Oracle的 EXEC SQL CONTEXT学习

磨砺技术珠矶，践行数据之道，追求卓越价值 
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[作者 高健@博客园  luckyjackgao@gmail.com]

EXEC SQL CONTEXT... 是Oracle Pro*C的特有的语法，详细信息参见

http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28427/pc_11thr.htm#i997959

EXEC SQL ENABLE THREADS;
EXEC SQL CONTEXT ALLOCATE :context_var;
EXEC SQL CONTEXT USE { :context_var | DEFAULT};
EXEC SQL CONTEXT FREE :context_var;

所谓context ，被称为runtime context，其实质就是保留连接数据库的信息，保留连接数据库的通道。

官方解释中，使用 exec sql context ，有几种方式：

1 各个进程之间不共享context

事实上，Oracle的官方例子----  Thread_example1.pc，采用的就是这种方式。

各个进程共通处理一堆转账数据，所以它们之间需要考虑对共同数据(文本格式的转账记录)读取时加mutex。

但是，由于每个进程可以自己拥有一个context---数据库通道，故此基本互相不干涉。

我认为这是合理的，也可能是比较高效率的方式。

2 各个进程之间共享一个context

此时，瓶颈出现在此context之上。可以想像一下，通过多线程来处理数据库之外的数据之后，

还是要回到一个共通的数据库通道来排队等候，是否效率并未发挥出来呢。

3 各个进程之间共享多个context

这个是最复杂的，可能也是最没有道理的。1的方式应该更好些。

而且，上述这些，都没有考虑到连接池的作用，也许是这种技术出现的年代是很早的。

为了备忘，记录oracle官方例子如下：

/*
 * Name:        Thread_example1.pc
 *
 * Description: This program illustrates how to use threading in
 *      conjunction with precompilers. The program creates as many
 *      sessions as there are threads. Each thread executes zero or
 *      more transactions, that are specified in a transient
 *      structure called 'records'.
 * Requirements:
 *      The program requires a table 'ACCOUNTS' to be in the schema
 *      scott/tiger. The description of ACCOUNTS is:
 *  SQL> desc accounts
 *   Name                            Null?    Type
 *  ------------------------------- -------  ------
 *  ACCOUNT                                  NUMBER(36)
 *  BALANCE                                  NUMBER(36,2)
 *
 *  For proper execution, the table should be filled with the accounts
 *      10001 to 10008.
 *
 *
 */                                    
 
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sqlca.h>                                    
 
#define      _EXC_OS_    _EXC__UNIX
#define      _CMA_OS_    _CMA__UNIX                                    
 
#ifdef DCE_THREADS
  #include <pthread.h>
#else
  #include <thread.h>
#endif                                    
 
/* Function prototypes */
void   err_report();                                    
 
#ifdef DCE_THREADS
    void   do_transaction();
#else
    void   *do_transaction();
#endif                                    
 
void   get_transaction();
void   logon();
void   logoff();                                    
 
#define CONNINFO "scott/tiger"                                    
 
#define THREADS  3                                     
 
struct parameters                                     
 
{ sql_context * ctx;
  int thread_id;
};                                    
 
typedef struct parameters parameters;                                    
 
struct record_log
{
    char action;
    unsigned int from_account;
    unsigned int to_account;
    float  amount;
};                                    
 
typedef struct record_log record_log;                                    
 
record_log records[]= { { 'M', , , 12.50 },
                        { 'M', , , 25.00 },
                        { 'M', , , 123.00 },
                        { 'M', , , 125.00 },
                        { 'M', , , 12.23 },
                        { 'M', , , 225.23 },
                        { 'M', , , 0.70 },
                        { 'M', , , 11.30 },
                        { 'M', , , 47.50 },
                        { 'M', , , 125.00 },
                        { 'M', , , 225.00 },
                        { 'M', , , 0.70 },
                        { 'M', , , 11.00 },
                        { 'M', , , 47.50 },
                        { 'M', , , 125.00 },
                        { 'M', , , 225.00 },
                        { 'M', , , 0.70 },
                        { 'M', , , 11.00 },
                        { 'M', , , 47.50 },
                        { 'M', , , 1034.54}};                                    
 
static unsigned int trx_nr=;                                    
 
#ifdef DCE_THREADS
    pthread_mutex_t mutex;
#else
    mutex_t mutex;
#endif                                    
 
/*********************************************************************
 *  Main
 ********************************************************************/
main()
{
    sql_context ctx[THREADS];                                
 
    #ifdef DCE_THREADS
        pthread_t thread_id[THREADS];
        pthread_addr_t status;
    #else
        thread_t thread_id[THREADS];
        int status;
    #endif                                
 
    parameters params[THREADS];                                
 
    int i;                                
 
    EXEC SQL ENABLE THREADS;                                
 
    EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR DO err_report(sqlca);                                
 
    /* Create THREADS sessions by connecting THREADS times */
    for(i=;i<THREADS;i++)
    {
        printf("Start Session %d....",i);
        EXEC SQL CONTEXT ALLOCATE :ctx[i];
        logon(ctx[i],CONNINFO);
    }                                
 
    /*Create mutex for transaction retrieval */
    #ifdef DCE_THREADS
        if (pthread_mutex_init(&mutex,pthread_mutexattr_default))
    #else
        if (mutex_init(&mutex, USYNC_THREAD, NULL))
    #endif
    {
        printf("Can't initialize mutex\n");
        exit();
    }                                
 
    /*Spawn threads*/
    for(i=;i<THREADS;i++)
    {
            params[i].ctx=ctx[i];
            params[i].thread_id=i;                            
 
            printf("Thread %d... ",i);                            
 
    #ifdef DCE_THREADS
        if (pthread_create(&thread_id[i],pthread_attr_default,
                (pthread_startroutine_t)do_transaction,
                (pthread_addr_t) &params[i]))
    #else
        if (status = thr_create
            (NULL, , do_transaction, &params[i], , &thread_id[i]))
    #endif
                  printf("Cant create thread %d\n",i);
        else
                  printf("Created\n");
    }                                
 
    /* Logoff sessions....*/
    for(i=;i<THREADS;i++)
    {
        /*wait for thread to end */
        printf("Thread %d ....",i);                            
 
        #ifdef DCE_THREADS
            if (pthread_join(thread_id[i],&status))
                       printf("Error when waiting for thread % to terminate\n", i);
            else
                      printf("stopped\n");                    
 
            printf("Detach thread...");                        
 
            if (pthread_detach(&thread_id[i]))
                   printf("Error detaching thread! \n");
            else
                   printf("Detached!\n");                        
 
        #else
            if (thr_join(thread_id[i], NULL, NULL))
                   printf("Error waiting for thread to terminate\n");
        #endif                            
 
        printf("Stop Session %d....",i);
        logoff(ctx[i]);
        EXEC SQL CONTEXT FREE :ctx[i];
    }                                
 
    /*Destroys mutex*/
    #ifdef DCE_THREADS
        if (pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex))
    #else
        if (mutex_destroy(&mutex))
    #endif
    {
        printf("Can't destroy mutex\n");
        exit();
    }
}                                    
 
/*********************************************************************
 * Function: do_transaction
 *
 * Description:  This functions executes one transaction out of the
 *               records array. The records array is 'managed' by
 *               the get_transaction function.
 *
 *
 ********************************************************************/
#ifdef DCE_THREADS
    void do_transaction(params)
#else
    void *do_transaction(params)
#endif
parameters *params;
{
    struct sqlca sqlca;
    record_log *trx;
    sql_context ctx=params->ctx;                                
 
    /* Done all transactions ? */
    while (trx_nr < (sizeof(records)/sizeof(record_log)))
    {
        get_transaction(&trx);                            
 
        EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR DO err_report(sqlca);
        EXEC SQL CONTEXT USE :ctx;                            
 
        printf("Thread %d executing transaction\n",params->thread_id);                            
 
        switch(trx->action)
        {
              case 'M':  EXEC SQL UPDATE ACCOUNTS
                                  SET    BALANCE=BALANCE+:trx->amount
                                  WHERE  ACCOUNT=:trx->to_account;                            
 
                         EXEC SQL UPDATE ACCOUNTS
                                  SET    BALANCE=BALANCE-:trx->amount
                                  WHERE  ACCOUNT=:trx->from_account;
                         break;
               default:  break;
            }                            
 
        EXEC SQL COMMIT;
      }
}                                    
 
/*****************************************************************
 * Function: err_report
 *
 * Description: This routine prints out the most recent error
 *
 ****************************************************************/
void      err_report(sqlca)
struct sqlca sqlca;
{
  if (sqlca.sqlcode < )
   printf("\n%.*s\n\n",sqlca.sqlerrm.sqlerrml,sqlca.sqlerrm.sqlerrmc);
  exit();
}                                    
 
/*****************************************************************
 * Function: logon
 *
 * Description: Logs on to the database as USERNAME/PASSWORD
 *
 *****************************************************************/
void      logon(ctx,connect_info)
sql_context ctx;
char * connect_info;
{
    EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR DO err_report(sqlca);
    EXEC SQL CONTEXT USE :ctx;
    EXEC SQL CONNECT :connect_info;
    printf("Connected!\n");                                
 
}                                    
 
/******************************************************************
 * Function: logoff
 *
 * Description: This routine logs off the database
 *
 ******************************************************************/
void      logoff(ctx)
sql_context ctx;
{
    EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR DO err_report(sqlca);
    EXEC SQL CONTEXT USE :ctx;
    EXEC SQL COMMIT WORK RELEASE;
    printf("Logged off!\n");
}                                    
 
/******************************************************************
 * Function: get_transaction
 *
 * Description: This routine returns the next transaction to process
 *
 ******************************************************************/
void get_transaction(trx)
record_log ** trx;
{
    #ifdef DCE_THREADS
        if (pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex))
    #else
        if (mutex_lock(&mutex))
    #endif
        printf("Can't lock mutex\n");                            
 
    *trx = &records[trx_nr];                                
 
    trx_nr++;                                
 
    #ifdef DCE_THREADS
        if (pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex))
    #else
        if (mutex_unlock(&mutex))
    #endif
        printf("Can't unlock mutex\n");
}                                    

[作者 高健@博客园  luckyjackgao@gmail.com]
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