硬件，os，内核模块，用户空间工具，命令行具体参数，日志

[root@localhost ~]# yum install pciutils

[root@localhost ~]# lscpu;lspci

  1. Architecture:          x86_64
    CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
    Byte Order:            Little Endian
    CPU(s):                4
    On-line CPU(s) list:   0-3
    Thread(s) per core:    2
    Core(s) per socket:    2
    Socket(s):             1
    NUMA node(s):          1
    Vendor ID:             GenuineIntel
    CPU family:            6
    Model:                 60
    Model name:            Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-4170 CPU @ 3.70GHz
    Stepping:              3
    CPU MHz:               3700.000
    BogoMIPS:              7399.71
    Virtualization:        VT-x
    L1d cache:             32K
    L1i cache:             32K
    L2 cache:              256K
    L3 cache:              3072K
    NUMA node0 CPU(s):     0-3
  2.  
  3. 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 4th Gen Core Processor DRAM Controller (rev 06)
  4. 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 4th Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 06)
  5. 00:03.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core Processor HD Audio Controller (rev 06)
  6. 00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 9 Series Chipset Family USB xHCI Controller
  7. 00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation 9 Series Chipset Family ME Interface #1
  8. 00:19.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation Ethernet Connection I217-V
  9. 00:1a.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 9 Series Chipset Family USB EHCI Controller #2
  10. 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 9 Series Chipset Family HD Audio Controller
  11. 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 9 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 1 (rev d0)
  12. 00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 9 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev d0)
  13. 00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 9 Series Chipset Family USB EHCI Controller #1
  14. 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 9 Series Chipset Family H97 Controller
  15. 00:1f.2 RAID bus controller: Intel Corporation SATA Controller [RAID mode]
  16. 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 9 Series Chipset Family SMBus Controller
  17. 02:00.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 PCI Bridge (rev 41)

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/centos-release
CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core)

[root@localhost ~]# lsmod |grep kvm
kvm_intel             162153  3
kvm                   525259  1 kvm_intel
[root@localhost ~]# ll /lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/arch/x86/kvm/
total 1180
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 104261 Nov 20  2015 kvm-amd.ko
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 271245 Nov 20  2015 kvm-intel.ko
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 824605 Nov 20  2015 kvm.ko

[root@localhost ~]# yum install bridge-utils qemu-kvm
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa|grep kvm
qemu-kvm-common-1.5.3-105.el7_2.4.x86_64
qemu-kvm-1.5.3-105.el7_2.4.x86_64

[root@localhost ~]# /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -version
QEMU emulator version 1.5.3 (qemu-kvm-1.5.3-105.el7_2.4), Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard

[root@localhost ~]# /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -machine ?

[root@localhost ~]# /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -M ?

  1. Supported machines are:
  2. none                 empty machine
  3. pc                   RHEL 7.0.0 PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996) (alias of pc-i440fx-rhel7.0.0)
  4. pc-i440fx-rhel7.0.0  RHEL 7.0.0 PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996) (default)
  5. rhel6.6.0            RHEL 6.6.0 PC
  6. rhel6.5.0            RHEL 6.5.0 PC
  7. rhel6.4.0            RHEL 6.4.0 PC
  8. rhel6.3.0            RHEL 6.3.0 PC
  9. rhel6.2.0            RHEL 6.2.0 PC
  10. rhel6.1.0            RHEL 6.1.0 PC
  11. rhel6.0.0            RHEL 6.0.0 PC

[root@localhost ~]# /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -cpu ?

  1. x86           qemu64  QEMU Virtual CPU version 1.5.3
  2. x86           phenom  AMD Phenom(tm) 9550 Quad-Core Processor
  3. x86         core2duo  Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU     T7700  @ 2.40GHz
  4. x86            kvm64  Common KVM processor
  5. x86           qemu32  QEMU Virtual CPU version 1.5.3
  6. x86            kvm32  Common 32-bit KVM processor
  7. x86          coreduo  Genuine Intel(R) CPU           T2600  @ 2.16GHz
  8. x86              486
  9. x86          pentium
  10. x86         pentium2
  11. x86         pentium3
  12. x86           athlon  QEMU Virtual CPU version 1.5.3
  13. x86             n270  Intel(R) Atom(TM) CPU N270   @ 1.60GHz
  14. x86      cpu64-rhel6  QEMU Virtual CPU version (cpu64-rhel6)
  15. x86           Conroe  Intel Celeron_4x0 (Conroe/Merom Class Core 2)
  16. x86           Penryn  Intel Core 2 Duo P9xxx (Penryn Class Core 2)
  17. x86          Nehalem  Intel Core i7 9xx (Nehalem Class Core i7)
  18. x86         Westmere  Westmere E56xx/L56xx/X56xx (Nehalem-C)
  19. x86      SandyBridge  Intel Xeon E312xx (Sandy Bridge)
  20. x86          Haswell  Intel Core Processor (Haswell)
  21. x86        Broadwell  Intel Core Processor (Broadwell)
  22. x86       Opteron_G1  AMD Opteron 240 (Gen 1 Class Opteron)
  23. x86       Opteron_G2  AMD Opteron 22xx (Gen 2 Class Opteron)
  24. x86       Opteron_G3  AMD Opteron 23xx (Gen 3 Class Opteron)
  25. x86       Opteron_G4  AMD Opteron 62xx class CPU
  26. x86       Opteron_G5  AMD Opteron 63xx class CPU
  27. x86             host  KVM processor with all supported host features (only available in KVM mode)
  28.  
  29. Recognized CPUID flags:
  30.   pbe ia64 tm ht ss sse2 sse fxsr mmx acpi ds clflush pn pse36 pat cmov mca pge mtrr sep apic cx8 mce pae msr tsc pse de vme fpu
  31.   hypervisor rdrand f16c avx osxsave xsave aes tsc-deadline popcnt movbe x2apic sse4.2|sse4_2 sse4.1|sse4_1 dca pcid pdcm xtpr cx16 fma cid ssse3 tm2 est smx vmx ds_cpl monitor dtes64 pclmulqdq|pclmuldq pni|sse3
  32.   avx512cd avx512er avx512pf smap adx rdseed avx512f mpx rtm invpcid erms bmi2 smep avx2 hle bmi1 fsgsbase
  33.   3dnow 3dnowext lm|i64 rdtscp pdpe1gb fxsr_opt|ffxsr mmxext nx|xd syscall
  34.   perfctr_nb perfctr_core topoext tbm nodeid_msr tce fma4 lwp wdt skinit xop ibs osvw 3dnowprefetch misalignsse sse4a abm cr8legacy extapic svm cmp_legacy lahf_lm
  35.   pmm-en pmm phe-en phe ace2-en ace2 xcrypt-en xcrypt xstore-en xstore
  36.   kvm_pv_unhalt kvm_pv_eoi kvm_steal_time kvm_asyncpf kvmclock kvm_mmu kvm_nopiodelay kvmclock
  37.   pfthreshold pause_filter decodeassists flushbyasid vmcb_clean tsc_scale nrip_save svm_lock lbrv npt

[root@localhost lib]# /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -device ?

  1. Controller/Bridge/Hub devices:
  2. name "i82801b11-bridge", bus PCI
  3. name "ioh3420", bus PCI, desc "Intel IOH device id 3420 PCIE Root Port"
  4. name "pci-bridge", bus PCI, desc "Standard PCI Bridge"
  5. name "usb-host", bus usb-bus
  6. name "usb-hub", bus usb-bus
  7. name "x3130-upstream", bus PCI, desc "TI X3130 Upstream Port of PCI Express Switch"
  8. name "xio3130-downstream", bus PCI, desc "TI X3130 Downstream Port of PCI Express Switch"
  9.  
  10. USB devices:
  11. name "ich9-usb-ehci1", bus PCI
  12. name "ich9-usb-ehci2", bus PCI
  13. name "ich9-usb-uhci1", bus PCI
  14. name "ich9-usb-uhci2", bus PCI
  15. name "ich9-usb-uhci3", bus PCI
  16. name "ich9-usb-uhci4", bus PCI
  17. name "ich9-usb-uhci5", bus PCI
  18. name "ich9-usb-uhci6", bus PCI
  19. name "nec-usb-xhci", bus PCI
  20. name "piix3-usb-uhci", bus PCI
  21. name "piix4-usb-uhci", bus PCI
  22. name "usb-ehci", bus PCI
  23. name "vt82c686b-usb-uhci", bus PCI
  24.  
  25. Storage devices:
  26. name "ich9-ahci", bus PCI, alias "ahci"
  27. name "ide-cd", bus IDE, desc "virtual IDE CD-ROM"
  28. name "ide-drive", bus IDE, desc "virtual IDE disk or CD-ROM (legacy)"
  29. name "ide-hd", bus IDE, desc "virtual IDE disk"
  30. name "scsi-block", bus SCSI, desc "SCSI block device passthrough"
  31. name "scsi-cd", bus SCSI, desc "virtual SCSI CD-ROM"
  32. name "scsi-disk", bus SCSI, desc "virtual SCSI disk or CD-ROM (legacy)"
  33. name "scsi-generic", bus SCSI, desc "pass through generic scsi device (/dev/sg*)"
  34. name "scsi-hd", bus SCSI, desc "virtual SCSI disk"
  35. name "usb-bot", bus usb-bus
  36. name "usb-storage", bus usb-bus
  37. name "virtio-blk-device", bus virtio-bus
  38. name "virtio-blk-pci", bus PCI, alias "virtio-blk"
  39. name "virtio-scsi-device", bus virtio-bus
  40. name "virtio-scsi-pci", bus PCI
  41.  
  42. Network devices:
  43. name "e1000", bus PCI, desc "Intel Gigabit Ethernet"
  44. name "rtl8139", bus PCI
  45. name "virtio-net-device", bus virtio-bus
  46. name "virtio-net-pci", bus PCI, alias "virtio-net"
  47.  
  48. Input devices:
  49. name "ccid-card-passthru", bus ccid-bus, desc "passthrough smartcard"
  50. name "isa-serial", bus ISA
  51. name "pci-serial", bus PCI
  52. name "usb-ccid", bus usb-bus, desc "CCID Rev 1.1 smartcard reader"
  53. name "usb-kbd", bus usb-bus
  54. name "usb-mouse", bus usb-bus
  55. name "virtconsole", bus virtio-serial-bus
  56. name "virtio-serial-device", bus virtio-bus
  57. name "virtio-serial-pci", bus PCI, alias "virtio-serial"
  58. name "virtserialport", bus virtio-serial-bus
  59.  
  60. Display devices:
  61. name "cirrus-vga", bus PCI, desc "Cirrus CLGD 54xx VGA"
  62. name "qxl", bus PCI, desc "Spice QXL GPU (secondary)"
  63. name "qxl-vga", bus PCI, desc "Spice QXL GPU (primary, vga compatible)"
  64. name "sga", bus ISA, desc "Serial Graphics Adapter"
  65. name "VGA", bus PCI
  66.  
  67. Sound devices:
  68. name "AC97", bus PCI, desc "Intel 82801AA AC97 Audio"
  69. name "hda-duplex", bus HDA, desc "HDA Audio Codec, duplex (line-out, line-in)"
  70. name "hda-micro", bus HDA, desc "HDA Audio Codec, duplex (speaker, microphone)"
  71. name "hda-output", bus HDA, desc "HDA Audio Codec, output-only (line-out)"
  72. name "ich9-intel-hda", bus PCI, desc "Intel HD Audio Controller (ich9)"
  73. name "intel-hda", bus PCI, desc "Intel HD Audio Controller (ich6)"
  74.  
  75. Misc devices:
  76. name "i6300esb", bus PCI
  77. name "ib700", bus ISA
  78. name "isa-debug-exit", bus ISA
  79. name "isa-debugcon", bus ISA
  80. name "kvm-pci-assign", bus PCI, alias "pci-assign", desc "KVM-based PCI passthrough"
  81. name "pc-testdev", bus ISA
  82. name "pci-testdev", bus PCI, desc "PCI Test Device"
  83. name "usb-redir", bus usb-bus
  84. name "usb-tablet", bus usb-bus
  85. name "vfio-pci", bus PCI, desc "VFIO-based PCI device assignment"
  86. name "virtio-balloon-device", bus virtio-bus
  87. name "virtio-balloon-pci", bus PCI, alias "virtio-balloon"
  88. name "virtio-rng-device", bus virtio-bus
  89. name "virtio-rng-pci", bus PCI
  90.  
  91. Uncategorized devices:
  92. name "pvpanic", bus ISA

[root@localhost lib]# /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -device VGA,?

  1. VGA.vgamem_mb=uint32
  2. VGA.mmio=on/off
  3. VGA.addr=pci-devfn
  4. VGA.romfile=string
  5. VGA.rombar=uint32
  6. VGA.multifunction=on/off
  7. VGA.command_serr_enable=on/off

[root@localhost lib]# /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -device qxl,?

  1. qxl.ram_size=uint32
  2. qxl.vram_size=uint32
  3. qxl.revision=uint32
  4. qxl.debug=uint32
  5. qxl.guestdebug=uint32
  6. qxl.cmdlog=uint32
  7. qxl.ram_size_mb=uint32
  8. qxl.vram_size_mb=uint32
  9. qxl.vram64_size_mb=uint32
  10. qxl.vgamem_mb=uint32
  11. qxl.surfaces=int32
  12. qxl.addr=pci-devfn
  13. qxl.romfile=string
  14. qxl.rombar=uint32
  15. qxl.multifunction=on/off
  16. qxl.command_serr_enable=on/off

[root@localhost lib]# /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -device e1000,?

  1. e1000.mac=macaddr
  2. e1000.vlan=vlan
  3. e1000.netdev=netdev
  4. e1000.bootindex=int32
  5. e1000.autonegotiation=on/off
  6. e1000.addr=pci-devfn
  7. e1000.romfile=string
  8. e1000.rombar=uint32
  9. e1000.multifunction=on/off
  10. e1000.command_serr_enable=on/off

命令行参数

  1. [root@localhost lib]# /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -h|more
  2. QEMU emulator version 1.5.3 (qemu-kvm-1.5.3-105.el7_2.4), Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
  3.  
  4. WARNING: Direct use of qemu-kvm from the command line is not supported by Red Hat.
  5. WARNING: Use libvirt as the stable management interface.
  6. WARNING: Some command line options listed here may not be available in future releases.
  7.  
  8. -machine
  9. -cpu
  10. -smp n			set the number of CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
  11. -boot			[order=drives]	'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
  12. -m megs         set virtual RAM size to megs MB [default=128]
  13. -name 			string1[,process=string2]
  14.                 set the name of the guest
  15. -cdrom file
  16. -display sdl[,frame=on|off][,alt_grab=on|off][,ctrl_grab=on|off]
  17.             [,window_close=on|off]|curses|none|
  18.             vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
  19.                 select display type
  20. -nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
  21. -spice [port=port][,password=<secret>]
  22. 				at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
  23. -vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|none]
  24.                 select video card type
  25. -full-screen    start in full screen
  26. -vnc display    start a VNC server on display
  27.  
  28. -net nic　　其中，“-net nic”这个是必须的参数，表明这是一个网卡的配置。如果没有，虚拟机启动后就不会有网卡
  29. -net user 用户网络模式
    http://www.diyoms.com/cloud/836.html
    http://qemu.weilnetz.de/qemu-doc.html#Using-TAP-network-interfaces
  1. 用户模式客户机可以直接连接宿主机和外部网络,而且完全由qemu自身完全实现，不依赖于(bridge,dnsmasq,iptables等),不需要root权限
  2. Qemu使用slirp实现了一套Tcp/ip协议栈，而且用这个协议栈实现了一套虚拟的NAT网络。
  3. qemu-kvm默认使用：-net nic -net user
  4. 优点:简单、独立性好、不需要root权限、客户机网络隔离性好。
  5. 缺点:
  6. 1、性能差
  7. 2、不支持部分网络功能(如ICMP),所以不能再客户机中使用ping命令测试,
  8. 3、不能从宿主机或外部网络直接访问客户机
  9.  
  10. -net user
  11.  
  12. dhcpstart=addr  设置分配给客户机的第一个Ip,在qemu内嵌的DHCP服务器中有16个IP地址可以分配，默认是(如10.0.2.15~10.0.2.30)
  13. dns=addr   指定虚拟的DNS地址，该地址不能与宿主机一样，默认为网络中的第三个IP地址（如:10.0.2.3）
  14.  
  15. qemu-kvm   centos6u5.img  -m 1024  -smp 2 -net nic -net user,tftp=/root/tftp,hostfwd=tcp::5022-hostfwd=tcp::5080-:80
  1. -net none       use it alone to have zero network devices. If no -net option
  2.                 is provided, the default is '-net nic -net user'
  3. -net nic -net bridge
  4.  
  5. Linux/Multiboot boot specific:
  6. -kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
  7. -append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
  8. -initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
  9. -dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image
  10.  
  11. -daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
  12. -echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
  13. During emulation, the following keys are useful:
  14. ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
  15. ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
  16. ctrl-alt        toggle mouse and keyboard grab
  17.  
  18. When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

命令行参数解释及实例

  1. 在qemu-kvm命令行中，添加“-nographic”参数可以完全关闭QEMU的图形界面输出，从而让QEMU在该模式下完全成为简单的命令行工具。而QEMU中模拟产生的串口被重定向到了当前的控制台（console）中，所以如果在客户机中对其内核进行配置从而让内核的控制台输出重定向到串口后，就依然可以在非图形模式下管理客户机系统或调试客户机的内核。
  2.  
  3. 在命令行直接安装虚拟机
  4. mount -o loop CentOS-6.5-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso /mnt
  5. qemu-img create -f qcow2 cs66.qcow2 8G
  6. /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm  -boot order=dc -hda cs66.qcow2 -cdrom CentOS-6.5-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso -m 1024 -nographic -append console=ttyS0 -kernel /mnt/isolinux/vmlinuz -initrd /mnt/isolinux/initrd.img
  7. kill 掉上面的进程，重启去掉一些参数再如下启动
  8. /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm  -boot order=dc -hda cs66.qcow2 -m 1024 -nographic
  9.  
  10. 宿主机是cs72,虚拟机是cs65
  11. 安装好系统之后，先用spice启动
  12. 1.先启动/usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -boot order=dc -hda cs65.qcow2 -m 1024 -spice port=9987,password=1234
  13. 2.windows的spice客户端去连接，进去之后，vi /boot/grub/grub.cfg,在内核行后加入console=ttyS0然后保存关机
  14. 3.再加-nographic参数后启动，/usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -boot order=dc -hda cs65.qcow2 -m 1024 -nographic
  15. 这样就在宿主机本地启动了
  16.  
  17. man qemu-kvm
    debug/expert options
  1. /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -enable-kvm -monitor stdio
  2.  
  3. 服务器启动 /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -boot dc -hda disk/cs65.qcow2 -m 1024 -vnc :2 -daemonize -net bridge -net nic -enable-kvm -monitor telnet:192.168.10.101:4444,server,nowait
  4.  
  5. 客户端连接 telnet 192.168.10.101 4444
  6.  
  7. /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -boot dc -hda disk/cs65.qcow2 -m 1024 -vnc :2 -daemonize -net bridge -net nic -enable-kvm -monitor tcp:192.168.10.101:4445,server,nowait
  8.  
  9. nc 192.168.10.101 4445
  10.  
  11.     tcp – raw tcp sockets  #下面第2点，我的举例是RAW TCP socket
        telnet – the telnet protocol is used instead of raw tcp sockets. This is the preferred option over tcp as you can break out of the monitor using Ctrl-] then typing quit. You can’t break out of the monitor like this after connecting with the raw socket option
        10.1.77.82 – Listen on this host/IP only. You can use 127.0.0.1 if you want to only allow connections locally. If you want to listen on any ip address on the server, just leave this blank so you end up with two consecutive colons ie “::” .
        4444 – port number to listen on.
        server – listening in server mode
        nowait – qemu will wait for a client socket application to connect to the port before continuing unless this option is used. In most cases you’ll want to use the nowait option.

日志问题追查

  1. Jul 31 11:02:59 localhost kernel: kvm [1463]: vcpu0 disabled perfctr wrmsr: 0xc2 data 0xffff
  2. Jul 31 11:02:59 localhost kernel: kvm [1463]: vcpu0 unhandled rdmsr: 0x570
  1. cpu标志
  2. [root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo
  3. flags           : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm arat pln pts dtherm tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid xsaveopt
  4.  
  5. 日志中kvm报出来的关于cpu的情况
  6. [root@localhost ~]# tail -20 /var/log/messages-20160731
  7. Jul 31 11:02:59 localhost kernel: kvm [1463]: vcpu0 disabled perfctr wrmsr: 0xc2 data 0xffff
  8. Jul 31 11:02:59 localhost kernel: kvm [1463]: vcpu0 unhandled rdmsr: 0x570
  9.  
  10. 这是kvm支持的cpu特征
  11. [root@localhost ~]# /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -cpu ?|grep msr
  12.   pbe ia64 tm ht ss sse2 sse fxsr mmx acpi ds clflush pn pse36 pat cmov mca pge mtrr sep apic cx8 mce pae msr tsc pse de vme fpu
  13.   perfctr_nb perfctr_core topoext tbm nodeid_msr tce fma4 lwp wdt skinit xop ibs osvw 3dnowprefetch misalignsse sse4a abm cr8legacy extapic svm cmp_legacy lahf_lm
  14.  
  15. cpu flag msr概念
  16. Model Specific Register (MSR) as the name implies is model specific and may change from processor model number (n) to processor model number (n+1).
  17. 读写方法
  18. MSR 是CPU 的一组64 位寄存器，可以分别通过RDMSR 和WRMSR 两条指令进行读和写的操作，前提要在ECX 中写入MSR 的地址。对于RDMSR 指令，将会返回相应的MSR 中64bit 信息到(EDX：EAX)寄存器中；对于WRMSR 指令，把要写入的信息存入(EDX：EAX)中，执行写指令后，即可将相应的信息存入ECX 指定的MSR 中。MSR 的指令必须执行在level 0 或实模式下。
  19. 作用
  20. MSR 总体来是为了设置CPU 的工作环境和标示CPU 的工作状态，包括温度控制，性能监控等，具体来说，分为以下几项:
  21.  
  22. [root@localhost ~]# lsmod|grep papi
  23. [root@localhost ~]# modprobe papi
  24. modprobe: FATAL: Module papi not found.
  25.  
  26. [root@localhost ~]# lsmod |grep perfctr
  27. [root@localhost ~]# modprobe perfctr
  28. modprobe: FATAL: Module perfctr not found.
  29.  
  30. # modprobe perfctr 加载模块
  31. lsmod 显示模块
  32. rmmod perfctr移除模块
  33. 若perfctr模块安装成功后，你将看到perfctr模块，并且你可以在 /lib/modules/2.6.19-zkl-perfctr/kernel/drivers/perfctr中看到perfctr模块perfctr.ko
  34.  
  35. 需要使用PAPI得到硬件级的数据，即与微指令相关的数据，
  36. 例如 L1/L2 cache miss、TLB miss、Cycle等，而PAPI需要perfctr（Performance-monitoring counters support）模块的支持，
  37. 而Linux内核当中默认没有perfctr模块，并且perfctr只在某些内核上被支持，它实际上是内核的一个补丁，需要重新编译内核，打上补丁才能在内核上运行perfctr模块。更多信息参考papi和perfctr的INSTALL文件。
  38.  
  39. PAPI (Performance Application Programming Interface),它是一套API,通过它可以访问CPU性能计数器的数据,
  40. 例如 L1/L2 Cache,CPU Cycle,CPU Instruction,TLB等.
  41. PAPI官网是: http://icl.cs.utk.edu/papi/
  42.  
  43. [root@localhost ~]# yum search papi
  44. Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
  45. Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
  46.  * base: mirrors.hust.edu.cn
  47.  * extras: mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn
  48.  * updates: mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn
  49. =================================================== N/S matched: papi ====================================================
  50. papi-devel.i686 : Header files for the compiling programs with PAPI
  51. papi-devel.x86_64 : Header files for the compiling programs with PAPI
  52. papi-static.i686 : Static libraries for the compiling programs with PAPI
  53. papi-static.x86_64 : Static libraries for the compiling programs with PAPI
  54. papi-testsuite.x86_64 : Set of tests for checking PAPI functionality
  55. papi.i686 : Performance Application Programming Interface
  56. papi.x86_64 : Performance Application Programming Interface
  57. pcp-pmda-papi.x86_64 : Performance Co-Pilot (PCP) metrics for Performance API and hardware counters

virt-manager做快照，其实是将当前状态整个保存在磁盘上，从下面可以看到容量的变量，做完以后，snapshot -l才会增加一条记录，对oracle4作了一次快照7.4G,用了10多分钟。

  1. [root@kvm disk]# pwd
  2. /home/kvm/disk
  3. [root@kvm disk]# ll
  4. total 273772440
  5. -rw------- 1 qemu qemu   2238185472 Nov  9 15:48 asm-crs.qcow2
  6. -rw------- 1 qemu qemu   8532787200 Nov  9 15:48 asm-data1.qcow2
  7. -rw------- 1 qemu qemu   6071648256 Nov  9 15:48 asm-data2.qcow2
  8. -rw------- 1 qemu qemu   9287696384 Nov  9 15:48 asm-fra.qcow2
  9. -rw------- 1 root root  53695545344 Dec  9  2016 iscsi-share.qcow2
  10. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  87976050688 Dec  2 14:41 oracle1.qcow2
  11. -rw------- 1 qemu qemu  75245158400 Dec 15 10:42 oracle3.qcow2
  12. -rw------- 1 qemu qemu  19414646784 Dec 15 10:42 oracle4-db-file.qcow2
  13. -rw------- 1 qemu qemu  18080858112 Dec 15 10:42 oracle4-db-fra.qcow2
  14. -rw------- 1 qemu qemu  13367050240 Dec 15 10:41 oracle4-db-soft.qcow2
  15. -rw------- 1 qemu qemu  36824350720 Dec 15 10:41 oracle4-os.qcow2
  16. -rw------- 1 qemu qemu 111209349120 Dec 15 10:42 oracle-test.qcow2
  17. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  53695545344 Nov 30  2016 rac1.qcow2
  18. -rw------- 1 root root  53695545344 Dec  3  2016 rac2.qcow2
  19. -rw------- 1 root root  53695545344 Nov 29  2016 rac-share.qcow2
  20. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  21478375424 Jan 14  2017 test.qcow2
  21.  
  22. [root@kvm disk]# qemu-img snapshot -l oracle1.qcow2
  23. Snapshot list:
  24. ID        TAG                 VM SIZE                DATE       VM CLOCK
  25. 1         snapshot1              7.9G 2017-01-26 14:16:35   01:13:03.990
  26.  
  27. [root@kvm disk]# qemu-img snapshot -l oracle4-db-file.qcow2
  28. Snapshot list:
  29. ID        TAG                 VM SIZE                DATE       VM CLOCK
  30. 1         snapshot1                 0 2017-03-11 10:42:52   01:34:06.874
  31. 2         snapshot2                 0 2017-12-14 11:06:23   53:46:10.040
  32.  
  33. [root@kvm disk]# qemu-img snapshot -l oracle4-db-fra.qcow2
  34. Snapshot list:
  35. ID        TAG                 VM SIZE                DATE       VM CLOCK
  36. 1         snapshot1                 0 2017-03-11 10:42:52   01:34:06.874
  37. 2         snapshot2                 0 2017-12-14 11:06:23   53:46:10.040
  38.  
  39. [root@kvm disk]# qemu-img snapshot -l oracle4-db-soft.qcow2
  40. Snapshot list:
  41. ID        TAG                 VM SIZE                DATE       VM CLOCK
  42. 1         snapshot1                 0 2017-03-11 10:42:52   01:34:06.874
  43. 2         snapshot2                 0 2017-12-14 11:06:23   53:46:10.040
  44.  
  45. [root@kvm disk]# qemu-img snapshot -l oracle4-os.qcow2
  46. Snapshot list:
  47. ID        TAG                 VM SIZE                DATE       VM CLOCK
  48. 1         snapshot1              7.4G 2017-03-11 10:42:52   01:34:06.874
  49. 2         snapshot2              7.7G 2017-12-14 11:06:23   53:46:10.040
  50.  
  51. [root@kvm disk]# qemu-img info oracle4-os.qcow2
  52. image: oracle4-os.qcow2
  53. file format: qcow2
  54. virtual size: 15G (16106127360 bytes)
  55. disk size: 24G
  56. cluster_size: 65536
  57. Snapshot list:
  58. ID        TAG                 VM SIZE                DATE       VM CLOCK
  59. 1         snapshot1              7.4G 2017-03-11 10:42:52   01:34:06.874
  60. 2         snapshot2              7.7G 2017-12-14 11:06:23   53:46:10.040
  61. Format specific information:
  62.     compat: 1.1
  63.     lazy refcounts: true

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