从ext2文件系统上读出超级块

概述

 

         本篇博客中，我们将仔细分析如何从格式化为ext2文件系统的磁盘中读取超级块并填充内存超级块结构，每次将一个格式化了ext2文件系统的磁盘（分区）挂载到挂载点的时候会调用该方法，该方法在操作系统中的实现主要是函数ext2_fill_super。

 

实现

 

        在ext2系列之前的博客中我们描述了ext2的磁盘划分，所以读取超级块的过程也就显得比较简单，只是在读取完成后可能需要进行一些列的检查等。废话不多说，我们直接来看该函数的实现。我们分为几段来阐述其实现机理。

第一阶段：从磁盘读出超级块

 

 static int ext2_fill_super(struct super_block *sb, void *data, int silent)
 {
     struct buffer_head * bh;
     struct ext2_sb_info * sbi;
     struct ext2_super_block * es;
     struct inode *root;
     unsigned long block;
     unsigned long sb_block = get_sb_block(&data);
     unsigned long logic_sb_block;
     unsigned long offset = ;
     unsigned long def_mount_opts;
     long ret = -EINVAL;
     //default block size is 1024B
     int blocksize = BLOCK_SIZE;
     int db_count;
     int i, j;
     __le32 features;
     int err;

     //allocate memory ext2_super_block in memory
     sbi = kzalloc(sizeof(*sbi), GFP_KERNEL);
     if (!sbi)
         return -ENOMEM;

     sbi->s_blockgroup_lock =
         kzalloc(sizeof(struct blockgroup_lock), GFP_KERNEL);
     if (!sbi->s_blockgroup_lock) {
         kfree(sbi);
         return -ENOMEM;
     }
     //sb is vfs super_block
     //sb->s_fs_info is specific file system super block
     sb->s_fs_info = sbi;
     sbi->s_sb_block = sb_block;

     spin_lock_init(&sbi->s_lock);

     /*
      * See what the current blocksize for the device is, and
      * use that as the blocksize.  Otherwise (or if the blocksize
      * is smaller than the default) use the default.
      * This is important for devices that have a hardware
      * sectorsize that is larger than the default.
      */
      //the block size can't be smaller than BLOCK_SIZE=1024B
      //and block size must be smaller than PAGE_SIZE = 4096B now
     blocksize = sb_min_blocksize(sb, BLOCK_SIZE);
     if (!blocksize) {
         ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR, "error: unable to set blocksize");
         goto failed_sbi;
     }

     /*
      * If the superblock doesn't start on a hardware sector boundary,
      * calculate the offset.
      */
      //blocksize may bigger than BLOCK_SIZE=1024B
      //because we read blocksize bytes data from disk
      //Block 0 is 1024B and super_block is also 1024B
      //if blocksize is not 1024B,it must be bigger than 1024B,for example,if blocksize is 2048B
      //we must read block 0(first 2048B on disk),then we read offset 1024~2047 as super block
     if (blocksize != BLOCK_SIZE) {
         logic_sb_block = (sb_block*BLOCK_SIZE) / blocksize;
         offset = (sb_block*BLOCK_SIZE) % blocksize;
     } else {
         logic_sb_block = sb_block;
     }
     //read block @logic_sb_block containg super block
     if (!(bh = sb_bread(sb, logic_sb_block))) {
         ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR, "error: unable to read superblock");
         goto failed_sbi;
     }
     /*
      * Note: s_es must be initialized as soon as possible because
      *       some ext2 macro-instructions depend on its value
      */
     es = (struct ext2_super_block *) (((char *)bh->b_data) + offset);
     //sbi is ext2_super_block in memory while sbi->s_es is ext2_super_block on disk
     sbi->s_es = es;

第一部分的函数是核心，它负责从ext2的磁盘（分区）上读出超级块，那么这里的问题就产生了：

1. 超级块的起始位置在哪？
2. 超级块的大小是多少？
3. 在实现中我们自己定义的块大小（默认1024）与磁盘设备的块大小如果不一致怎么办？

所以我们看上面的很多代码其实都是在处理这个问题。让我们一一来解答。

首先，超级块位于磁盘（分区）的第二个1024位置上，因为第一个1024字节默认作为引导块，文件系统并不使用。

其次，ext2的超级块大小也为1024字节，这在ext2超级块数据结构的定义中可以看出。

最后，因为读之前我们默认磁盘块大小是1024字节，但磁盘设备定义的块大小可能不同，有可能是2048,4096等等，而我们读磁盘数据的时候是以逻辑块为单位读取的（虽然最终的物理读取是以扇区为单位的），因此，我们必须确定到底块大小是多少，如果决定块大小是1024，那我们只需读出第二个磁盘块即可读出超级块，而如果块大小是2048，那我们读出第一个磁盘块，然后再取1024~2047这一段，下图比较清晰地阐述了这个过程：

另外，我们读出超级块是要缓存在内存中的，而内存中的超级块结构需要在磁盘超级块结构上增添一些管理成员。ext2内存超级块结构为struct ext2_sb_info。

ext2_fill_super所展示的第一段代码所做工作主要有：

1. 分配ext2内存超级块结构struct ext2_sb_info，如果分配内存失败，则直接返回-ENOMEM;
2. 确定逻辑磁盘块大小，比较默认逻辑块大小和真实逻辑块大小（根据磁盘设备的一些信息确定），将最大者设置为逻辑块大小，但注意：该最大者必须是2的次幂且不可大于4096
3. 从磁盘上读出超级块根据2中计算的块大小确定超级块所在逻辑块号和块内偏移，读出超级块，存储在1中分配的内存超级块结构中sbi->s_es = es。

第二阶段：根据磁盘超级块初始化内存超级块的成员

        上文描述的第一阶段从磁盘上读出了超级块内容，接下来我们就要根据磁盘上的超级块结构来初始化内存超级块结构，在这个过程中可能还伴随着磁盘超级块内容的检查，确认其是否已经损坏等。

 sb->s_magic = le16_to_cpu(es->s_magic);

     if (sb->s_magic != EXT2_SUPER_MAGIC)
         goto cantfind_ext2;

     /* Set defaults before we parse the mount options */
     /* 接下来这段根据磁盘超级块
     ** 结构来设置内存超级块结构的部分选项
     ** 相比较而言这些选项的重要性没那么高
     */
     def_mount_opts = le32_to_cpu(es->s_default_mount_opts);
     if (def_mount_opts & EXT2_DEFM_DEBUG)
         set_opt(sbi->s_mount_opt, DEBUG);
     if (def_mount_opts & EXT2_DEFM_BSDGROUPS)
         set_opt(sbi->s_mount_opt, GRPID);
     if (def_mount_opts & EXT2_DEFM_UID16)
         set_opt(sbi->s_mount_opt, NO_UID32);
 #ifdef CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR
     if (def_mount_opts & EXT2_DEFM_XATTR_USER)
         set_opt(sbi->s_mount_opt, XATTR_USER);
 #endif
 #ifdef CONFIG_EXT2_FS_POSIX_ACL
     if (def_mount_opts & EXT2_DEFM_ACL)
         set_opt(sbi->s_mount_opt, POSIX_ACL);
 #endif
     /* 这个选项决定了挂载出错时的处理方法
     ** 如PANIC即指示出错就奔溃...
     */
     if (le16_to_cpu(sbi->s_es->s_errors) == EXT2_ERRORS_PANIC)
         set_opt(sbi->s_mount_opt, ERRORS_PANIC);
     else if (le16_to_cpu(sbi->s_es->s_errors) == EXT2_ERRORS_CONTINUE)
         set_opt(sbi->s_mount_opt, ERRORS_CONT);
     else
         set_opt(sbi->s_mount_opt, ERRORS_RO);

     sbi->s_resuid = le16_to_cpu(es->s_def_resuid);
     sbi->s_resgid = le16_to_cpu(es->s_def_resgid);

     set_opt(sbi->s_mount_opt, RESERVATION);

     if (!parse_options((char *) data, sb))
         goto failed_mount;

     sb->s_flags = (sb->s_flags & ~MS_POSIXACL) |
         ((EXT2_SB(sb)->s_mount_opt & EXT2_MOUNT_POSIX_ACL) ?
          MS_POSIXACL : );

     ext2_xip_verify_sb(sb); /* see if bdev supports xip, unset
                     EXT2_MOUNT_XIP if not */

     if (le32_to_cpu(es->s_rev_level) == EXT2_GOOD_OLD_REV &&
         (EXT2_HAS_COMPAT_FEATURE(sb, ~0U) ||
          EXT2_HAS_RO_COMPAT_FEATURE(sb, ~0U) ||
          EXT2_HAS_INCOMPAT_FEATURE(sb, ~0U)))
         ext2_msg(sb, KERN_WARNING,
             "warning: feature flags set on rev 0 fs, "
             "running e2fsck is recommended");
     /*
      * Check feature flags regardless of the revision level, since we
      * previously didn't change the revision level when setting the flags,
      * so there is a chance incompat flags are set on a rev 0 filesystem.
      */
     features = EXT2_HAS_INCOMPAT_FEATURE(sb, ~EXT2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_SUPP);
     if (features) {
         ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR,    "error: couldn't mount because of "
                "unsupported optional features (%x)",
             le32_to_cpu(features));
         goto failed_mount;
     }
     if (!(sb->s_flags & MS_RDONLY) &&
         (features = EXT2_HAS_RO_COMPAT_FEATURE(sb, ~EXT2_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_SUPP))){
         ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR, "error: couldn't mount RDWR because of "
                "unsupported optional features (%x)",
                le32_to_cpu(features));
         goto failed_mount;
     }

相对来说，这部分的代码重要性没那么高，我们无需花费太多的精力，简单阅读下注释即可。

 

第三阶段：根据磁盘超级块初始化内存超级块的成员（续）

 

        第二阶段初始化内存超级块的只是一些比较简单的选项，到了这个阶段，初始化的东西就比较重要了，它关乎着文件系统的正确性。因此我们作比较详细的分析。

/*
    ** 超级块中可能记录着逻辑块大小，因此我们必须
    ** 以此为准
    */
    blocksize = BLOCK_SIZE << le32_to_cpu(sbi->s_es->s_log_block_size);

    if (ext2_use_xip(sb) && blocksize != PAGE_SIZE) {
        if (!silent)
            ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR,
                "error: unsupported blocksize for xip");
        goto failed_mount;
    }

    /* If the blocksize doesn't match, re-read the thing.. */
    /* 如果块大小和我们之前确定的不太一样
    ** 我们有必要重新读一次超级块
    ** 因为之前读的可能并不准确
    */
    if (sb->s_blocksize != blocksize) {
        brelse(bh);

        if (!sb_set_blocksize(sb, blocksize)) {
            ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR, "error: blocksize is too small");
            goto failed_sbi;
        }

        logic_sb_block = (sb_block*BLOCK_SIZE) / blocksize;
        offset = (sb_block*BLOCK_SIZE) % blocksize;
        bh = sb_bread(sb, logic_sb_block);
        if(!bh) {
            ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR, "error: couldn't read"
                "superblock on 2nd try");
            goto failed_sbi;
        }
        es = (struct ext2_super_block *) (((char *)bh->b_data) + offset);
        sbi->s_es = es;
        if (es->s_magic != cpu_to_le16(EXT2_SUPER_MAGIC)) {
            ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR, "error: magic mismatch");
            goto failed_mount;
        }
    }

    /* 计算ext2最大可支持文件的大小*/
    sb->s_maxbytes = ext2_max_size(sb->s_blocksize_bits);

    if (le32_to_cpu(es->s_rev_level) == EXT2_GOOD_OLD_REV) {
        sbi->s_inode_size = EXT2_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE;
        sbi->s_first_ino = EXT2_GOOD_OLD_FIRST_INO;
    } else {
        sbi->s_inode_size = le16_to_cpu(es->s_inode_size);
        sbi->s_first_ino = le32_to_cpu(es->s_first_ino);
        if ((sbi->s_inode_size < EXT2_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE) ||
            !is_power_of_2(sbi->s_inode_size) ||
            (sbi->s_inode_size > blocksize)) {
            ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR,
                "error: unsupported inode size: %d",
                sbi->s_inode_size);
            goto failed_mount;
        }
    }

    /*  对于逻辑块较大的ext2文件系统，为了
    **  减少块内碎片问题，设置了fragment，
    **  即每个磁盘块内可再细分成多个fragment
    **  这个思想源自FFS，对于1024大小的磁盘块
    **  也就没有必要再划分fragment了
    **  因为最小的fragment大小就是1024字节
    */
    sbi->s_frag_size = EXT2_MIN_FRAG_SIZE <<
                   le32_to_cpu(es->s_log_frag_size);
    if (sbi->s_frag_size == )
        goto cantfind_ext2;
    /* 初始化一些静态信息*/
    sbi->s_frags_per_block = sb->s_blocksize / sbi->s_frag_size;

    sbi->s_blocks_per_group = le32_to_cpu(es->s_blocks_per_group);
    sbi->s_frags_per_group = le32_to_cpu(es->s_frags_per_group);
    sbi->s_inodes_per_group = le32_to_cpu(es->s_inodes_per_group);

    if (EXT2_INODE_SIZE(sb) == )
        goto cantfind_ext2;
    sbi->s_inodes_per_block = sb->s_blocksize / EXT2_INODE_SIZE(sb);
    if (sbi->s_inodes_per_block ==  || sbi->s_inodes_per_group == )
        goto cantfind_ext2;
    sbi->s_itb_per_group = sbi->s_inodes_per_group /
                    sbi->s_inodes_per_block;
    sbi->s_desc_per_block = sb->s_blocksize /
                    sizeof (struct ext2_group_desc);
    sbi->s_sbh = bh;
    sbi->s_mount_state = le16_to_cpu(es->s_state);
    sbi->s_addr_per_block_bits =
        ilog2 (EXT2_ADDR_PER_BLOCK(sb));
    sbi->s_desc_per_block_bits =
        ilog2 (EXT2_DESC_PER_BLOCK(sb));

    if (sb->s_magic != EXT2_SUPER_MAGIC)
        goto cantfind_ext2;

    if (sb->s_blocksize != bh->b_size) {
        if (!silent)
            ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR, "error: unsupported blocksize");
        goto failed_mount;
    }

    /* 目前仅支持块大小和fragment size大小相同*/
    if (sb->s_blocksize != sbi->s_frag_size) {
        ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR,
            "error: fragsize %lu != blocksize %lu"
            "(not supported yet)",
            sbi->s_frag_size, sb->s_blocksize);
        goto failed_mount;
    }

    if (sbi->s_blocks_per_group > sb->s_blocksize * ) {
        ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR,
            "error: #blocks per group too big: %lu",
            sbi->s_blocks_per_group);
        goto failed_mount;
    }
    if (sbi->s_frags_per_group > sb->s_blocksize * ) {
        ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR,
            "error: #fragments per group too big: %lu",
            sbi->s_frags_per_group);
        goto failed_mount;
    }
    if (sbi->s_inodes_per_group > sb->s_blocksize * ) {
        ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR,
            "error: #inodes per group too big: %lu",
            sbi->s_inodes_per_group);
        goto failed_mount;
    }

    if (EXT2_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(sb) == )
        goto cantfind_ext2;
     sbi->s_groups_count = ((le32_to_cpu(es->s_blocks_count) -
                 le32_to_cpu(es->s_first_data_block) - )
                     / EXT2_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(sb)) + ;
    db_count = (sbi->s_groups_count + EXT2_DESC_PER_BLOCK(sb) - ) /
           EXT2_DESC_PER_BLOCK(sb);
    sbi->s_group_desc = kmalloc (db_count * sizeof (struct buffer_head *), GFP_KERNEL);
    if (sbi->s_group_desc == NULL) {
        ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR, "error: not enough memory");
        goto failed_mount;
    }
    bgl_lock_init(sbi->s_blockgroup_lock);
    /* 这个数据结构干嘛的现在还不得而知*/
    sbi->s_debts = kcalloc(sbi->s_groups_count, sizeof(*sbi->s_debts), GFP_KERNEL);
    if (!sbi->s_debts) {
        ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR, "error: not enough memory");
        goto failed_mount_group_desc;
    }

    /* 读出块组描述符信息 */
    for (i = ; i < db_count; i++) {
        block = descriptor_loc(sb, logic_sb_block, i);
        sbi->s_group_desc[i] = sb_bread(sb, block);
        if (!sbi->s_group_desc[i]) {
            for (j = ; j < i; j++)
                brelse (sbi->s_group_desc[j]);
            ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR,
                "error: unable to read group descriptors");
            goto failed_mount_group_desc;
        }
    }
    if (!ext2_check_descriptors (sb)) {
        ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR, "group descriptors corrupted");
        goto failed_mount2;
    }
    sbi->s_gdb_count = db_count;
    get_random_bytes(&sbi->s_next_generation, sizeof(u32));

    spin_lock_init(&sbi->s_next_gen_lock);

    /* per fileystem reservation list head & lock */
    //init something for reservation windows of every file
    spin_lock_init(&sbi->s_rsv_window_lock);
    sbi->s_rsv_window_root = RB_ROOT;
    /*
     * Add a single, static dummy reservation to the start of the
     * reservation window list --- it gives us a placeholder for
     * append-at-start-of-list which makes the allocation logic
     * _much_ simpler.
     */
    /* 初始化内存超级块的预留窗口
    ** 所谓的预留窗口是在分配数据块的时候
    ** 每一次多分配一点，以提高文件数据存储
    ** 的连续性
    */
    sbi->s_rsv_window_head.rsv_start = EXT2_RESERVE_WINDOW_NOT_ALLOCATED;
    sbi->s_rsv_window_head.rsv_end = EXT2_RESERVE_WINDOW_NOT_ALLOCATED;
    sbi->s_rsv_window_head.rsv_alloc_hit = ;
    sbi->s_rsv_window_head.rsv_goal_size = ;
    ext2_rsv_window_add(sb, &sbi->s_rsv_window_head);

    err = percpu_counter_init(&sbi->s_freeblocks_counter,
                ext2_count_free_blocks(sb));
    if (!err) {
        err = percpu_counter_init(&sbi->s_freeinodes_counter,
                ext2_count_free_inodes(sb));
    }
    if (!err) {
        err = percpu_counter_init(&sbi->s_dirs_counter,
                ext2_count_dirs(sb));
    }
    if (err) {
        ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR, "error: insufficient memory");
        goto failed_mount3;
    }
    /*
     * set up enough so that it can read an inode
     */
    sb->s_op = &ext2_sops;
    sb->s_export_op = &ext2_export_ops;
    sb->s_xattr = ext2_xattr_handlers;

#ifdef CONFIG_QUOTA
    sb->dq_op = &dquot_operations;
    sb->s_qcop = &dquot_quotactl_ops;
#endif

这里面涉及到的细节问题比较多，但是都比较简单，主要是文件系统各种统计数据的计算等，这里不再赘述，请直接参考代码注释。

 

第四阶段：构造根目录

        当超级块完全读出并构造内存超级块以后，接下来就是构造根目录了，让我们直接看代码：

/* 读根目录的inode，inode号为默认值2
    ** 读出后保存在内存inode结构中
    */
    root = ext2_iget(sb, EXT2_ROOT_INO);
    if (IS_ERR(root)) {
        ret = PTR_ERR(root);
        goto failed_mount3;
    }
    if (!S_ISDIR(root->i_mode) || !root->i_blocks || !root->i_size) {
        iput(root);
        ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR, "error: corrupt root inode, run e2fsck");
        goto failed_mount3;
    }

    /* 分配根目录的内存目录项
    ** 因为根目录没有父目录这个概念
    ** 因此，没法从其父目录中读出其目录
    ** 只能在内存中构造一个
    */
    sb->s_root = d_alloc_root(root);
    if (!sb->s_root) {
        iput(root);
        ext2_msg(sb, KERN_ERR, "error: get root inode failed");
        ret = -ENOMEM;
        goto failed_mount3;
    }
    if (EXT2_HAS_COMPAT_FEATURE(sb, EXT3_FEATURE_COMPAT_HAS_JOURNAL))
        ext2_msg(sb, KERN_WARNING,
            "warning: mounting ext3 filesystem as ext2");
    if (ext2_setup_super (sb, es, sb->s_flags & MS_RDONLY))
        sb->s_flags |= MS_RDONLY;

    /* 在填充超级块时有可能会修改磁盘超级块
    ** 因此有必要作一次写回操作
    */
    ext2_write_super(sb);
    return ;

到此，整个从磁盘读出超级块直至填充内存超级块结构的过程就结束了，整个流程虽然繁杂，但还算简单。