中的重复元素:Distinct(),实现IEqualityComparer<Category>可自定义相等规则,针对某具体类或写一个泛型方法

● 分组以及分组后投影:GroupBy() 

● 2个集合的交集:Intersect()

● 2个集合的查集:Except()

● 2个集合的串联:Concat()和Union()

● 2个集合的合并:Zip()

参考资料:

《.NET之美》--张子阳,感谢写了这么好的书!

A Generic IEqualityComparer for Linq Distinct()

22LINQ查询运算符返回IEnumerable<T>实例汇总的更多相关文章

  1. 23LINQ运算符返回其它类型实例汇总

      IEnumerable<T>返回其它集合类型 ToArray() ToList() ToDictionary() ToLookUp()     返回集合中的元素 □ ElementAt ...

  2. C#3.0新增功能09 LINQ 标准查询运算符 03 按执行方式的分类

    连载目录    [已更新最新开发文章,点击查看详细] 标准查询运算符方法的 LINQ to Objects 实现主要通过两种方法之一执行:立即执行和延迟执行.使用延迟执行的查询运算符可以进一步分为两种 ...

  3. Javascript实例教程:querySelector()方法接受一个CSS查询并返回匹配模式的第一个子孙元素,如果没有匹配的元素则返回null。

    文章简介:querySelector()方法接受一个CSS查询并返回匹配模式的第一个子孙元素,如果没有匹配的元素则返回null. querySelector()方法接受一个CSS查询并返回匹配模式的第 ...

  4. .NET中那些所谓的新语法之四:标准查询运算符与LINQ

    开篇:在上一篇中,我们了解了预定义委托与Lambda表达式等所谓的新语法,这一篇我们继续征程,看看标准查询运算符和LINQ.标准查询运算符是定义在System.Linq.Enumerable类中的50 ...

  5. 十四、C# 支持标准查询运算符的集合接口

    支持标准查询运算符的集合接口. System.Linq.Enumeralbe类提供的一些常用的API 来执行集合处理 1.匿名类型 2.隐匿类型的局部变量 3.集合初始化器 4.集合 5.标准查询运算 ...

  6. C#3.0新增功能09 LINQ 标准查询运算符 01 概述

    连载目录    [已更新最新开发文章,点击查看详细] 标准查询运算符 是组成 LINQ 模式的方法. 这些方法中的大多数都作用于序列:其中序列指其类型实现 IEnumerable<T> 接 ...

  7. C#3.0新增功能09 LINQ 标准查询运算符 04 运算

    连载目录    [已更新最新开发文章,点击查看详细] 本篇主要介绍标准查询运算符的常用运算功能. 01 对数据排序 排序操作基于一个或多个属性对序列的元素进行排序. 第一个排序条件对元素执行主要排序. ...

  8. .NET LINQ标准查询运算符

    标准查询运算符概述      “标准查询运算符”是组成语言集成查询 (LINQ) 模式的方法. 大多数这些方法都在序列上运行,其中的序列是一个对象,其类型实现了 IEnumerable<T> ...

  9. Linq常用查询运算符

    Linq一共包含五十几个查询运算符,常用的根据类型来区分一共有5类左右,这五类里面一些事在项目查询中经常用到的.不过linq运算符的命名十分规范,基本从字面意思就能猜测出来是干嘛用的,下面我们挑选一些 ...

随机推荐

  1. Vue select 下拉菜单

    1.html <div id="app-8"> <select v-model="selected"> <option v-for ...

  2. Python学习笔记:startswith & endswith 判断开头结尾是否为指定字符串

    作用: 判断字符串是否以指定字符或子字符串结尾,常用于判断文件类型. 如果以指定后缀结尾返回True,否则返回False. 可选参数"start"与"end"为 ...

  3. Shell学习笔记:#*、%*字符串掐头去尾方法

    一.语法 在shell中可以通过#.%对字符串进行掐头去尾操作,使用方法如下: # 表示掐头 % 表示去尾 单个#或%表示最小匹配 双个$或%表示最大匹配  二.例子1 假设我们定义一个变量为: fi ...

  4. WDK10+VS2015 驱动环境搭建

    其实做驱动或者说底层安全的最大问题就是没有合适的资料去参考,网上很难找到想要的信息.比如搭建驱动环境我以前一直用的都是WDK7.1基于控制台去编译的,之前尝试过搭建WDK10+VS2015的组合环境, ...

  5. Android Studio编译慢、卡死和狂占内存怎么破?

    https://www.zhihu.com/question/27953288 作者:知乎用户链接:https://www.zhihu.com/question/27953288/answer/118 ...

  6. 【POJ】2449.Remmarguts' Date(K短路 n log n + k log k + m算法,非A*,论文算法)

    题解 (搬运一个原来博客的论文题) 抱着板题的心情去,结果有大坑 就是S == T的时候也一定要走,++K 我发现按照论文写得\(O(n \log n + m + k \ log k)\)算法没有玄学 ...

  7. vim中E121:无法打开并写入文件解决办法

    1.使用命令  :w !sudo tee % 保存即可. 其中: 冒号(:)表示我们处于vim的退出模式: 感叹号(!)表示我们正在运行shell命令: sudo和tee都是shell命令: %表示从 ...

  8. Java控制多线程执行顺序

    package net.jasonjiang.thread; import java.io.IOException; public class ThreadTestNew { public stati ...

  9. django.db.utils.OperationalError: 1045错误

    django.db.utils.OperationalError: (1045, "Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using pass ...

  10. python 并集union, 交集intersection, 差集difference, 对称差集symmetric_difference

    python的集合set和其他语言类似,是一个无序不重复元素集, 可用于消除重复元素. 支持union(联合), intersection(交), difference(差)和sysmmetric d ...