NLP之基于Bi-LSTM和注意力机制的文本情感分类

Bi-LSTM(Attention)

@

目录

• Bi-LSTM(Attention)
  • 1.理论
    • 1.1 文本分类和预测(翻译)
    • 1.2 注意力模型
      • 1.2.1 Attention模型
      • 1.2.2 Bi-LSTM(Attention)模型结构
  • 2.实验
    • 2.1 实验步骤
    • 2.2 算法模型

1.理论

1.1 文本分类和预测(翻译)

文本分类的输入处理和预测(翻译)不同:

1. 预测(翻译)通常用eye()把每个输入向量转换为one-hot向量,
2. 但文本分类模型通常用Embedding初始化一个嵌入矩阵用来训练,不需要one-hot向量

1.2 注意力模型

1.2.1 Attention模型

注意力机制(Attention Mechanism)的本质是对于给定目标,通过生成一个权重系数对输入进行加权求和，来识别输入中哪些特征对于目标是重要的,哪些特征是不重要的;

为了实现注意力机制,我们将输入的原始数据看作<Key,Value>键值对的形式,根据给定的任务目标中的查询值Query计算Key与Query之间的相似系数,可以得到Value值对应的权重系数,即注意力权重,之后再用权重系数对Value值进行加权求和,即可得到输出.我们使用Q,K,V分别表示Query,Key和Value.

注意力机制在深度学习各个领域都有很多的应用.不过需要注意的是,注意力并不是一个统一的模型,它只是一个机制,在不同的应用领域有不同的实现方法。

• 注意力权重系数W的公式如下:\(W=softmax⁡(QK^T)\)
• 注意力权重系数W与Value做点积操作(加权求和)得到融合了注意力的输出:
  
  \(Attention(Q,K,V)=W⋅V=softmax⁡(QK^T)⋅V\)

注意力模型的详细结构如下图所示：

在本实验中,Query是指final_hidden_state,Key和Value都是指lstm_output,注意力权重W是指attn_weights

1. 两个输入值用bmm()进行加权求和得到注意力权重attn_weights(由于final_hidden_state是一维的,所以不需要像seq2seq2中一样遍历时间步)
2. 然后注意力权重attn_weights和lstm_output再进行用bmm()进行加权求和,得到context,即融合了注意力的输出(不同任务处理方式不同,Bi-LSTM文本分类不需要和Seq2Seq任务一样把context再和decoder_output进行combine和fc)

1.2.2 Bi-LSTM(Attention)模型结构

文本分类中的Attention结构:

2.实验

2.1 实验步骤

1. 数据预处理,得到字典、样本数等基本数据
2. 构建Bi-LSTM(Attention)模型,分别设置模型的输入
3. 训练
   1. 代入数据
   2. 得到模型输出值,取其中最大值的索引,找到字典中对应的字母,即为模型预测的下一个字母.
   3. 把模型输出值和真实值相比,求得误差损失函数,运用Adam动量法梯度下降
4. 测试
5. 可视化注意力权重矩阵

2.2 算法模型

"""
Task: 基于Bi-LSTM和注意力机制的文本情感分类
Author: ChengJunkai @github.com/Cheng0829
Email: chengjunkai829@gmail.com
Date: 2022/09/14
Reference: Tae Hwan Jung(Jeff Jung) @graykode
"""
import numpy as np
import torch, time, os, sys
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
import torch.nn.functional as F
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
'''1.数据预处理'''
def pre_process(sentences):
    word_sequence = " ".join(sentences).split()
    word_list = []
    '''
    如果用list(set(word_sequence))来去重,得到的将是一个随机顺序的列表(因为set无序),
    这样得到的字典不同,保存的上一次训练的模型很有可能在这一次不能用
    (比如上一次的模型预测碰见i:0,love:1,就输出you:2,但这次模型you在字典3号位置,也就无法输出正确结果)
    '''
    for word in word_sequence:
        if word not in word_list:
            word_list.append(word)
    word_dict = {w:i for i, w in enumerate(word_list)}
    word_dict["''"] = len(word_dict)
    word_list = word_list.append("''")
    vocab_size = len(word_dict) # 词库大小16
    max_size = 0
    for sen in sentences:
        if len(sen.split()) > max_size:
            max_size = len(sen.split()) # 最大长度3
    for i in range(len(sentences)):
        if len(sentences[i].split()) < max_size:
            sentences[i] = sentences[i] + " ''" * (max_size - len(sentences[i].split()))
    return sentences, word_list, word_dict, vocab_size, max_size
def make_batch(sentences):
    # 对于每个句子,返回包含句子内每个单词序号的列表
    inputs = [np.array([word_dict[n] for n in sen.split()]) for sen in sentences] # [6,3]
    targets = [out for out in labels]
    inputs = torch.LongTensor(np.array(inputs)).to(device)
    targets = torch.LongTensor(np.array(targets)).to(device)
    '''情感分类构建嵌入矩阵,没有eye()'''
    return inputs, targets
class BiLSTM_Attention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(BiLSTM_Attention, self).__init__()
        '''情感分类构建嵌入矩阵,没有eye()'''
        self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embedding_dim)
        self.lstm = nn.LSTM(embedding_dim, n_hidden, bidirectional=True)
        self.out = nn.Linear(2*n_hidden, num_classes)
    def forward(self, X):
        # input : [batch_size, n_step, embedding_dim] [6,3,2]
        input = self.embedding(X)
        # input : [n_step, batch_size, embedding_dim] [3,6,2]
        # input : [输入序列长度(时间步长度),样本数,嵌入向量维度]
        input = input.permute(1, 0, 2)
        # hidden_state : [num_layers(=1)*num_directions(=2), batch_size, n_hidden]
        # hidden_state : [层数*网络方向,样本数,隐藏层的维度(隐藏层神经元个数)]
        hidden_state = torch.zeros(1*2, len(X), n_hidden).to(device)
        # cell_state : [num_layers*num_directions, batch_size, hidden_size]
        # cell_state : [层数*网络方向,样本数,隐藏层的维度(隐藏层神经元个数)]
        cell_state = torch.zeros(1*2, len(X), n_hidden).to(device)
        # final_hidden_state, final_cell_state : [num_layers(=1)*num_directions(=2), batch_size, n_hidden]
        ltsm_output, (final_hidden_state, final_cell_state) = self.lstm(input, (hidden_state, cell_state))
        # ltsm_output : [batch_size, n_step, n_hidden*num_directions(=2)]
        ltsm_output = ltsm_output.permute(1, 0, 2)
        attn_output, attention = self.attention_net(ltsm_output, final_hidden_state)
        # model : [batch_size, num_classes], attention : [batch_size, n_step]
        return self.out(attn_output), attention 
    '''两次bmm加权求和,相当于两次for循环'''
    # lstm_output : [batch_size, n_step, n_hidden*num_directions(=2)] [6,3,16]
    # final_hidden_state : [num_layers(=1)*num_directions(=2), batch_size, n_hidden] [2,6,8]
    def attention_net(self, lstm_output, final_hidden_state):
        # final_hidden_state : [batch_size, n_hidden*num_directions(=2), 1(=n_layer)] [6,16,1]
        final_hidden_state = final_hidden_state.view(-1, 2*n_hidden, 1) 
        '''第一次bmm加权求和:: lstm_output和final_hidden_state生成注意力权重attn_weights'''
        # [6,3,16]*[6,16,1] -> [6,3,1] -> attn_weights : [batch_size, n_step] [6,3]
        attn_weights = torch.bmm(lstm_output, final_hidden_state).squeeze(2) # 第3维度降维
        softmax_attn_weights = F.softmax(attn_weights, 1) # 按列求值 [6,3]
        '''第二次bmm加权求和 : lstm_output和注意力权重attn_weights生成上下文向量context,即融合了注意力的模型输出'''
        # [batch_size, n_hidden*num_directions, n_step] * [batch_size,n_step,1] \
        # = [batch_size, n_hidden*num_directions, 1] : [6,16,3] * [6,3,1] -> [6,16,1] -> [6,16]
        context = torch.bmm(lstm_output.transpose(1, 2), softmax_attn_weights.unsqueeze(2)).squeeze(2)
        softmax_attn_weights = softmax_attn_weights.to('cpu') # numpy变量只能在cpu上
        '''各个任务求出context之后的步骤不同,LSTM的上下文不需要和Seq2Seq中的一样和decoder_output连接'''
        return context, softmax_attn_weights.data.numpy() 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    chars = 30 * '*'
    embedding_dim = 3 # embedding size
    n_hidden = 8  # number of hidden units in one cell
    num_classes = 2  # 0 or 1
    '''GPU比CPU慢的原因大致为:
    数据传输会有很大的开销,而GPU处理数据传输要比CPU慢,
    而GPU在矩阵计算上的优势在小规模神经网络中无法明显体现出来
    '''
    device = ['cuda:0' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu'][0]
    # 3 words sentences (=sequence_length is 3)
    sentences = ["i love you", "he loves me", "don't leave", \
                 "i hate you", "sorry for that", "this is awful"]
    labels = [1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0]  # 1 is good, 0 is not good.
    '''1.数据预处理'''
    sentences, word_list, word_dict, vocab_size, max_size = pre_process(sentences)
    inputs, targets = make_batch(sentences)
    '''2.构建模型'''
    model = BiLSTM_Attention()
    model.to(device)
    criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
    optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.001)
    if os.path.exists('model_param.pt') == True:
        # 加载模型参数到模型结构
        model.load_state_dict(torch.load('model_param.pt', map_location=device))
    '''3.训练'''
    print('{}\nTrain\n{}'.format('*'*30, '*'*30))
    loss_record = []
    for epoch in range(10000):
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        output, attention = model(inputs)
        output = output.to(device)
        loss = criterion(output, targets)
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()
        print(loss)
        if loss >= 0.001: # 连续30轮loss小于0.01则提前结束训练
            loss_record = []
        else:
            loss_record.append(loss.item())
            if len(loss_record) == 30:
                torch.save(model.state_dict(), 'model_param.pt')
                break    
        if (epoch + 1) % 1000 == 0:
            print('Epoch:', '%04d' % (epoch + 1), 'Loss = {:.6f}'.format(loss))
            torch.save(model.state_dict(), 'model_param.pt')
    '''4.测试'''
    print('{}\nTest\n{}'.format('*'*30, '*'*30))
    test_text = 'sorry i hate you'
    # 返回包含每个单词序号的列表矩阵(为了有2个维度,还要加一个中括号升维)
    tests = [np.array([word_dict[n] for n in test_text.split()])]
    test_batch = torch.LongTensor(np.array(tests)).to(device)
    predict, attn_test = model(test_batch)
    predict = predict.data.max(1, keepdim=True)[1]
    print('The emotion of "%s" is '%test_text, end='')
    if predict[0][0] == 0:
        print('bad!')
    else:
        print('good!')
    '''5.可视化注意力权重矩阵'''
    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(0.5*len(sentences), 0.5*len(sentences[0]))) # [batch_size, n_step]
    ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)
    # attention : (6, 3)
    ax.matshow(attention, cmap='viridis')
    word_show = ['单词'] * len(sentences[0])
    word_show = [word_show[i] + str(i+1) for i in range(len(sentences[0]))] # ['word_1', 'word_2', 'word_3']
    ax.set_xticklabels([''] + word_show, fontdict={'fontsize': 14} , fontproperties='SimSun')
    sentence_show = ['句子'] * len(sentences)
    sentence_show = [sentence_show[i] + str(i+1) for i in range(len(sentence_show))] # ['sentence_1', 'sentence_2', 'sentence_3', 'sentence_4', 'sentence_5', 'sentence_6']
    ax.set_yticklabels([''] + sentence_show, fontdict={'fontsize': 14}, fontproperties='SimSun')
    plt.show()