Python之路【第四篇】：模块

什么是模块：

模块就是一个功能的集合。

模块就和乐高积木差不多，你用这些模块组合出一个模型，然后也可以用这个模块加上其他的模块组合成一个新的模型

模块的种类：

1、内置模块（python自带的比如os、file等模块）

2、自定义模块，自己写的模块

3、第三方模块

模块的导入：

import module  #导入模块下的全部模块
from module.xx.xx import *  #导入模块下的全部模块
from module.xx.xx import xx  #导入某块下的指定模块
from module.xx.xx import xx as rename   #导入指定模块并给他设置别名 

内置模块

1、os用于提供系统级别的操作

os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径
os.chdir("dirname")  改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cd
os.curdir  返回当前目录: ('.')
os.pardir  获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：('..')
os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2')    可生成多层递归目录
os.removedirs('dirname1')    若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推
os.mkdir('dirname')    生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirname
os.rmdir('dirname')    删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirname
os.listdir('dirname')    列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印
os.remove()  删除一个文件
os.rename("oldname","newname")  重命名文件/目录
os.stat('path/filename')  获取文件/目录信息
os.sep    输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"
os.linesep    输出当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n"
os.pathsep    输出用于分割文件路径的字符串
os.name    输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix'
os.system("bash command")  运行shell命令，直接显示
os.environ  获取系统环境变量
os.path.abspath(path)  返回path规范化的绝对路径
os.path.split(path)  将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回
os.path.dirname(path)  返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素
os.path.basename(path)  返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素
os.path.exists(path)  如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回False
os.path.isabs(path)  如果path是绝对路径，返回True
os.path.isfile(path)  如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回False
os.path.isdir(path)  如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回False
os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])  将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略
os.path.getatime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间
os.path.getmtime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间

2、sys用于提供对解释器相关的操作

sys.argv           命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径
sys.exit(n)        退出程序，正常退出时exit(0)
sys.version        获取Python解释程序的版本信息
sys.maxint         最大的Int值
sys.path           返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值
sys.platform       返回操作系统平台名称
sys.stdout.write('please:')
val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]

3、hashlib

mport hashlib
 
# ######## md5 ########
 
hash = hashlib.md5()
hash.update('shuaige')
print hash.hexdigest()
 
>>> import hashlib
>>> hash = hashlib.md5()
>>> hash.update('shuaige')
>>> print hash.hexdigest()
37d2b9990df5a6843caf19352fee42a6
 
# ######## sha1 ########
 
hash = hashlib.sha1()
hash.update('shuaige')
print hash.hexdigest()
 
>>> hash = hashlib.sha1()
>>> hash.update('shuaige')
>>> print hash.hexdigest()
fdb58cf91e7291b67815440281e4154e87747b68
# ######## sha256 ########
 
hash = hashlib.sha256()
hash.update('shuaige')
print hash.hexdigest()
 
>>> hash = hashlib.sha256()
>>> hash.update('shuaige')
>>> print hash.hexdigest()
0dc6e2b03447ac1fde5a8ae5f9d609b2b37f26f5c8aeec5d244dde6184fde90d
# ######## sha384 ########
 
hash = hashlib.sha384()
hash.update('shuaige')
print hash.hexdigest()
 
>>> hash = hashlib.sha384()
>>> hash.update('shuaige')
>>> print hash.hexdigest()
6dd79c38dc27c8f69411c2e77face2209606e08702fcbe7c5f73bb9e6a9ef1f58890156604ad6c71581dc5b6f7aea85e
# ######## sha512 ########
 
hash = hashlib.sha512()
hash.update('shuaige')
print hash.hexdigest()
 
>>> hash = hashlib.sha512()
>>> hash.update('shuaige')
>>> print hash.hexdigest()
e9c94882cb0d9c61919f4d4c539a8bafe5f5a0708d214fbd50343c1e96a01ebb732883d0b0b36bff1e542cff69071395f511650944561807488700c71fb06338

以上加密算法虽然依然非常厉害，但时候存在缺陷，即：通过撞库可以反解。所以，有必要对加密算法中添加自定义key再来做加密。

hash = hashlib.md5('898oaFs09f')
hash.update('shuaige')
print hash.hexdigest()
 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
>>> hash = hashlib.md5('898oaFs09f')  #这里把自定义的信息加上然后在进行加密
>>> hash.update('shuaige')
>>> print hash.hexdigest()
6d1233c4e14a52379c6bc7a045411dc3

还有厉害的加密方法：python 还有一个 hmac 模块，它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密

import hmac
h = hmac.new('shuaige')
h.update('hello laoshi')
print h.hexdigest()

4、json 和 pickle

用于序列化的两个模块

json，用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
pickle，用于python特有的类型 和 python的数据类型间进行转换

json模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load

json dumps把数据类型转换成字符串 dump把数据类型转换成字符串并存储在文件中  loads把字符串转换成数据类型  load把文件打开从字符串转换成数据类型

pickle同理

现在有个场景在不同设备之间进行数据交换很low的方式就是传文件，dumps可以直接把服务器A中内存的东西发给其他服务器，比如B服务器、

在很多场景下如果用pickle的话那A的和B的程序都的是python程序这个是不现实的，很多时候都是不同的程序之间的内存交换怎么办？就用到了json(和html类似的语言)

并且josn能dump的结果更可读，那么有人就问了，那还用pickle做什么不直接用josn，是这样的josn只能把常用的数据类型序列化（列表、字典、列表、字符串、数字、），比如日期格式、类对象！josn就不行了。

为什么他不能序列化上面的东西呢？因为josn是跨语言的！

例子如下：

#!/usr/bin/env python
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
__author__ = 'luotianshuai'
 
import json
 
test_dic = {'name':'luotianshuai','age':18}
print '未dumps前类型为:',type(test_dic)
#dumps 将数据通过特殊的形式转换为所有程序语言都识别的字符串
json_str = json.dumps(test_dic)
print 'dumps后的类型为:',type(json_str)
 
#loads 将字符串通过特殊的形式转为python是数据类型
 
new_dic = json.loads(json_str)
print '重新loads加载为数据类型:',type(new_dic)
 
print '*' * 50
 
#dump 将数据通过特殊的形式转换为所有语言都识别的字符串并写入文件
with open('test.txt','w') as openfile:
    json.dump(new_dic,openfile)
    print 'dump为文件完成!!!!!'
#load 从文件读取字符串并转换为python的数据类型
 
with open('test.txt','rb') as loadfile:
    load_dic = json.load(loadfile)
    print 'load 并赋值给load_dic后的数据类型:',type(load_dic)

5、ConfigParser

用于对特定的配置进行操作，当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser。

# 注释1
; 注释2
 
[section1]
k1 = v1
k2:v2
 
[section2]
k1 = v1
 
import ConfigParser
 
config = ConfigParser.ConfigParser()
config.read('i.cfg')
 
# ########## 读 ##########
#secs = config.sections()
#print secs
#options = config.options('group2')
#print options
 
#item_list = config.items('group2')
#print item_list
 
#val = config.get('group1','key')
#val = config.getint('group1','key')
 
# ########## 改写 ##########
#sec = config.remove_section('group1')
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
 
#sec = config.has_section('shuaige')
#sec = config.add_section('shuaige')
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
 
#config.set('group2','k1',11111)
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
 
#config.remove_option('group2','age')
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))

6、操作系统相关命令：

可以执行shell命令的相关模块和函数有：

• os.system
• os.spawn*
• os.popen*          --废弃
• popen2.*           --废弃
• commands.*      --废弃，3.x中被移除

#!/usr/bin/env python
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 
import commands
testmodel = commands.getoutput('fdisk -l ')   #获取用户的输出结果（结果以字符串存储）
type(testmodel)
#<type 'str'>
 
commands.getstatus('/etc/passwd') #判断文件是否存在，存在返回不存在报错
#'-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1196 Oct 19 20:15 /etc/passwd'
commands.getstatus('/etc/passwdsd')
#'ls: cannot access /etc/passwdsd: No such file or directory'
 
result = commands.getstatusoutput('cmd') #获取用户的输出结果和状态正确状态为：0

以上执行shell命令的相关的模块和函数的功能均在 subprocess 模块中实现，并提供了更丰富的功能。建议以后使用此方法来执行系统命令：

call  :执行命令，输出和状态码，如果正确状态码为0，错误为大于0的值！

import subprocess
subprocess.call(["ls",'-l','/etc/'],shell=False)  #使用python执行shell命令shell=False
subprocess.call(‘ls -l /etc/ ’,shell=True)  #使用原生的shell执行命令shell=True
#一般建议统一使用python执行shell命名除非python没有的，在建议使用shell原生执行

check_call：执行命令，如果执行状态码是 0 ，则返回0，否则抛异常

import subprocess
 
>>>subprocess.call(["ls",'-l','/etc/'],shell=False)   #执行成功返回状态码0
>>>subprocess.call(["ls",'-l','/etc/sdfsdf'],shell=False) #执行错误直接报异常
 
>>> subprocess.check_call('exit 1' ,shell=True)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py", line 540, in check_call
    raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd)
subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command 'exit 1' returned non-zero exit status 1
>>> subprocess.check_call('exit 0' ,shell=True)
0
>>> 

check_output:执行命令，如果状态码是 0 ，则返回执行结果，否则抛异常

>>> subprocess.check_output(["echo", "Hello World!"]) #执行结果成功状态码是0直接返回结果
'Hello World!\n'
>>> subprocess.check_output(["echo1", "Hello World!"]) #执行结果失败状态码不为0直接报错
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py", line 566, in check_output
    process = Popen(stdout=PIPE, *popenargs, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py", line 710, in __init__
    errread, errwrite)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py", line 1327, in _execute_child
    raise child_exception
OSError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory

subprocess.Popen(...) :用于执行复杂的系统命令

'''
参数：
args：shell命令，可以是字符串或者序列类型（如：list，元组）
bufsize：指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
stdin, stdout, stderr：分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
preexec_fn：只在Unix平台下有效，用于指定一个可执行对象（callable object），它将在子进程运行之前被调用
close_sfs：在windows平台下，如果close_fds被设置为True，则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。
shell：同上
cwd：用于设置子进程的当前目录
env：用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None，子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
universal_newlines：不同系统的换行符不同，True -> 同意使用 \n
startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数，用于设置子进程的一些属性，如：主窗口的外观，进程的优先级等等
'''
 
import subprocess
ret1 = subprocess.Popen(["mkdir","t1"])
ret2 = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t2", shell=True)

import subprocess
 
obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) #启动一个交互的的程序，但是你的有标准的输入和输出、错误，类似一个管道
#stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE  类似管道
#这个的作用是，你可以用python把外部的程序长期启动了！
obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ')
obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ')
obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ')
obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ')
obj.stdin.close()  #关闭标准输入
 
#这里输入完成了是不是的把他的输出读出来？
cmd_out = obj.stdout.read() #获取启动的进程的标准输出
obj.stdout.close() #关闭标准输出
cmd_error = obj.stderr.read() #获取启动的进程的标准错误
obj.stderr.close() #关闭启动程序的标准错误
 
print cmd_out #打印标准输出  （空的？）
print cmd_error #打印标准错误
 
'''
#>>> obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
#>>> obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ')
#>>> obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ')
#>>> obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ')
#>>> obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ')
#Traceback (most recent call last):
#  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
#IOError: [Errno 32] Broken pipe   #这里是因为，pipe管道最大的能允许保存的内容为64k如果大于64k就会出现问题，线面的communicate()方法就会把输出放到内存
'''
 
#tim@tim:~$ ps -ef |grep -i python
#root       2290   2280  0 21:38 pts/0    00:00:00 python
#root       2313   2290  0 21:47 pts/0    00:00:00 [python] <defunct>  #这里会产生一个僵尸进程，直接使用obj.wait()  原因请看下面的
#tim        2317   2292  0 21:48 pts/3    00:00:00 grep --color=auto -i python
#tim@tim:~$ 
 
import subprocess
obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ')
obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ')
obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ')
obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ')
 
out_error_list = obj.communicate()
print out_error_list
 
import subprocess
obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
out_error_list = obj.communicate('print "hello"')
print out_error_list

６、shutil 高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块

高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块

shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中，可以部分内容

>>> s = file('test.py','rb')
>>> d = file('new.py','wb')
>>> shutil.copy
shutil.copy(         shutil.copyfile(     shutil.copymode(     shutil.copytree(
shutil.copy2(        shutil.copyfileobj(  shutil.copystat(
>>> shutil.copy
shutil.copy(         shutil.copyfile(     shutil.copymode(     shutil.copytree(
shutil.copy2(        shutil.copyfileobj(  shutil.copystat(
>>> shutil.copyfileobj(s,d)
>>> d.close()
>>> exit()
root@tim:/opt# ls
new.py  test.py
root@tim:/opt# 
 
'''
def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024):
    """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst"""
    while 1:
        buf = fsrc.read(length)
        if not buf:
            break
        fdst.write(buf)
'''

shutil.copyfile(src, dst)

拷贝文件

>>> import shutil
>>> shutil.copyfile('new.py','newnew.py')
>>> import subprocess
subprocess.Popen(['ls','-l'])
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f533f61c090>
>>> total 12
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:38 newnew.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:35 new.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:32 test.py
 
'''
def copyfile(src, dst):
    """Copy data from src to dst"""
    if _samefile(src, dst):
        raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst))
 
    for fn in [src, dst]:
        try:
            st = os.stat(fn)
        except OSError:
            # File most likely does not exist
            pass
        else:
            # XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...)
            if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):
                raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn)
 
    with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc:
        with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst:
            copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
'''

shutil.copymode(src, dst)

仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变

>>> subprocess.Popen("ls -l ",shell=True)
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f533f606fd0>
>>> total 12
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:38 newnew.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:35 new.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:32 test.py
 
>>> shutil.copymode('new.py','newnew.py')
>>> subprocess.Popen("ls -l ",shell=True)
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f533f61c050>
>>> total 12
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:38 newnew.py#权限已经同步成new.py的了
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:35 new.py#
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:32 test.py
 
>>> 
 
'''
def copymode(src, dst):
    """Copy mode bits from src to dst"""
    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
        st = os.stat(src)
        mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
        os.chmod(dst, mode)
'''

shutil.copystat(src, dst)

拷贝状态的信息，包括：mode bits, atime, mtime, flags

>>> subprocess.Popen("ls -l ",shell=True)
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f533f606fd0>
>>> total 12
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:38 newnew.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:35 new.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:32 test.py
 
>>> shutil.copystat('test.py','new.py')
>>> subprocess.Popen("ls -l ",shell=True)
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f533f61c050>
>>> total 12
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:38 newnew.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:32 new.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:32 test.py
 
'''
def copystat(src, dst):
    """Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst"""
    st = os.stat(src)
    mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
    if hasattr(os, 'utime'):
        os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))
    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
        os.chmod(dst, mode)
    if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'):
        try:
            os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags)
        except OSError, why:
            for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP':
                if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err):
                    break
            else:
                raise
'''

shutil.copy(src, dst)

拷贝文件和权限

>>> subprocess.Popen(['touch','shuaige.py'])
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f533f606fd0>
>>> subprocess.Popen(['ls','-l'])
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f533f61c310>
>>> total 12
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:38 newnew.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:32 new.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  0 Dec  7 22:54 shuaige.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:32 test.py
 
>>> shutil.copy('shuaige.py','shuaigenew.py')
>>> subprocess.Popen(['ls','-l'])
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f533f606fd0>
>>> total 12
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:38 newnew.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:32 new.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  0 Dec  7 22:54 shuaigenew.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  0 Dec  7 22:54 shuaige.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:32 test.py
 
'''
def copy(src, dst):
    """Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst").
 
    The destination may be a directory.
 
    """
    if os.path.isdir(dst):
        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
    copyfile(src, dst)
    copymode(src, dst)
'''

shutil.copy2(src, dst)

拷贝文件和状态信息

>>> subprocess.Popen(['ls','-l'])
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f533f606fd0>
>>> total 12
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:38 newnew.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:32 new.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  0 Dec  7 22:54 shuaigenew.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  0 Dec  7 22:54 shuaige.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:32 test.py
 
>>> shutil.copy2('newnew.py','newcopy2.py')
>>> subprocess.Popen(['ls','-l'])
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f533f61c310>
>>> total 16
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:38 newcopy2.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:38 newnew.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:32 new.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  0 Dec  7 22:54 shuaigenew.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  0 Dec  7 22:54 shuaige.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Dec  7 22:32 test.py
 
>>> subprocess.Popen(['date'])
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f533f606fd0>
>>> Mon Dec  7 22:57:38 CST 2015
'''
def copy2(src, dst):
    """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst").
 
    The destination may be a directory.
 
    """
    if os.path.isdir(dst):
        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
    copyfile(src, dst)
    copystat(src, dst)
'''

shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)

递归的去拷贝文件 例如：copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*')

#ubuntu 默认的可能没有安装tree，安装下即可apt-get install tree
#
root@tim:/opt# tree 1/
1/
└── 2
    └── 3
        └── 4
            └── 5
 
>>> shutil.copytree("","")
root@tim:/opt# tree 0
0
└── 2
    └── 3
        └── 4
            └── 5
 
4 directories, 0 files

def ignore_patterns(*patterns):
    """Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.
 
    Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns
    that are used to exclude files"""
    def _ignore_patterns(path, names):
        ignored_names = []
        for pattern in patterns:
            ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern))
        return set(ignored_names)
    return _ignore_patterns
 
def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None):
    """Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2().
 
    The destination directory must not already exist.
    If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.
 
    If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the
    source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if
    it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic
    links are copied.
 
    The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it
    is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory
    being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of
    `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir():
 
        callable(src, names) -> ignored_names
 
    Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be
    called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a
    list of names relative to the `src` directory that should
    not be copied.
 
    XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool.
 
    """
    names = os.listdir(src)
    if ignore is not None:
        ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
    else:
        ignored_names = set()
 
    os.makedirs(dst)
    errors = []
    for name in names:
        if name in ignored_names:
            continue
        srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
        dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
        try:
            if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
                linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
                os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
            elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
                copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)
            else:
                # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types
                copy2(srcname, dstname)
        # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
        # continue with other files
        except Error, err:
            errors.extend(err.args[0])
        except EnvironmentError, why:
            errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
    try:
        copystat(src, dst)
    except OSError, why:
        if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError):
            # Copying file access times may fail on Windows
            pass
        else:
            errors.append((src, dst, str(why)))
    if errors:
        raise Error, errors

shutil.copytree

shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])

递归的去删除文件

>>> subprocess.Popen(["mkdir","1/2/3/4/5/6"]
... )
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f0c175c6e10>
>>> mkdir: cannot create directory ‘1/2/3/4/5/6’: No such file or directory
 
>>> subprocess.Popen(["mkdir","-p","1/2/3/4/5/6"]
...
... )
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f0c1754ef90>
>>> subprocess.P
subprocess.PIPE    subprocess.Popen(
>>> subprocess.Popen(["tree",""])
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f0c175c6e10>
>>> 1
└── 2
    └── 3
        └── 4
            └── 5
                └── 6
 
5 directories, 0 files
 
>>> shutil.rmtree("")
>>> subprocess.Popen(['ls','-l'])
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f0c1754ef90>
>>> total 28
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   82 Oct 22 03:27 newshuaige
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   82 Oct 22 03:23 shuaige
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 22 02:12 t2
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 22 02:14 t3
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 22 02:14 t5
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 22 02:14 t6
drwxrwxrwx 3 root root 4096 Oct 21 21:22 tim

def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None):
    """Recursively delete a directory tree.
 
    If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror
    is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,
    path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir;
    path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and
    exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info().  If ignore_errors
    is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised.
 
    """
    if ignore_errors:
        def onerror(*args):
            pass
    elif onerror is None:
        def onerror(*args):
            raise
    try:
        if os.path.islink(path):
            # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669
            raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")
    except OSError:
        onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())
        # can't continue even if onerror hook returns
        return
    names = []
    try:
        names = os.listdir(path)
    except os.error, err:
        onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())
    for name in names:
        fullname = os.path.join(path, name)
        try:
            mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode
        except os.error:
            mode = 0
        if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):
            rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)
        else:
            try:
                os.remove(fullname)
            except os.error, err:
                onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())
    try:
        os.rmdir(path)
    except os.error:
        onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())

shutil.rmtree

shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的去移动文件

>>> shutil.move("shuaige","tianshuai")  #文件
>>> shutil.move("t2","testd")#目录
>>> subprocess.Popen(['ls','-l'])
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f0c17562050>
>>> total 28
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   82 Oct 22 03:27 newshuaige
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 22 02:14 t3
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 22 02:14 t5
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 22 02:14 t6
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 22 02:12 testd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   82 Oct 22 03:23 tianshuai
drwxrwxrwx 3 root root 4096 Oct 21 21:22 tim

def move(src, dst):
    """Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is
    similar to the Unix "mv" command.
 
    If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source
    is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already
    exist.
 
    If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be
    overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.
 
    If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.
    Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed.
    A lot more could be done here...  A look at a mv.c shows a lot of
    the issues this implementation glosses over.
 
    """
    real_dst = dst
    if os.path.isdir(dst):
        if _samefile(src, dst):
            # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,
            # perform the rename anyway.
            os.rename(src, dst)
            return
 
        real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))
        if os.path.exists(real_dst):
            raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst
    try:
        os.rename(src, real_dst)
    except OSError:
        if os.path.isdir(src):
            if _destinsrc(src, dst):
                raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst)
            copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)
            rmtree(src)
        else:
            copy2(src, real_dst)
            os.unlink(src)

shutil.move

shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)

创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar

base_name： 压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径，
    如：www                        =>保存至当前路径
    如：/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/
format： 压缩包种类，“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”，“gztar”
root_dir： 要压缩的文件夹路径（默认当前目录）
owner： 用户，默认当前用户
group： 组，默认当前组
logger： 用于记录日志，通常是logging.Logger对象

>>> shutil.make_archive("compress",format="zip",root_dir="")
'/opt/compress.zip'
>>> 
 
root@tim:/opt# ls
1  compress.zip  newshuaige  t3  t5  t6  testd  tianshuai  tim
 
root@tim:/opt# unzip compress.zip
Archive:  compress.zip
warning [compress.zip]:  zipfile is empty
 
#使用shutil压缩zip模式的话默认空目录不压缩！
 
root@tim:/opt# tree 1
1
└── 2
    └── 3
        └── 4
            └── 5
                ├── 6
                │   └── 7
                └── testzip
 
6 directories, 1 file
 
>>> shutil.make_archive("compress",format="zip",root_dir="")
'/opt/compress.zip'
>>> 
 
root@tim:/opt# unzip compress.zip
Archive:  compress.zip
  inflating: 2/3/4/5/testzip
root@tim:/opt# 

def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,
                 dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None):
    """Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar).
 
    'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific
    extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar"
    or "gztar".
 
    'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the
    archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the
    archive.  'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from;
    ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and
    directories in the archive.  'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default
    to the current directory.  Returns the name of the archive file.
 
    'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default,
    uses the current owner and group.
    """
    save_cwd = os.getcwd()
    if root_dir is not None:
        if logger is not None:
            logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir)
        base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)
        if not dry_run:
            os.chdir(root_dir)
 
    if base_dir is None:
        base_dir = os.curdir
 
    kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger}
 
    try:
        format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format]
    except KeyError:
        raise ValueError, "unknown archive format '%s'" % format
 
    func = format_info[0]
    for arg, val in format_info[1]:
        kwargs[arg] = val
 
    if format != 'zip':
        kwargs['owner'] = owner
        kwargs['group'] = group
 
    try:
        filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)
    finally:
        if root_dir is not None:
            if logger is not None:
                logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd)
            os.chdir(save_cwd)
 
    return filename

shutil.archive

shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的，详细：

import zipfile
 
# 压缩
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w')
z.write('a.log')
z.write('data.data')
z.close()
 
# 解压
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r')
z.extractall()
z.close()
 
import tarfile
 
# 压缩
tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w')
tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip')
tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip')
tar.close()
 
# 解压
tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r')
tar.extractall()  # 可设置解压地址
tar.close()

class ZipFile(object):
    """ Class with methods to open, read, write, close, list zip files.
 
    z = ZipFile(file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False)
 
    file: Either the path to the file, or a file-like object.
          If it is a path, the file will be opened and closed by ZipFile.
    mode: The mode can be either read "r", write "w" or append "a".
    compression: ZIP_STORED (no compression) or ZIP_DEFLATED (requires zlib).
    allowZip64: if True ZipFile will create files with ZIP64 extensions when
                needed, otherwise it will raise an exception when this would
                be necessary.
 
    """
 
    fp = None                   # Set here since __del__ checks it
 
    def __init__(self, file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False):
        """Open the ZIP file with mode read "r", write "w" or append "a"."""
        if mode not in ("r", "w", "a"):
            raise RuntimeError('ZipFile() requires mode "r", "w", or "a"')
 
        if compression == ZIP_STORED:
            pass
        elif compression == ZIP_DEFLATED:
            if not zlib:
                raise RuntimeError,\
                      "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module"
        else:
            raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported"
 
        self._allowZip64 = allowZip64
        self._didModify = False
        self.debug = 0  # Level of printing: 0 through 3
        self.NameToInfo = {}    # Find file info given name
        self.filelist = []      # List of ZipInfo instances for archive
        self.compression = compression  # Method of compression
        self.mode = key = mode.replace('b', '')[0]
        self.pwd = None
        self._comment = ''
 
        # Check if we were passed a file-like object
        if isinstance(file, basestring):
            self._filePassed = 0
            self.filename = file
            modeDict = {'r' : 'rb', 'w': 'wb', 'a' : 'r+b'}
            try:
                self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode])
            except IOError:
                if mode == 'a':
                    mode = key = 'w'
                    self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode])
                else:
                    raise
        else:
            self._filePassed = 1
            self.fp = file
            self.filename = getattr(file, 'name', None)
 
        try:
            if key == 'r':
                self._RealGetContents()
            elif key == 'w':
                # set the modified flag so central directory gets written
                # even if no files are added to the archive
                self._didModify = True
            elif key == 'a':
                try:
                    # See if file is a zip file
                    self._RealGetContents()
                    # seek to start of directory and overwrite
                    self.fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0)
                except BadZipfile:
                    # file is not a zip file, just append
                    self.fp.seek(0, 2)
 
                    # set the modified flag so central directory gets written
                    # even if no files are added to the archive
                    self._didModify = True
            else:
                raise RuntimeError('Mode must be "r", "w" or "a"')
        except:
            fp = self.fp
            self.fp = None
            if not self._filePassed:
                fp.close()
            raise
 
    def __enter__(self):
        return self
 
    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        self.close()
 
    def _RealGetContents(self):
        """Read in the table of contents for the ZIP file."""
        fp = self.fp
        try:
            endrec = _EndRecData(fp)
        except IOError:
            raise BadZipfile("File is not a zip file")
        if not endrec:
            raise BadZipfile, "File is not a zip file"
        if self.debug > 1:
            print endrec
        size_cd = endrec[_ECD_SIZE]             # bytes in central directory
        offset_cd = endrec[_ECD_OFFSET]         # offset of central directory
        self._comment = endrec[_ECD_COMMENT]    # archive comment
 
        # "concat" is zero, unless zip was concatenated to another file
        concat = endrec[_ECD_LOCATION] - size_cd - offset_cd
        if endrec[_ECD_SIGNATURE] == stringEndArchive64:
            # If Zip64 extension structures are present, account for them
            concat -= (sizeEndCentDir64 + sizeEndCentDir64Locator)
 
        if self.debug > 2:
            inferred = concat + offset_cd
            print "given, inferred, offset", offset_cd, inferred, concat
        # self.start_dir:  Position of start of central directory
        self.start_dir = offset_cd + concat
        fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0)
        data = fp.read(size_cd)
        fp = cStringIO.StringIO(data)
        total = 0
        while total < size_cd:
            centdir = fp.read(sizeCentralDir)
            if len(centdir) != sizeCentralDir:
                raise BadZipfile("Truncated central directory")
            centdir = struct.unpack(structCentralDir, centdir)
            if centdir[_CD_SIGNATURE] != stringCentralDir:
                raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for central directory")
            if self.debug > 2:
                print centdir
            filename = fp.read(centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH])
            # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information
            x = ZipInfo(filename)
            x.extra = fp.read(centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH])
            x.comment = fp.read(centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH])
            x.header_offset = centdir[_CD_LOCAL_HEADER_OFFSET]
            (x.create_version, x.create_system, x.extract_version, x.reserved,
                x.flag_bits, x.compress_type, t, d,
                x.CRC, x.compress_size, x.file_size) = centdir[1:12]
            x.volume, x.internal_attr, x.external_attr = centdir[15:18]
            # Convert date/time code to (year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
            x._raw_time = t
            x.date_time = ( (d>>9)+1980, (d>>5)&0xF, d&0x1F,
                                     t>>11, (t>>5)&0x3F, (t&0x1F) * 2 )
 
            x._decodeExtra()
            x.header_offset = x.header_offset + concat
            x.filename = x._decodeFilename()
            self.filelist.append(x)
            self.NameToInfo[x.filename] = x
 
            # update total bytes read from central directory
            total = (total + sizeCentralDir + centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH]
                     + centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]
                     + centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH])
 
            if self.debug > 2:
                print "total", total
 
    def namelist(self):
        """Return a list of file names in the archive."""
        l = []
        for data in self.filelist:
            l.append(data.filename)
        return l
 
    def infolist(self):
        """Return a list of class ZipInfo instances for files in the
        archive."""
        return self.filelist
 
    def printdir(self):
        """Print a table of contents for the zip file."""
        print "%-46s %19s %12s" % ("File Name", "Modified    ", "Size")
        for zinfo in self.filelist:
            date = "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" % zinfo.date_time[:6]
            print "%-46s %s %12d" % (zinfo.filename, date, zinfo.file_size)
 
    def testzip(self):
        """Read all the files and check the CRC."""
        chunk_size = 2 ** 20
        for zinfo in self.filelist:
            try:
                # Read by chunks, to avoid an OverflowError or a
                # MemoryError with very large embedded files.
                with self.open(zinfo.filename, "r") as f:
                    while f.read(chunk_size):     # Check CRC-32
                        pass
            except BadZipfile:
                return zinfo.filename
 
    def getinfo(self, name):
        """Return the instance of ZipInfo given 'name'."""
        info = self.NameToInfo.get(name)
        if info is None:
            raise KeyError(
                'There is no item named %r in the archive' % name)
 
        return info
 
    def setpassword(self, pwd):
        """Set default password for encrypted files."""
        self.pwd = pwd
 
    @property
    def comment(self):
        """The comment text associated with the ZIP file."""
        return self._comment
 
    @comment.setter
    def comment(self, comment):
        # check for valid comment length
        if len(comment) > ZIP_MAX_COMMENT:
            import warnings
            warnings.warn('Archive comment is too long; truncating to %d bytes'
                          % ZIP_MAX_COMMENT, stacklevel=2)
            comment = comment[:ZIP_MAX_COMMENT]
        self._comment = comment
        self._didModify = True
 
    def read(self, name, pwd=None):
        """Return file bytes (as a string) for name."""
        return self.open(name, "r", pwd).read()
 
    def open(self, name, mode="r", pwd=None):
        """Return file-like object for 'name'."""
        if mode not in ("r", "U", "rU"):
            raise RuntimeError, 'open() requires mode "r", "U", or "rU"'
        if not self.fp:
            raise RuntimeError, \
                  "Attempt to read ZIP archive that was already closed"
 
        # Only open a new file for instances where we were not
        # given a file object in the constructor
        if self._filePassed:
            zef_file = self.fp
            should_close = False
        else:
            zef_file = open(self.filename, 'rb')
            should_close = True
 
        try:
            # Make sure we have an info object
            if isinstance(name, ZipInfo):
                # 'name' is already an info object
                zinfo = name
            else:
                # Get info object for name
                zinfo = self.getinfo(name)
 
            zef_file.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0)
 
            # Skip the file header:
            fheader = zef_file.read(sizeFileHeader)
            if len(fheader) != sizeFileHeader:
                raise BadZipfile("Truncated file header")
            fheader = struct.unpack(structFileHeader, fheader)
            if fheader[_FH_SIGNATURE] != stringFileHeader:
                raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for file header")
 
            fname = zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_FILENAME_LENGTH])
            if fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]:
                zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH])
 
            if fname != zinfo.orig_filename:
                raise BadZipfile, \
                        'File name in directory "%s" and header "%s" differ.' % (
                            zinfo.orig_filename, fname)
 
            # check for encrypted flag & handle password
            is_encrypted = zinfo.flag_bits & 0x1
            zd = None
            if is_encrypted:
                if not pwd:
                    pwd = self.pwd
                if not pwd:
                    raise RuntimeError, "File %s is encrypted, " \
                        "password required for extraction" % name
 
                zd = _ZipDecrypter(pwd)
                # The first 12 bytes in the cypher stream is an encryption header
                #  used to strengthen the algorithm. The first 11 bytes are
                #  completely random, while the 12th contains the MSB of the CRC,
                #  or the MSB of the file time depending on the header type
                #  and is used to check the correctness of the password.
                bytes = zef_file.read(12)
                h = map(zd, bytes[0:12])
                if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x8:
                    # compare against the file type from extended local headers
                    check_byte = (zinfo._raw_time >> 8) & 0xff
                else:
                    # compare against the CRC otherwise
                    check_byte = (zinfo.CRC >> 24) & 0xff
                if ord(h[11]) != check_byte:
                    raise RuntimeError("Bad password for file", name)
 
            return ZipExtFile(zef_file, mode, zinfo, zd,
                    close_fileobj=should_close)
        except:
            if should_close:
                zef_file.close()
            raise
 
    def extract(self, member, path=None, pwd=None):
        """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
           using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately
           as possible. `member' may be a filename or a ZipInfo object. You can
           specify a different directory using `path'.
        """
        if not isinstance(member, ZipInfo):
            member = self.getinfo(member)
 
        if path is None:
            path = os.getcwd()
 
        return self._extract_member(member, path, pwd)
 
    def extractall(self, path=None, members=None, pwd=None):
        """Extract all members from the archive to the current working
           directory. `path' specifies a different directory to extract to.
           `members' is optional and must be a subset of the list returned
           by namelist().
        """
        if members is None:
            members = self.namelist()
 
        for zipinfo in members:
            self.extract(zipinfo, path, pwd)
 
    def _extract_member(self, member, targetpath, pwd):
        """Extract the ZipInfo object 'member' to a physical
           file on the path targetpath.
        """
        # build the destination pathname, replacing
        # forward slashes to platform specific separators.
        arcname = member.filename.replace('/', os.path.sep)
 
        if os.path.altsep:
            arcname = arcname.replace(os.path.altsep, os.path.sep)
        # interpret absolute pathname as relative, remove drive letter or
        # UNC path, redundant separators, "." and ".." components.
        arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1]
        arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep)
                    if x not in ('', os.path.curdir, os.path.pardir))
        if os.path.sep == '\\':
            # filter illegal characters on Windows
            illegal = ':<>|"?*'
            if isinstance(arcname, unicode):
                table = {ord(c): ord('_') for c in illegal}
            else:
                table = string.maketrans(illegal, '_' * len(illegal))
            arcname = arcname.translate(table)
            # remove trailing dots
            arcname = (x.rstrip('.') for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep))
            arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname if x)
 
        targetpath = os.path.join(targetpath, arcname)
        targetpath = os.path.normpath(targetpath)
 
        # Create all upper directories if necessary.
        upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath)
        if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs):
            os.makedirs(upperdirs)
 
        if member.filename[-1] == '/':
            if not os.path.isdir(targetpath):
                os.mkdir(targetpath)
            return targetpath
 
        with self.open(member, pwd=pwd) as source, \
             file(targetpath, "wb") as target:
            shutil.copyfileobj(source, target)
 
        return targetpath
 
    def _writecheck(self, zinfo):
        """Check for errors before writing a file to the archive."""
        if zinfo.filename in self.NameToInfo:
            import warnings
            warnings.warn('Duplicate name: %r' % zinfo.filename, stacklevel=3)
        if self.mode not in ("w", "a"):
            raise RuntimeError, 'write() requires mode "w" or "a"'
        if not self.fp:
            raise RuntimeError, \
                  "Attempt to write ZIP archive that was already closed"
        if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED and not zlib:
            raise RuntimeError, \
                  "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module"
        if zinfo.compress_type not in (ZIP_STORED, ZIP_DEFLATED):
            raise RuntimeError, \
                  "That compression method is not supported"
        if not self._allowZip64:
            requires_zip64 = None
            if len(self.filelist) >= ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT:
                requires_zip64 = "Files count"
            elif zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
                requires_zip64 = "Filesize"
            elif zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT:
                requires_zip64 = "Zipfile size"
            if requires_zip64:
                raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 +
                                   " would require ZIP64 extensions")
 
    def write(self, filename, arcname=None, compress_type=None):
        """Put the bytes from filename into the archive under the name
        arcname."""
        if not self.fp:
            raise RuntimeError(
                  "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed")
 
        st = os.stat(filename)
        isdir = stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)
        mtime = time.localtime(st.st_mtime)
        date_time = mtime[0:6]
        # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information
        if arcname is None:
            arcname = filename
        arcname = os.path.normpath(os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1])
        while arcname[0] in (os.sep, os.altsep):
            arcname = arcname[1:]
        if isdir:
            arcname += '/'
        zinfo = ZipInfo(arcname, date_time)
        zinfo.external_attr = (st[0] & 0xFFFF) << 16L      # Unix attributes
        if compress_type is None:
            zinfo.compress_type = self.compression
        else:
            zinfo.compress_type = compress_type
 
        zinfo.file_size = st.st_size
        zinfo.flag_bits = 0x00
        zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell()    # Start of header bytes
 
        self._writecheck(zinfo)
        self._didModify = True
 
        if isdir:
            zinfo.file_size = 0
            zinfo.compress_size = 0
            zinfo.CRC = 0
            zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10  # MS-DOS directory flag
            self.filelist.append(zinfo)
            self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo
            self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(False))
            return
 
        with open(filename, "rb") as fp:
            # Must overwrite CRC and sizes with correct data later
            zinfo.CRC = CRC = 0
            zinfo.compress_size = compress_size = 0
            # Compressed size can be larger than uncompressed size
            zip64 = self._allowZip64 and \
                    zinfo.file_size * 1.05 > ZIP64_LIMIT
            self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))
            if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED:
                cmpr = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,
                     zlib.DEFLATED, -15)
            else:
                cmpr = None
            file_size = 0
            while 1:
                buf = fp.read(1024 * 8)
                if not buf:
                    break
                file_size = file_size + len(buf)
                CRC = crc32(buf, CRC) & 0xffffffff
                if cmpr:
                    buf = cmpr.compress(buf)
                    compress_size = compress_size + len(buf)
                self.fp.write(buf)
        if cmpr:
            buf = cmpr.flush()
            compress_size = compress_size + len(buf)
            self.fp.write(buf)
            zinfo.compress_size = compress_size
        else:
            zinfo.compress_size = file_size
        zinfo.CRC = CRC
        zinfo.file_size = file_size
        if not zip64 and self._allowZip64:
            if file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
                raise RuntimeError('File size has increased during compressing')
            if compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
                raise RuntimeError('Compressed size larger than uncompressed size')
        # Seek backwards and write file header (which will now include
        # correct CRC and file sizes)
        position = self.fp.tell()       # Preserve current position in file
        self.fp.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0)
        self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))
        self.fp.seek(position, 0)
        self.filelist.append(zinfo)
        self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo
 
    def writestr(self, zinfo_or_arcname, bytes, compress_type=None):
        """Write a file into the archive.  The contents is the string
        'bytes'.  'zinfo_or_arcname' is either a ZipInfo instance or
        the name of the file in the archive."""
        if not isinstance(zinfo_or_arcname, ZipInfo):
            zinfo = ZipInfo(filename=zinfo_or_arcname,
                            date_time=time.localtime(time.time())[:6])
 
            zinfo.compress_type = self.compression
            if zinfo.filename[-1] == '/':
                zinfo.external_attr = 0o40775 << 16   # drwxrwxr-x
                zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10           # MS-DOS directory flag
            else:
                zinfo.external_attr = 0o600 << 16     # ?rw-------
        else:
            zinfo = zinfo_or_arcname
 
        if not self.fp:
            raise RuntimeError(
                  "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed")
 
        if compress_type is not None:
            zinfo.compress_type = compress_type
 
        zinfo.file_size = len(bytes)            # Uncompressed size
        zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell()    # Start of header bytes
        self._writecheck(zinfo)
        self._didModify = True
        zinfo.CRC = crc32(bytes) & 0xffffffff       # CRC-32 checksum
        if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED:
            co = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,
                 zlib.DEFLATED, -15)
            bytes = co.compress(bytes) + co.flush()
            zinfo.compress_size = len(bytes)    # Compressed size
        else:
            zinfo.compress_size = zinfo.file_size
        zip64 = zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT or \
                zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT
        if zip64 and not self._allowZip64:
            raise LargeZipFile("Filesize would require ZIP64 extensions")
        self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))
        self.fp.write(bytes)
        if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x08:
            # Write CRC and file sizes after the file data
            fmt = '<LQQ' if zip64 else '<LLL'
            self.fp.write(struct.pack(fmt, zinfo.CRC, zinfo.compress_size,
                  zinfo.file_size))
        self.fp.flush()
        self.filelist.append(zinfo)
        self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo
 
    def __del__(self):
        """Call the "close()" method in case the user forgot."""
        self.close()
 
    def close(self):
        """Close the file, and for mode "w" and "a" write the ending
        records."""
        if self.fp is None:
            return
 
        try:
            if self.mode in ("w", "a") and self._didModify: # write ending records
                pos1 = self.fp.tell()
                for zinfo in self.filelist:         # write central directory
                    dt = zinfo.date_time
                    dosdate = (dt[0] - 1980) << 9 | dt[1] << 5 | dt[2]
                    dostime = dt[3] << 11 | dt[4] << 5 | (dt[5] // 2)
                    extra = []
                    if zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT \
                            or zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
                        extra.append(zinfo.file_size)
                        extra.append(zinfo.compress_size)
                        file_size = 0xffffffff
                        compress_size = 0xffffffff
                    else:
                        file_size = zinfo.file_size
                        compress_size = zinfo.compress_size
 
                    if zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT:
                        extra.append(zinfo.header_offset)
                        header_offset = 0xffffffffL
                    else:
                        header_offset = zinfo.header_offset
 
                    extra_data = zinfo.extra
                    if extra:
                        # Append a ZIP64 field to the extra's
                        extra_data = struct.pack(
                                '<HH' + 'Q'*len(extra),
                                1, 8*len(extra), *extra) + extra_data
 
                        extract_version = max(45, zinfo.extract_version)
                        create_version = max(45, zinfo.create_version)
                    else:
                        extract_version = zinfo.extract_version
                        create_version = zinfo.create_version
 
                    try:
                        filename, flag_bits = zinfo._encodeFilenameFlags()
                        centdir = struct.pack(structCentralDir,
                        stringCentralDir, create_version,
                        zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved,
                        flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate,
                        zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size,
                        len(filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment),
                        0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr,
                        header_offset)
                    except DeprecationWarning:
                        print >>sys.stderr, (structCentralDir,
                        stringCentralDir, create_version,
                        zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved,
                        zinfo.flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate,
                        zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size,
                        len(zinfo.filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment),
                        0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr,
                        header_offset)
                        raise
                    self.fp.write(centdir)
                    self.fp.write(filename)
                    self.fp.write(extra_data)
                    self.fp.write(zinfo.comment)
 
                pos2 = self.fp.tell()
                # Write end-of-zip-archive record
                centDirCount = len(self.filelist)
                centDirSize = pos2 - pos1
                centDirOffset = pos1
                requires_zip64 = None
                if centDirCount > ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT:
                    requires_zip64 = "Files count"
                elif centDirOffset > ZIP64_LIMIT:
                    requires_zip64 = "Central directory offset"
                elif centDirSize > ZIP64_LIMIT:
                    requires_zip64 = "Central directory size"
                if requires_zip64:
                    # Need to write the ZIP64 end-of-archive records
                    if not self._allowZip64:
                        raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 +
                                           " would require ZIP64 extensions")
                    zip64endrec = struct.pack(
                            structEndArchive64, stringEndArchive64,
                            44, 45, 45, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount,
                            centDirSize, centDirOffset)
                    self.fp.write(zip64endrec)
 
                    zip64locrec = struct.pack(
                            structEndArchive64Locator,
                            stringEndArchive64Locator, 0, pos2, 1)
                    self.fp.write(zip64locrec)
                    centDirCount = min(centDirCount, 0xFFFF)
                    centDirSize = min(centDirSize, 0xFFFFFFFF)
                    centDirOffset = min(centDirOffset, 0xFFFFFFFF)
 
                endrec = struct.pack(structEndArchive, stringEndArchive,
                                    0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount,
                                    centDirSize, centDirOffset, len(self._comment))
                self.fp.write(endrec)
                self.fp.write(self._comment)
                self.fp.flush()
        finally:
            fp = self.fp
            self.fp = None
            if not self._filePassed:
                fp.close()
 
ZipFile

ZipFile

class TarFile(object):
    """The TarFile Class provides an interface to tar archives.
    """
 
    debug = 0                   # May be set from 0 (no msgs) to 3 (all msgs)
 
    dereference = False         # If true, add content of linked file to the
                                # tar file, else the link.
 
    ignore_zeros = False        # If true, skips empty or invalid blocks and
                                # continues processing.
 
    errorlevel = 1              # If 0, fatal errors only appear in debug
                                # messages (if debug >= 0). If > 0, errors
                                # are passed to the caller as exceptions.
 
    format = DEFAULT_FORMAT     # The format to use when creating an archive.
 
    encoding = ENCODING         # Encoding for 8-bit character strings.
 
    errors = None               # Error handler for unicode conversion.
 
    tarinfo = TarInfo           # The default TarInfo class to use.
 
    fileobject = ExFileObject   # The default ExFileObject class to use.
 
    def __init__(self, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, format=None,
            tarinfo=None, dereference=None, ignore_zeros=None, encoding=None,
            errors=None, pax_headers=None, debug=None, errorlevel=None):
        """Open an (uncompressed) tar archive `name'. `mode' is either 'r' to
           read from an existing archive, 'a' to append data to an existing
           file or 'w' to create a new file overwriting an existing one. `mode'
           defaults to 'r'.
           If `fileobj' is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it
           can be determined, `mode' is overridden by `fileobj's mode.
           `fileobj' is not closed, when TarFile is closed.
        """
        modes = {"r": "rb", "a": "r+b", "w": "wb"}
        if mode not in modes:
            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")
        self.mode = mode
        self._mode = modes[mode]
 
        if not fileobj:
            if self.mode == "a" and not os.path.exists(name):
                # Create nonexistent files in append mode.
                self.mode = "w"
                self._mode = "wb"
            fileobj = bltn_open(name, self._mode)
            self._extfileobj = False
        else:
            if name is None and hasattr(fileobj, "name"):
                name = fileobj.name
            if hasattr(fileobj, "mode"):
                self._mode = fileobj.mode
            self._extfileobj = True
        self.name = os.path.abspath(name) if name else None
        self.fileobj = fileobj
 
        # Init attributes.
        if format is not None:
            self.format = format
        if tarinfo is not None:
            self.tarinfo = tarinfo
        if dereference is not None:
            self.dereference = dereference
        if ignore_zeros is not None:
            self.ignore_zeros = ignore_zeros
        if encoding is not None:
            self.encoding = encoding
 
        if errors is not None:
            self.errors = errors
        elif mode == "r":
            self.errors = "utf-8"
        else:
            self.errors = "strict"
 
        if pax_headers is not None and self.format == PAX_FORMAT:
            self.pax_headers = pax_headers
        else:
            self.pax_headers = {}
 
        if debug is not None:
            self.debug = debug
        if errorlevel is not None:
            self.errorlevel = errorlevel
 
        # Init datastructures.
        self.closed = False
        self.members = []       # list of members as TarInfo objects
        self._loaded = False    # flag if all members have been read
        self.offset = self.fileobj.tell()
                                # current position in the archive file
        self.inodes = {}        # dictionary caching the inodes of
                                # archive members already added
 
        try:
            if self.mode == "r":
                self.firstmember = None
                self.firstmember = self.next()
 
            if self.mode == "a":
                # Move to the end of the archive,
                # before the first empty block.
                while True:
                    self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
                    try:
                        tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)
                        self.members.append(tarinfo)
                    except EOFHeaderError:
                        self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
                        break
                    except HeaderError, e:
                        raise ReadError(str(e))
 
            if self.mode in "aw":
                self._loaded = True
 
                if self.pax_headers:
                    buf = self.tarinfo.create_pax_global_header(self.pax_headers.copy())
                    self.fileobj.write(buf)
                    self.offset += len(buf)
        except:
            if not self._extfileobj:
                self.fileobj.close()
            self.closed = True
            raise
 
    def _getposix(self):
        return self.format == USTAR_FORMAT
    def _setposix(self, value):
        import warnings
        warnings.warn("use the format attribute instead", DeprecationWarning,
                      2)
        if value:
            self.format = USTAR_FORMAT
        else:
            self.format = GNU_FORMAT
    posix = property(_getposix, _setposix)
 
    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Below are the classmethods which act as alternate constructors to the
    # TarFile class. The open() method is the only one that is needed for
    # public use; it is the "super"-constructor and is able to select an
    # adequate "sub"-constructor for a particular compression using the mapping
    # from OPEN_METH.
    #
    # This concept allows one to subclass TarFile without losing the comfort of
    # the super-constructor. A sub-constructor is registered and made available
    # by adding it to the mapping in OPEN_METH.
 
    @classmethod
    def open(cls, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, bufsize=RECORDSIZE, **kwargs):
        """Open a tar archive for reading, writing or appending. Return
           an appropriate TarFile class.
 
           mode:
           'r' or 'r:*' open for reading with transparent compression
           'r:'         open for reading exclusively uncompressed
           'r:gz'       open for reading with gzip compression
           'r:bz2'      open for reading with bzip2 compression
           'a' or 'a:'  open for appending, creating the file if necessary
           'w' or 'w:'  open for writing without compression
           'w:gz'       open for writing with gzip compression
           'w:bz2'      open for writing with bzip2 compression
 
           'r|*'        open a stream of tar blocks with transparent compression
           'r|'         open an uncompressed stream of tar blocks for reading
           'r|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream of tar blocks
           'r|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream of tar blocks
           'w|'         open an uncompressed stream for writing
           'w|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream for writing
           'w|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream for writing
        """
 
        if not name and not fileobj:
            raise ValueError("nothing to open")
 
        if mode in ("r", "r:*"):
            # Find out which *open() is appropriate for opening the file.
            for comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:
                func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])
                if fileobj is not None:
                    saved_pos = fileobj.tell()
                try:
                    return func(name, "r", fileobj, **kwargs)
                except (ReadError, CompressionError), e:
                    if fileobj is not None:
                        fileobj.seek(saved_pos)
                    continue
            raise ReadError("file could not be opened successfully")
 
        elif ":" in mode:
            filemode, comptype = mode.split(":", 1)
            filemode = filemode or "r"
            comptype = comptype or "tar"
 
            # Select the *open() function according to
            # given compression.
            if comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:
                func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])
            else:
                raise CompressionError("unknown compression type %r" % comptype)
            return func(name, filemode, fileobj, **kwargs)
 
        elif "|" in mode:
            filemode, comptype = mode.split("|", 1)
            filemode = filemode or "r"
            comptype = comptype or "tar"
 
            if filemode not in ("r", "w"):
                raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")
 
            stream = _Stream(name, filemode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize)
            try:
                t = cls(name, filemode, stream, **kwargs)
            except:
                stream.close()
                raise
            t._extfileobj = False
            return t
 
        elif mode in ("a", "w"):
            return cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
 
        raise ValueError("undiscernible mode")
 
    @classmethod
    def taropen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, **kwargs):
        """Open uncompressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
        """
        if mode not in ("r", "a", "w"):
            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")
        return cls(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
 
    @classmethod
    def gzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):
        """Open gzip compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
           Appending is not allowed.
        """
        if mode not in ("r", "w"):
            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")
 
        try:
            import gzip
            gzip.GzipFile
        except (ImportError, AttributeError):
            raise CompressionError("gzip module is not available")
 
        try:
            fileobj = gzip.GzipFile(name, mode, compresslevel, fileobj)
        except OSError:
            if fileobj is not None and mode == 'r':
                raise ReadError("not a gzip file")
            raise
 
        try:
            t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
        except IOError:
            fileobj.close()
            if mode == 'r':
                raise ReadError("not a gzip file")
            raise
        except:
            fileobj.close()
            raise
        t._extfileobj = False
        return t
 
    @classmethod
    def bz2open(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):
        """Open bzip2 compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
           Appending is not allowed.
        """
        if mode not in ("r", "w"):
            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'.")
 
        try:
            import bz2
        except ImportError:
            raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available")
 
        if fileobj is not None:
            fileobj = _BZ2Proxy(fileobj, mode)
        else:
            fileobj = bz2.BZ2File(name, mode, compresslevel=compresslevel)
 
        try:
            t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
        except (IOError, EOFError):
            fileobj.close()
            if mode == 'r':
                raise ReadError("not a bzip2 file")
            raise
        except:
            fileobj.close()
            raise
        t._extfileobj = False
        return t
 
    # All *open() methods are registered here.
    OPEN_METH = {
        "tar": "taropen",   # uncompressed tar
        "gz":  "gzopen",    # gzip compressed tar
        "bz2": "bz2open"    # bzip2 compressed tar
    }
 
    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # The public methods which TarFile provides:
 
    def close(self):
        """Close the TarFile. In write-mode, two finishing zero blocks are
           appended to the archive.
        """
        if self.closed:
            return
 
        if self.mode in "aw":
            self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE * 2))
            self.offset += (BLOCKSIZE * 2)
            # fill up the end with zero-blocks
            # (like option -b20 for tar does)
            blocks, remainder = divmod(self.offset, RECORDSIZE)
            if remainder > 0:
                self.fileobj.write(NUL * (RECORDSIZE - remainder))
 
        if not self._extfileobj:
            self.fileobj.close()
        self.closed = True
 
    def getmember(self, name):
        """Return a TarInfo object for member `name'. If `name' can not be
           found in the archive, KeyError is raised. If a member occurs more
           than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the
           most up-to-date version.
        """
        tarinfo = self._getmember(name)
        if tarinfo is None:
            raise KeyError("filename %r not found" % name)
        return tarinfo
 
    def getmembers(self):
        """Return the members of the archive as a list of TarInfo objects. The
           list has the same order as the members in the archive.
        """
        self._check()
        if not self._loaded:    # if we want to obtain a list of
            self._load()        # all members, we first have to
                                # scan the whole archive.
        return self.members
 
    def getnames(self):
        """Return the members of the archive as a list of their names. It has
           the same order as the list returned by getmembers().
        """
        return [tarinfo.name for tarinfo in self.getmembers()]
 
    def gettarinfo(self, name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None):
        """Create a TarInfo object for either the file `name' or the file
           object `fileobj' (using os.fstat on its file descriptor). You can
           modify some of the TarInfo's attributes before you add it using
           addfile(). If given, `arcname' specifies an alternative name for the
           file in the archive.
        """
        self._check("aw")
 
        # When fileobj is given, replace name by
        # fileobj's real name.
        if fileobj is not None:
            name = fileobj.name
 
        # Building the name of the member in the archive.
        # Backward slashes are converted to forward slashes,
        # Absolute paths are turned to relative paths.
        if arcname is None:
            arcname = name
        drv, arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)
        arcname = arcname.replace(os.sep, "/")
        arcname = arcname.lstrip("/")
 
        # Now, fill the TarInfo object with
        # information specific for the file.
        tarinfo = self.tarinfo()
        tarinfo.tarfile = self
 
        # Use os.stat or os.lstat, depending on platform
        # and if symlinks shall be resolved.
        if fileobj is None:
            if hasattr(os, "lstat") and not self.dereference:
                statres = os.lstat(name)
            else:
                statres = os.stat(name)
        else:
            statres = os.fstat(fileobj.fileno())
        linkname = ""
 
        stmd = statres.st_mode
        if stat.S_ISREG(stmd):
            inode = (statres.st_ino, statres.st_dev)
            if not self.dereference and statres.st_nlink > 1 and \
                    inode in self.inodes and arcname != self.inodes[inode]:
                # Is it a hardlink to an already
                # archived file?
                type = LNKTYPE
                linkname = self.inodes[inode]
            else:
                # The inode is added only if its valid.
                # For win32 it is always 0.
                type = REGTYPE
                if inode[0]:
                    self.inodes[inode] = arcname
        elif stat.S_ISDIR(stmd):
            type = DIRTYPE
        elif stat.S_ISFIFO(stmd):
            type = FIFOTYPE
        elif stat.S_ISLNK(stmd):
            type = SYMTYPE
            linkname = os.readlink(name)
        elif stat.S_ISCHR(stmd):
            type = CHRTYPE
        elif stat.S_ISBLK(stmd):
            type = BLKTYPE
        else:
            return None
 
        # Fill the TarInfo object with all
        # information we can get.
        tarinfo.name = arcname
        tarinfo.mode = stmd
        tarinfo.uid = statres.st_uid
        tarinfo.gid = statres.st_gid
        if type == REGTYPE:
            tarinfo.size = statres.st_size
        else:
            tarinfo.size = 0L
        tarinfo.mtime = statres.st_mtime
        tarinfo.type = type
        tarinfo.linkname = linkname
        if pwd:
            try:
                tarinfo.uname = pwd.getpwuid(tarinfo.uid)[0]
            except KeyError:
                pass
        if grp:
            try:
                tarinfo.gname = grp.getgrgid(tarinfo.gid)[0]
            except KeyError:
                pass
 
        if type in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE):
            if hasattr(os, "major") and hasattr(os, "minor"):
                tarinfo.devmajor = os.major(statres.st_rdev)
                tarinfo.devminor = os.minor(statres.st_rdev)
        return tarinfo
 
    def list(self, verbose=True):
        """Print a table of contents to sys.stdout. If `verbose' is False, only
           the names of the members are printed. If it is True, an `ls -l'-like
           output is produced.
        """
        self._check()
 
        for tarinfo in self:
            if verbose:
                print filemode(tarinfo.mode),
                print "%s/%s" % (tarinfo.uname or tarinfo.uid,
                                 tarinfo.gname or tarinfo.gid),
                if tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
                    print "%10s" % ("%d,%d" \
                                    % (tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)),
                else:
                    print "%10d" % tarinfo.size,
                print "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" \
                      % time.localtime(tarinfo.mtime)[:6],
 
            print tarinfo.name + ("/" if tarinfo.isdir() else ""),
 
            if verbose:
                if tarinfo.issym():
                    print "->", tarinfo.linkname,
                if tarinfo.islnk():
                    print "link to", tarinfo.linkname,
            print
 
    def add(self, name, arcname=None, recursive=True, exclude=None, filter=None):
        """Add the file `name' to the archive. `name' may be any type of file
           (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, `arcname'
           specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive.
           Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by
           setting `recursive' to False. `exclude' is a function that should
           return True for each filename to be excluded. `filter' is a function
           that expects a TarInfo object argument and returns the changed
           TarInfo object, if it returns None the TarInfo object will be
           excluded from the archive.
        """
        self._check("aw")
 
        if arcname is None:
            arcname = name
 
        # Exclude pathnames.
        if exclude is not None:
            import warnings
            warnings.warn("use the filter argument instead",
                    DeprecationWarning, 2)
            if exclude(name):
                self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)
                return
 
        # Skip if somebody tries to archive the archive...
        if self.name is not None and os.path.abspath(name) == self.name:
            self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Skipped %r" % name)
            return
 
        self._dbg(1, name)
 
        # Create a TarInfo object from the file.
        tarinfo = self.gettarinfo(name, arcname)
 
        if tarinfo is None:
            self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unsupported type %r" % name)
            return
 
        # Change or exclude the TarInfo object.
        if filter is not None:
            tarinfo = filter(tarinfo)
            if tarinfo is None:
                self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)
                return
 
        # Append the tar header and data to the archive.
        if tarinfo.isreg():
            with bltn_open(name, "rb") as f:
                self.addfile(tarinfo, f)
 
        elif tarinfo.isdir():
            self.addfile(tarinfo)
            if recursive:
                for f in os.listdir(name):
                    self.add(os.path.join(name, f), os.path.join(arcname, f),
                            recursive, exclude, filter)
 
        else:
            self.addfile(tarinfo)
 
    def addfile(self, tarinfo, fileobj=None):
        """Add the TarInfo object `tarinfo' to the archive. If `fileobj' is
           given, tarinfo.size bytes are read from it and added to the archive.
           You can create TarInfo objects using gettarinfo().
           On Windows platforms, `fileobj' should always be opened with mode
           'rb' to avoid irritation about the file size.
        """
        self._check("aw")
 
        tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
 
        buf = tarinfo.tobuf(self.format, self.encoding, self.errors)
        self.fileobj.write(buf)
        self.offset += len(buf)
 
        # If there's data to follow, append it.
        if fileobj is not None:
            copyfileobj(fileobj, self.fileobj, tarinfo.size)
            blocks, remainder = divmod(tarinfo.size, BLOCKSIZE)
            if remainder > 0:
                self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE - remainder))
                blocks += 1
            self.offset += blocks * BLOCKSIZE
 
        self.members.append(tarinfo)
 
    def extractall(self, path=".", members=None):
        """Extract all members from the archive to the current working
           directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on
           directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory
           to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the
           list returned by getmembers().
        """
        directories = []
 
        if members is None:
            members = self
 
        for tarinfo in members:
            if tarinfo.isdir():
                # Extract directories with a safe mode.
                directories.append(tarinfo)
                tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
                tarinfo.mode = 0700
            self.extract(tarinfo, path)
 
        # Reverse sort directories.
        directories.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('name'))
        directories.reverse()
 
        # Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories.
        for tarinfo in directories:
            dirpath = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name)
            try:
                self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath)
                self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath)
                self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath)
            except ExtractError, e:
                if self.errorlevel > 1:
                    raise
                else:
                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)
 
    def extract(self, member, path=""):
        """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
           using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately
           as possible. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. You can
           specify a different directory using `path'.
        """
        self._check("r")
 
        if isinstance(member, basestring):
            tarinfo = self.getmember(member)
        else:
            tarinfo = member
 
        # Prepare the link target for makelink().
        if tarinfo.islnk():
            tarinfo._link_target = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.linkname)
 
        try:
            self._extract_member(tarinfo, os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name))
        except EnvironmentError, e:
            if self.errorlevel > 0:
                raise
            else:
                if e.filename is None:
                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e.strerror)
                else:
                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %r" % (e.strerror, e.filename))
        except ExtractError, e:
            if self.errorlevel > 1:
                raise
            else:
                self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)
 
    def extractfile(self, member):
        """Extract a member from the archive as a file object. `member' may be
           a filename or a TarInfo object. If `member' is a regular file, a
           file-like object is returned. If `member' is a link, a file-like
           object is constructed from the link's target. If `member' is none of
           the above, None is returned.
           The file-like object is read-only and provides the following
           methods: read(), readline(), readlines(), seek() and tell()
        """
        self._check("r")
 
        if isinstance(member, basestring):
            tarinfo = self.getmember(member)
        else:
            tarinfo = member
 
        if tarinfo.isreg():
            return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo)
 
        elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
            # If a member's type is unknown, it is treated as a
            # regular file.
            return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo)
 
        elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
            if isinstance(self.fileobj, _Stream):
                # A small but ugly workaround for the case that someone tries
                # to extract a (sym)link as a file-object from a non-seekable
                # stream of tar blocks.
                raise StreamError("cannot extract (sym)link as file object")
            else:
                # A (sym)link's file object is its target's file object.
                return self.extractfile(self._find_link_target(tarinfo))
        else:
            # If there's no data associated with the member (directory, chrdev,
            # blkdev, etc.), return None instead of a file object.
            return None
 
    def _extract_member(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Extract the TarInfo object tarinfo to a physical
           file called targetpath.
        """
        # Fetch the TarInfo object for the given name
        # and build the destination pathname, replacing
        # forward slashes to platform specific separators.
        targetpath = targetpath.rstrip("/")
        targetpath = targetpath.replace("/", os.sep)
 
        # Create all upper directories.
        upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath)
        if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs):
            # Create directories that are not part of the archive with
            # default permissions.
            os.makedirs(upperdirs)
 
        if tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
            self._dbg(1, "%s -> %s" % (tarinfo.name, tarinfo.linkname))
        else:
            self._dbg(1, tarinfo.name)
 
        if tarinfo.isreg():
            self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
        elif tarinfo.isdir():
            self.makedir(tarinfo, targetpath)
        elif tarinfo.isfifo():
            self.makefifo(tarinfo, targetpath)
        elif tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
            self.makedev(tarinfo, targetpath)
        elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
            self.makelink(tarinfo, targetpath)
        elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
            self.makeunknown(tarinfo, targetpath)
        else:
            self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
 
        self.chown(tarinfo, targetpath)
        if not tarinfo.issym():
            self.chmod(tarinfo, targetpath)
            self.utime(tarinfo, targetpath)
 
    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Below are the different file methods. They are called via
    # _extract_member() when extract() is called. They can be replaced in a
    # subclass to implement other functionality.
 
    def makedir(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Make a directory called targetpath.
        """
        try:
            # Use a safe mode for the directory, the real mode is set
            # later in _extract_member().
            os.mkdir(targetpath, 0700)
        except EnvironmentError, e:
            if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
                raise
 
    def makefile(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Make a file called targetpath.
        """
        source = self.extractfile(tarinfo)
        try:
            with bltn_open(targetpath, "wb") as target:
                copyfileobj(source, target)
        finally:
            source.close()
 
    def makeunknown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Make a file from a TarInfo object with an unknown type
           at targetpath.
        """
        self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
        self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unknown file type %r, " \
                     "extracted as regular file." % tarinfo.type)
 
    def makefifo(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Make a fifo called targetpath.
        """
        if hasattr(os, "mkfifo"):
            os.mkfifo(targetpath)
        else:
            raise ExtractError("fifo not supported by system")
 
    def makedev(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Make a character or block device called targetpath.
        """
        if not hasattr(os, "mknod") or not hasattr(os, "makedev"):
            raise ExtractError("special devices not supported by system")
 
        mode = tarinfo.mode
        if tarinfo.isblk():
            mode |= stat.S_IFBLK
        else:
            mode |= stat.S_IFCHR
 
        os.mknod(targetpath, mode,
                 os.makedev(tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor))
 
    def makelink(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Make a (symbolic) link called targetpath. If it cannot be created
          (platform limitation), we try to make a copy of the referenced file
          instead of a link.
        """
        if hasattr(os, "symlink") and hasattr(os, "link"):
            # For systems that support symbolic and hard links.
            if tarinfo.issym():
                if os.path.lexists(targetpath):
                    os.unlink(targetpath)
                os.symlink(tarinfo.linkname, targetpath)
            else:
                # See extract().
                if os.path.exists(tarinfo._link_target):
                    if os.path.lexists(targetpath):
                        os.unlink(targetpath)
                    os.link(tarinfo._link_target, targetpath)
                else:
                    self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath)
        else:
            try:
                self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath)
            except KeyError:
                raise ExtractError("unable to resolve link inside archive")
 
    def chown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Set owner of targetpath according to tarinfo.
        """
        if pwd and hasattr(os, "geteuid") and os.geteuid() == 0:
            # We have to be root to do so.
            try:
                g = grp.getgrnam(tarinfo.gname)[2]
            except KeyError:
                g = tarinfo.gid
            try:
                u = pwd.getpwnam(tarinfo.uname)[2]
            except KeyError:
                u = tarinfo.uid
            try:
                if tarinfo.issym() and hasattr(os, "lchown"):
                    os.lchown(targetpath, u, g)
                else:
                    if sys.platform != "os2emx":
                        os.chown(targetpath, u, g)
            except EnvironmentError, e:
                raise ExtractError("could not change owner")
 
    def chmod(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Set file permissions of targetpath according to tarinfo.
        """
        if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
            try:
                os.chmod(targetpath, tarinfo.mode)
            except EnvironmentError, e:
                raise ExtractError("could not change mode")
 
    def utime(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
        """Set modification time of targetpath according to tarinfo.
        """
        if not hasattr(os, 'utime'):
            return
        try:
            os.utime(targetpath, (tarinfo.mtime, tarinfo.mtime))
        except EnvironmentError, e:
            raise ExtractError("could not change modification time")
 
    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    def next(self):
        """Return the next member of the archive as a TarInfo object, when
           TarFile is opened for reading. Return None if there is no more
           available.
        """
        self._check("ra")
        if self.firstmember is not None:
            m = self.firstmember
            self.firstmember = None
            return m
 
        # Read the next block.
        self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
        tarinfo = None
        while True:
            try:
                tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)
            except EOFHeaderError, e:
                if self.ignore_zeros:
                    self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))
                    self.offset += BLOCKSIZE
                    continue
            except InvalidHeaderError, e:
                if self.ignore_zeros:
                    self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))
                    self.offset += BLOCKSIZE
                    continue
                elif self.offset == 0:
                    raise ReadError(str(e))
            except EmptyHeaderError:
                if self.offset == 0:
                    raise ReadError("empty file")
            except TruncatedHeaderError, e:
                if self.offset == 0:
                    raise ReadError(str(e))
            except SubsequentHeaderError, e:
                raise ReadError(str(e))
            break
 
        if tarinfo is not None:
            self.members.append(tarinfo)
        else:
            self._loaded = True
 
        return tarinfo
 
    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Little helper methods:
 
    def _getmember(self, name, tarinfo=None, normalize=False):
        """Find an archive member by name from bottom to top.
           If tarinfo is given, it is used as the starting point.
        """
        # Ensure that all members have been loaded.
        members = self.getmembers()
 
        # Limit the member search list up to tarinfo.
        if tarinfo is not None:
            members = members[:members.index(tarinfo)]
 
        if normalize:
            name = os.path.normpath(name)
 
        for member in reversed(members):
            if normalize:
                member_name = os.path.normpath(member.name)
            else:
                member_name = member.name
 
            if name == member_name:
                return member
 
    def _load(self):
        """Read through the entire archive file and look for readable
           members.
        """
        while True:
            tarinfo = self.next()
            if tarinfo is None:
                break
        self._loaded = True
 
    def _check(self, mode=None):
        """Check if TarFile is still open, and if the operation's mode
           corresponds to TarFile's mode.
        """
        if self.closed:
            raise IOError("%s is closed" % self.__class__.__name__)
        if mode is not None and self.mode not in mode:
            raise IOError("bad operation for mode %r" % self.mode)
 
    def _find_link_target(self, tarinfo):
        """Find the target member of a symlink or hardlink member in the
           archive.
        """
        if tarinfo.issym():
            # Always search the entire archive.
            linkname = "/".join(filter(None, (os.path.dirname(tarinfo.name), tarinfo.linkname)))
            limit = None
        else:
            # Search the archive before the link, because a hard link is
            # just a reference to an already archived file.
            linkname = tarinfo.linkname
            limit = tarinfo
 
        member = self._getmember(linkname, tarinfo=limit, normalize=True)
        if member is None:
            raise KeyError("linkname %r not found" % linkname)
        return member
 
    def __iter__(self):
        """Provide an iterator object.
        """
        if self._loaded:
            return iter(self.members)
        else:
            return TarIter(self)
 
    def _dbg(self, level, msg):
        """Write debugging output to sys.stderr.
        """
        if level <= self.debug:
            print >> sys.stderr, msg
 
    def __enter__(self):
        self._check()
        return self
 
    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        if type is None:
            self.close()
        else:
            # An exception occurred. We must not call close() because
            # it would try to write end-of-archive blocks and padding.
            if not self._extfileobj:
                self.fileobj.close()
            self.closed = True
# class TarFile
 
TarFile

TarFile

7、日志模块

用于便捷记录日志且线程安全的模块

#!/usr/bin/env python
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import logging
 
def log_models(logname,infos):
    logger = logging.getLogger(logname) #定义username
    logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) #定义全局日志级别
 
    ch = logging.StreamHandler() #定义屏幕日志
    ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) #定义屏幕日志级别
 
    fh = logging.FileHandler('log.txt') #定义日志保存文件
    fh.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) #定义文件日志保存级别
 
    formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s")
 
    ch.setFormatter(formatter) #屏幕输出格式套用自定义的日志格式
    fh.setFormatter(formatter) #日志输出格式套用自定义的日志格式
 
    logger.addHandler(ch) #把屏幕输出日志交给logger接口执行
    logger.addHandler(fh)#把文件输出日志交给logger接口执行
 
    logger.debug(infos) #调用日志模块

对于等级：

CRITICAL = 50
FATAL = CRITICAL
ERROR = 40
WARNING = 30
WARN = WARNING
INFO = 20
DEBUG = 10
NOTSET = 0

只有大于当前日志等级的操作才会被记录。

自定义模块

自定义模块一般都是自己写的可以是独立的一个.py文件也可以是一个文件夹

但是普通的文件夹不是一个模块必须有__int__的目录才是模块

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例子：

我自己写一个登录模块，然后我在其他程序里去调用他的之后直接调用模块名（python文件名）+里面的方法即可！

开源模块

一、下载安装

下载安装有两种方式：

通过第三方的集成安装

yum
pip
apt-get
...

通过源码安装

下载源码
解压源码
进入目录
编译源码    python setup.py build
安装源码    python setup.py install

注：在使用源码安装时，需要使用到gcc编译和python开发环境

yum install gcc
yum install python-devel
或
apt-get python-dev

二、导入模块

同自定义模块中导入的方式

三、paramiko模块

1、安装

linux下

yum -y install pip
pip install paramiko

windows下安装

1、下载pip
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip#downloads
2、解压pip包然后安装
python setup.py install
3、添加环境变量
C:\Python34\Scripts;（根据自己的python路径定）
4、安装paramiko
pip install paramiko

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
 
import paramiko
 
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect('192.168.1.108', 22, 'shuaige', '')
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df')
print stdout.read()
ssh.close();

执行命令-通过用户名密码

import paramiko
 
private_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa'
key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(private_key_path)
 
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect('主机名 ', 端口, '用户名', key)
 
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df')
print stdout.read()
ssh.close()

执行命令-通过密钥连接服务器

import os,sys
import paramiko
 
t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22))
t.connect(username='shuaige',password='')
sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.put('/tmp/test.py','/tmp/test.py')
t.close()
 
import os,sys
import paramiko
 
t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22))
t.connect(username='shuaige',password='')
sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.get('/tmp/test.py','/tmp/test2.py')
t.close()

上传和下载通过用户名密码

import paramiko
 
pravie_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa'
key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path)
 
t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22))
t.connect(username='shuaige',pkey=key)
 
sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.put('/tmp/test3.py','/tmp/test3.py') 
 
t.close()
 
import paramiko
 
pravie_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa'
key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path)
 
t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22))
t.connect(username='shuaige',pkey=key)
 
sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.get('/tmp/test3.py','/tmp/test4.py') 
 
t.close()

上传和下载-通过密钥

更多请看：http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/