sort

sort 命令对 File 参数指定的文件中的行排序,并将结果写到标准输出。如果 File 参数指定多个文件,那么 sort 命令将这些文件连接起来,并当作一个文件进行排序。

sort语法

[root@www ~]# sort [-fbMnrtuk] [file or stdin]
选项与参数:
-f :忽略大小写的差异,例如 A 与 a 视为编码相同;
-b :忽略最前面的空格符部分;
-M :以月份的名字来排序,例如 JAN, DEC 等等的排序方法;
-n :使用『纯数字』进行排序(默认是以文字型态来排序的);
-r :反向排序;
-u :就是 uniq ,相同的数据中,仅出现一行代表;
-t :分隔符,默认是用 [tab] 键来分隔;
-k :以那个区间 (field) 来进行排序的意思
对/etc/passwd 的账号进行排序
[root@www ~]# cat /etc/passwd | sort
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

sort 是默认以第一个数据来排序,而且默认是以字符串形式来排序,所以由字母 a 开始升序排序。

/etc/passwd 内容是以 : 来分隔的,我想以第三栏来排序,该如何

[root@www ~]# cat /etc/passwd | sort -t ':' -k 3
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin

默认是以字符串来排序的,如果想要使用数字排序:

cat /etc/passwd | sort -t ':' -k 3n
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh

默认是升序排序,如果要倒序排序,如下

cat /etc/passwd | sort -t ':' -k 3nr
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/bin/sh
ntp:x:106:113::/home/ntp:/bin/false
messagebus:x:105:109::/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
sshd:x:104:65534::/var/run/sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin

如果要对/etc/passwd,先以第六个域的第2个字符到第4个字符进行正向排序,再基于第一个域进行反向排序。

cat /etc/passwd |  sort -t':' -k 6.2,6.4 -k 1r
sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/bin/sh
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh

查看/etc/passwd有多少个shell:对/etc/passwd的第七个域进行排序,然后去重:

cat /etc/passwd |  sort -t':' -k 7 -u
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
syslog:x:101:102::/home/syslog:/bin/false
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
sshd:x:104:65534::/var/run/sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin

uniq

uniq命令可以去除排序过的文件中的重复行,因此uniq经常和sort合用。也就是说,为了使uniq起作用,所有的重复行必须是相邻的。

uniq语法

[root@www ~]# uniq [-icu]
选项与参数:
-i :忽略大小写字符的不同;
-c :进行计数
-u :只显示唯一的行

testfile的内容如下

cat testfile
hello
world
friend
hello
world
hello

直接删除未经排序的文件,将会发现没有任何行被删除

#uniq testfile
hello
world
friend
hello
world
hello

排序文件,默认是去重

#cat words | sort |uniq
friend
hello
world

排序之后删除了重复行,同时在行首位置输出该行重复的次数

#sort testfile | uniq -c
1 friend
3 hello
2 world

仅显示存在重复的行,并在行首显示该行重复的次数

#sort testfile | uniq -dc
3 hello
2 world

仅显示不重复的行

sort testfile | uniq -u
friend

cut

cut命令可以从一个文本文件或者文本流中提取文本列。

cut语法

[root@www ~]# cut -d'分隔字符' -f fields <==用于有特定分隔字符
[root@www ~]# cut -c 字符区间 <==用于排列整齐的信息
选项与参数:
-d :后面接分隔字符。与 -f 一起使用;
-f :依据 -d 的分隔字符将一段信息分割成为数段,用 -f 取出第几段的意思;
-c :以字符 (characters) 的单位取出固定字符区间;

PATH 变量如下

[root@www ~]# echo $PATH
/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/usr/games
# 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |

将 PATH 变量取出,我要找出第五个路径。

#echo $PATH | cut -d ':' -f 5
/usr/local/bin

将 PATH 变量取出,我要找出第三和第五个路径。

#echo $PATH | cut -d ':' -f 3,5
/sbin:/usr/local/bin

将 PATH 变量取出,我要找出第三到最后一个路径。

echo $PATH | cut -d ':' -f 3-
/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/usr/games

将 PATH 变量取出,我要找出第一到第三个路径。

#echo $PATH | cut -d ':' -f 1-3
/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:
 

将 PATH 变量取出,我要找出第一到第三,还有第五个路径。

echo $PATH | cut -d ':' -f 1-3,5
/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin

实用例子:只显示/etc/passwd的用户和shell

#cat /etc/passwd | cut -d ':' -f 1,7
root:/bin/bash
daemon:/bin/sh
bin:/bin/sh

 wc

统计文件里面有多少单词,多少行,多少字符。

wc语法

[root@www ~]# wc [-lwm]
选项与参数:
-l :仅列出行;
-w :仅列出多少字(英文单字);
-m :多少字符;

默认使用wc统计/etc/passwd

#wc /etc/passwd
40 45 1719 /etc/passwd

40是行数,45是单词数,1719是字节数

wc的命令比较简单使用,每个参数使用如下:

#wc -l /etc/passwd   #统计行数,在对记录数时,很常用
40 /etc/passwd #表示系统有40个账户 #wc -w /etc/passwd #统计单词出现次数
45 /etc/passwd #wc -m /etc/passwd #统计文件的字节数

转:http://www.cnblogs.com/ggjucheng/archive/2013/01/13/2858385.html

根据上面一些命令做一些日志分析

提取日志里面关键参数:

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" 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统计每天日志里面IP访问数量

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