rest-framework框架组件

序列化组件

创建一个序列化类,

视图四种方式

以下代码都需要创建一个serializers.py文件

from rest_framework import serializers
 
from CBV_app.models import *
from CBV_app.urls import  *
 
class PublishSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Publish
        # 排除id不显示,其余全部显示
        exclude =("id", )
 
class AuthorSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Author
        fields = "__all__"
 
class BookSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model=Book
        fields="__all__"

urls除了方式四以外通用这种格式

• 这里必须得使用pk关键字参数,因为源码部分取的是pk值,如果不使用pk则找不到

方式一

• views.py

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from CBV_app import models
from CBV_app.serializers import PublishSerializers,AuthorSerializers,BookSerializers
class PublishViews(APIView):
    # 查看所有数据
    def get(self, request):
        publish_all = models.Publish.objects.all()
        # 使用Django自带的序列化组件
        # 发送给前端的为json格式的数据,需要前端自己反序列化
        # from django.core.serializers import serialize
        #
        # res = serialize("json", publish_all)
        #
        # return HttpResponse(res)
 
        # 使用rest序列化, many=True 返回的是QuerySet对象
        ps = PublishSerializers(publish_all, many=True)
 
        # ps.data序列化数据
        return Response(ps.data)
 
    # 添加数据
    def post(self, request):
        print(
            request.data
        )
        ps = PublishSerializers(data=request.data)
        # 检验数据有效性
        if ps.is_valid():
            ps.save()
            return Response(ps.data)
        else:
            # 如果数据有错误则将错误返回
            return Response(ps.errors)
 
class PublishDatailViews(APIView):
 
    # 查看局部数据
    def get(self, request, pk):
        publish = models.Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
        ps = PublishSerializers(publish, many=False)
        return Response(ps.data)
 
    # 修改数据
    def put(self, request, pk):
        publish = models.Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
        ps = PublishSerializers(data=request.data, instance=publish)
        if ps.is_valid():
            ps.save()
            return Response(ps.data)
        else:
            return Response(ps.errors)
 
    def delete(self, request, pk):
        publish = models.Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete()
        return Response("OK")

方式二 使用混合(mixins)

• 首先需要导入五种请求方式

ListModelMixin          获取所有数据 GETCreateModelMixin        添加一条数据 POST----------------------------------------RetrieveModelMixin      查看一条数据 GETUpdateModelMixin        更新一条数据 PUT/PATCHDestroyModelMixin       删除一条数据 delete

• 接着导入专门处理数据的模块

from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView

# 导入五种请求方式
from rest_framework.mixins import CreateModelMixin, ListModelMixin, \
    DestroyModelMixin, RetrieveModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin
 
# 导入处理数据
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
 
class AuthorView(CreateModelMixin, ListModelMixin, GenericAPIView):
    # 必须得以queryset ,serializer_class命名接收这两个参数,覆盖父类
    queryset = models.Author.objects.all()
    serializer_class = AuthorSerializers
 
    def get(self, request):
        # 调用ListModelMixin下的list方法
        return self.list(request)
 
    def post(self, request):
        return self.create(request)
 
class AuthorDetailView(RetrieveModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin, DestroyModelMixin, GenericAPIView):
    queryset = models.Author.objects.all()
    serializer_class = AuthorSerializers
 
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)
 
    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)
 
    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)

方式三 使用通用的基于类的视图

通过使用mixin类，我们使用更少的代码重写了这些视图，但我们还可以再进一步。REST框架提供了一组已经混合好（mixed-in）的通用视图，我们可以使用它来简化我们的views.py模块。

from rest_framework import generics
 
class BookView(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
 
    queryset = models.Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializers
 
class BookDetailView(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
 
    queryset = models.Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializers

方式四

需要修改url并在url中传入参数修改请求方式调用的方法

• urls.py

    url(r"^book/$", views.BookView.as_view({"get":"list", "post": "create"})),
    url(r"^book/(?P<pk>\d+)/$", views.BookDetailView.as_view({"get": "retrieve", "put": "update", "delete": "destroy"})),

• views.py

from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
 
class BookView(ModelViewSet):
 
    queryset = models.Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializers
 
class BookDetailView(ModelViewSet):
 
    queryset = models.Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializers

认证组件

在app下新建一个包,在里面创建一个auth.py文件

# 认证组件
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
 
from rest_framework.exceptions import AuthenticationFailed  # 返回报错页面
 
from CBV_app import models
 
class TokenAuth(BaseAuthentication):
    # 这里必须要使用authenticate定义一个函数,源码内部调用的就是这个名字
    def authenticate(self, request):
        # 获取用户传来的token参数
        token = request.GET.get("token", None)
        token_obj = models.UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()
        if token_obj:
            # 返回用户对象跟token_obj
            return token_obj.user, token_obj.token
        else:
            raise AuthenticationFailed("认证失败")

在views.py中创建一个登陆验证类

• 如果在settings.py中设置了全局验证,则需要在登陆中添加: authentication_classes = []
• 如果需要指定某一个需要登陆则在某一个类下添加authentication_classes = [TokenAuth,]

# 获取随机字符串
def get_random(user):
    import hashlib, time
    time_str = str(time.time())
 
    md5 = hashlib.md5(bytes(user, encoding="utf8"))
    md5.update(bytes(time_str, encoding="utf8"))
 
    return md5.hexdigest()
 
# 定义一个认证类
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from django.http.response import JsonResponse
from CBV_app import models
class LoginView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = []
    def post(self, request):
        res = {"code": 1000, "msg": None}
        try:
            user = request.data.get("user")
            pwd = request.data.get("pwd")
            user_obj = models.User.objects.filter(user=user, pwd=pwd).first()
            print(user, pwd, user_obj)
            if not user_obj:
                res["code"] = 1001
                res["msg"] = "用户名或密码错误"
            else:
                token = get_random(user)
                # 存在着更新,不存在则创建,需要使用defaults传如token否则会报约束失败
                models.UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=user_obj, defaults={"token": token)
                res["token"] = token
        except Exception as e:
            res["code"] = 1002
            res["msg"] = str(e)
        return JsonResponse(res, json_dumps_params={"ensure_ascii": False})

settings.py中配置全局作用

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": [
        "CBV_app.utils.auth.TokenAuth"
    ],
}

局部使用

• 在需要验证的视图类中添加   authentication_classes = [TokenAuth, ]

权限组件

在app下新建一个包,在里面创建一个Permissions.py文件

class SvipPermissions(object):
    # 没有权限时返回的提示,必须以message命名
    message ="没有权限访问"
    # 必须定义has_permissio方法
 
    def has_permission(self, request, view):
        print(request.auth.user)
        user_type = request.auth.user.type
        if user_type == 1:
            return True
        else:
            return False

局部引用权限

• 在views.py中导入  from CBV_app.utils.permissions import SvipPermissions

全局引用权限

• 在settings.py中添加

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    "DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES":[
        "app01.utils.permissions.SVIPPermission"]
}

访问频率(throttle)组件

url分发

from django.conf.urls import include
from rest_framework import routers
 
routes = routers.DefaultRouter()
routes.register("publishes",views.PublishViews)
 
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    url(r'^',include(routes.urls))   # 直接将url改成这种匹配方式即可
 
]

响应器

• JSONRenderer  返回的是json格式的数据页面.

• BrowsableAPIRenderer  

• 默认是两个都添加在里面,可以设置为全局也可设置为局部

全局设置

• 在settings.py中添加下面字典,参数可选

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (
        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',
        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',
    ),
}

局部设置

from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer,BrowsableAPIRenderer
 
class PublishViews(ModelViewSet):
 
    renderer_classes = [BrowsableAPIRenderer]
 
    queryset = models.Publish.objects.all()
    serializer_class = PublishSerializers

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