从零搭建和配置OSX开发环境

对于每一名开发者来说，更换系统或者更换电脑的时候，都免不了花上不短的时间去折腾开发环境的问题。我本人也是三番两次，深知这个过程的繁琐。所有，根据我自己以往的经验，以及参考一下他人的意见，整理一下关于在Mac下做各种开发的配置，包含Java, Ruby, Vim, git, 数据库等等。欢迎补充与修正。

Terminal篇

这篇文章包含配置控制台环境，包括包管理工具, zsh, Vim, git的安装配置。

Homebrew, 你不能错过的包管理工具

包管理工具已经成为现在操作系统中不可缺少的一个重要工具了，它能大大减轻软件安装的负担，节约我们的时间。Linux中常用的有yum和apt-get工具，甚至Windows平台也有Chocolatey这样优秀的工具，OSX平台自然有它独有的工具。

在OSX中，有两款大家常用的管理工具：Homebrew或者MacPorts。这两款工具都是为了解决同样的问题——为OSX安装常用库和工具。Homebrew与MacPorts的主要区别是Homebrew不会破坏OSX 原生的环境，这也是我推荐Homebrew的主要原因。同时它安装的所有文件都是在用户独立空间内的，这让你安装的所有软件对于该用户来说都是可以访问的，不需要使用sudo命令。

在安装Homebrew前，你需要前往AppStore下载并安装Xcode.

安装方式：

# OSX系统基本上都自带Ruby1.9

# 所以无需先安装Ruby，但是之后我们需要管理Ruby

ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"

Homebrew常用命令：

brew list                 # 查看已经安装的包

brew update               # 更新Homebrew自身

brew doctor               # 诊断关于Homebrew的问题(Homebrew 有问题时请用它)

brew cleanup              # 清理老版本软件包或者无用的文件

brew show ${formula}      # 查看包信息

brew search ${formula}    # 按名称搜索

brew upgrade ${formula}   # 升级软件包

brew install ${formula}   # 按名称安装

brew uninstall ${formula} # 按名称卸载

brew pin/unpin ${formula} # 锁定或者解锁软件包版本，防止误升级

zsh，好用的shell

Shell程序就是Linux/UNIX系统中的一层外壳，几乎所有的应用程序都可以运行在Shell环境下，常用的有bash, csh, zcsh等。在/etc/shells文件中可以查看系统中的各种shell。

cat /etc/shells

# List of acceptable shells for chpass(1).

# Ftpd will not allow users to connect who are not using

# one of these shells.

/bin/bash

/bin/csh

/bin/ksh

/bin/sh

/bin/tcsh

/bin/zsh

而zsh是OSX系统原生的shell之一，其功能强大，语法相对于bash更加友好和强大，所以推荐使用zsh作为默认的shell。

1 2	`# 切换zsh为默认shell chsh -s $(which zsh)`

如果你想使用最新的zsh，你可以使用Homebrew，此方法也会保留原生的zsh，防止你在某个时刻需要它。

# 查看最新zsh信息

brew info zsh

# 安装zsh

brew install --disable-etcdir zsh

# 添加shell路径至/etc/shells文件中

# 将 /usr/local/bin/zsh 添加到下面文件中

sudo vim /etc/shells

# 更换默认shell

chsh -s /usr/local/bin/zsh

下面贴上我的zsh配置以供参考

我的zsh配置 (zshrc)download

# modify the prompt to contain git branch name if applicable

git_prompt_info() {

  ref=$(git symbolic-ref HEAD 2> /dev/null)

  if [[ -n $ref ]]; then

    echo " %{$fg_bold[green]%}${ref#refs/heads/}%{$reset_color%}"

  fi

}

setopt promptsubst

export PS1='${SSH_CONNECTION+"%{$fg_bold[green]%}%n@%m:"}%{$fg_bold[blue]%}%c%{$reset_color%}$(git_prompt_info) %# '

# load our own completion functions

fpath=(~/.zsh/completion $fpath)

# completion

autoload -U compinit

compinit

# load custom executable functions

for function in ~/.zsh/functions/*; do

  source $function

done

# makes color constants available

autoload -U colors

colors

# enable colored output from ls, etc

export CLICOLOR=1

# history settings

setopt hist_ignore_all_dups inc_append_history

HISTFILE=~/.zhistory

HISTSIZE=4096

SAVEHIST=4096

# awesome cd movements from zshkit

setopt autocd autopushd pushdminus pushdsilent pushdtohome cdablevars

DIRSTACKSIZE=5

# Enable extended globbing

setopt extendedglob

# Allow [ or ] whereever you want

unsetopt nomatch

# vi mode

bindkey -v

bindkey "^F" vi-cmd-mode

bindkey jj vi-cmd-mode

# handy keybindings

bindkey "^A" beginning-of-line

bindkey "^E" end-of-line

bindkey "^R" history-incremental-search-backward

bindkey "^P" history-search-backward

bindkey "^Y" accept-and-hold

bindkey "^N" insert-last-word

bindkey -s "^T" "^[Isudo ^[A" # "t" for "toughguy"

# use vim as the visual editor

export VISUAL=vim

export EDITOR=$VISUAL

# load rbenv if available

if which rbenv &>/dev/null ; then

  eval "$(rbenv init - --no-rehash)"

fi

# load thoughtbot/dotfiles scripts

export PATH="$HOME/.bin:$PATH"

# mkdir .git/safe in the root of repositories you trust

export PATH=".git/safe/../../bin:$PATH"

# aliases

[[ -f ~/.aliases ]] && source ~/.aliases

# Local config

[[ -f ~/.zshrc.local ]] && source ~/.zshrc.local

好用的编辑器 Vim

对于Vim，无需溢美之词，作为与emacs并列的两大编辑器，早已经被无数人奉为经典。而它却又以超长的学习曲线，使得很多人望而却步。长久以来，虽然拥有大量的插件，却缺少一个确之有效的插件管理器。所幸，Vundle的出现解决了这个问题。

Vundle可以让你在配置文件中管理插件，并且非常方便的查找、安装、更新或者删除插件。还可以帮你自动配置插件的执行路径和生成帮助文件。相对于另外一个管理工具pathogen，可以说有着巨大的优势。

1 2	`# vundle 安装和配置 git clone https://github.com/gmarik/Vundle.vim.git ~/.vim/bundle/Vundle.vim`

" 将下面配置文件加入到.vimrc文件中

set nocompatible " 必须

filetype off     " 必须

" 将Vundle加入运行时路径中(Runtime path)

set rtp+=~/.vim/bundle/Vundle.vim

call vundle#begin()

" 使用Vundle管理插件，必须

Plugin 'gmarik/Vundle.vim'

"

" 其他插件

"

call vundle#end() " 必须

filetype plugin indent on " 必须

最后，你只需要执行安装命令，即可以安装好所需的插件。

# 在vim中

:PluginInstall

# 在终端

vim +PluginInstall +qall

下面列出我的Vim插件和配置

Vim插件 (vimrc.bundles)download

if &compatible

  set nocompatible

end

filetype off

set rtp+=~/.vim/bundle/vundle/

call vundle#rc()

" Let Vundle manage Vundle

Bundle 'gmarik/vundle'

" Define bundles via Github repos

Bundle 'christoomey/vim-run-interactive'

Bundle 'croaky/vim-colors-github'

Bundle 'danro/rename.vim'

Bundle 'kchmck/vim-coffee-script'

Bundle 'kien/ctrlp.vim'

Bundle 'pbrisbin/vim-mkdir'

Bundle 'scrooloose/syntastic'

Bundle 'slim-template/vim-slim'

Bundle 'thoughtbot/vim-rspec'

Bundle 'tpope/vim-bundler'

Bundle 'tpope/vim-endwise'

Bundle 'tpope/vim-fugitive'

Bundle 'tpope/vim-rails'

Bundle 'tpope/vim-surround'

Bundle 'vim-ruby/vim-ruby'

Bundle 'vim-scripts/ctags.vim'

Bundle 'vim-scripts/matchit.zip'

Bundle 'vim-scripts/tComment'

Bundle "mattn/emmet-vim"

Bundle "scrooloose/nerdtree"

Bundle "Lokaltog/vim-powerline"

Bundle "godlygeek/tabular"

Bundle "msanders/snipmate.vim"

Bundle "jelera/vim-javascript-syntax"

Bundle "altercation/vim-colors-solarized"

Bundle "othree/html5.vim"

Bundle "xsbeats/vim-blade"

Bundle "Raimondi/delimitMate"

Bundle "groenewege/vim-less"

Bundle "evanmiller/nginx-vim-syntax"

Bundle "Lokaltog/vim-easymotion"

Bundle "tomasr/molokai"

if filereadable(expand("~/.vimrc.bundles.local"))

  source ~/.vimrc.bundles.local

endif

filetype on

Vim配置 (vimrc)download

" Use Vim settings, rather then Vi settings. This setting must be as early as

" possible, as it has side effects.

set nocompatible

" Highlight current line

au WinLeave * set nocursorline nocursorcolumn

au WinEnter * set cursorline cursorcolumn

set cursorline cursorcolumn

" Leader

let mapleader = ","

set backspace=2   " Backspace deletes like most programs in insert mode

set nobackup

set nowritebackup

set noswapfile    " http://robots.thoughtbot.com/post/18739402579/global-gitignore#comment-458413287

set history=50

set ruler         " show the cursor position all the time

set showcmd       " display incomplete commands

set incsearch     " do incremental searching

set laststatus=2  " Always display the status line

set autowrite     " Automatically :write before running commands

set confirm       " Need confrimation while exit

set fileencodings=utf-8,gb18030,gbk,big5

" Switch syntax highlighting on, when the terminal has colors

" Also switch on highlighting the last used search pattern.

if (&t_Co > 2 || has("gui_running")) && !exists("syntax_on")

  syntax on

endif

if filereadable(expand("~/.vimrc.bundles"))

  source ~/.vimrc.bundles

endif

filetype plugin indent on

augroup vimrcEx

  autocmd!

  " When editing a file, always jump to the last known cursor position.

  " Don't do it for commit messages, when the position is invalid, or when

  " inside an event handler (happens when dropping a file on gvim).

  autocmd BufReadPost *

    \ if &ft != 'gitcommit' && line("'\"") > 0 && line("'\"") <= line("$") |

    \   exe "normal g`\"" |

    \ endif

  " Cucumber navigation commands

  autocmd User Rails Rnavcommand step features/step_definitions -glob=**/* -suffix=_steps.rb

  autocmd User Rails Rnavcommand config config -glob=**/* -suffix=.rb -default=routes

  " Set syntax highlighting for specific file types

  autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile Appraisals set filetype=ruby

  autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile *.md set filetype=markdown

  " Enable spellchecking for Markdown

  autocmd FileType markdown setlocal spell

  " Automatically wrap at 80 characters for Markdown

  autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile *.md setlocal textwidth=80

augroup END

" Softtabs, 2 spaces

set tabstop=2

set shiftwidth=2

set shiftround

set expandtab

" Display extra whitespace

set list listchars=tab:»·,trail:·

" Use The Silver Searcher https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher

if executable('ag')

  " Use Ag over Grep

  set grepprg=ag\ --nogroup\ --nocolor

  " Use ag in CtrlP for listing files. Lightning fast and respects .gitignore

  let g:ctrlp_user_command = 'ag %s -l --nocolor -g ""'

  " ag is fast enough that CtrlP doesn't need to cache

  let g:ctrlp_use_caching = 0

endif

" Color scheme

colorscheme molokai

highlight NonText guibg=#060606

highlight Folded  guibg=#0A0A0A guifg=#9090D0

" Make it obvious where 80 characters is

set textwidth=80

set colorcolumn=+1

" Numbers

set number

set numberwidth=5

" Tab completion

" will insert tab at beginning of line,

" will use completion if not at beginning

set wildmode=list:longest,list:full

function! InsertTabWrapper()

    let col = col('.') - 1

    if !col || getline('.')[col - 1] !~ '\k'

        return "\<tab>"

    else

        return "\<c-p>"

    endif

endfunction

inoremap <Tab> <c-r>=InsertTabWrapper()<cr>

inoremap <S-Tab> <c-n>

" Exclude Javascript files in :Rtags via rails.vim due to warnings when parsing

let g:Tlist_Ctags_Cmd="ctags --exclude='*.js'"

" Index ctags from any project, including those outside Rails

map <Leader>ct :!ctags -R .<CR>

" Switch between the last two files

nnoremap <leader><leader> <c-^>

" Get off my lawn

nnoremap <Left> :echoe "Use h"<CR>

nnoremap <Right> :echoe "Use l"<CR>

nnoremap <Up> :echoe "Use k"<CR>

nnoremap <Down> :echoe "Use j"<CR>

" vim-rspec mappings

nnoremap <Leader>t :call RunCurrentSpecFile()<CR>

nnoremap <Leader>s :call RunNearestSpec()<CR>

nnoremap <Leader>l :call RunLastSpec()<CR>

" Run commands that require an interactive shell

nnoremap <Leader>r :RunInInteractiveShell<space>

" Treat <li> and <p> tags like the block tags they are

let g:html_indent_tags = 'li\|p'

" Open new split panes to right and bottom, which feels more natural

set splitbelow

set splitright

" Quicker window movement

nnoremap <C-j> <C-w>j

nnoremap <C-k> <C-w>k

nnoremap <C-h> <C-w>h

nnoremap <C-l> <C-w>l

" configure syntastic syntax checking to check on open as well as save

let g:syntastic_check_on_open=1

let g:syntastic_html_tidy_ignore_errors=[" proprietary attribute \"ng-"]

autocmd Syntax javascript set syntax=jquery " JQuery syntax support

set matchpairs+=<:>

set statusline+=%{fugitive#statusline()} "  Git Hotness

" Nerd Tree

let NERDChristmasTree=0

let NERDTreeWinSize=40

let NERDTreeChDirMode=2

let NERDTreeIgnore=['\~$', '\.pyc$', '\.swp$']

let NERDTreeShowBookmarks=1

let NERDTreeWinPos="right"

autocmd vimenter * if !argc() | NERDTree | endif " Automatically open a NERDTree if no files where specified

autocmd bufenter * if (winnr("$") == 1 && exists("b:NERDTreeType") && b:NERDTreeType == "primary") | q | endif " Close vim if the only window left open is a NERDTree

nmap <F5> :NERDTreeToggle<cr>

" Emmet

let g:user_emmet_mode='i' " enable for insert mode

" Search results high light

set hlsearch

" nohlsearch shortcut

nmap -hl :nohlsearch<cr>

nmap +hl :set hlsearch<cr>

" Javascript syntax hightlight

syntax enable

" ctrap

set wildignore+=*/tmp/*,*.so,*.swp,*.zip     " MacOSX/Linux"

let g:ctrlp_custom_ignore = '\v[\/]\.(git|hg|svn)$'

nnoremap <leader>w :w<CR>

nnoremap <leader>q :q<CR>

" RSpec.vim mappings

map <Leader>t :call RunCurrentSpecFile()<CR>

map <Leader>s :call RunNearestSpec()<CR>

map <Leader>l :call RunLastSpec()<CR>

map <Leader>a :call RunAllSpecs()<CR>

" Vim-instant-markdown doesn't work in zsh

set shell=bash\ -i

" Snippets author

let g:snips_author = 'Yuez'

" Local config

if filereadable($HOME . "/.vimrc.local")

  source ~/.vimrc.local

endif

新世代的版本管理工具 git

Git是一个分散式版本控制软件。最初的目的是为了更好的管理Linux内核开发而设计。与CVS、 Subversion等集中式版本控制软件不同，Git不需要服务器端软件就可以发挥版本控制的作用。使得代码的维护和发布变得非常方便。

Git库目录结构

hooks : 存储钩子文件夹
logs : 存储日志文件夹
refs : 存储指向各个分支指针的(SHA-1)的文件夹
objects : 存储git对象
config : 存储配置文件
HEAD : 指向当前分支的指针文件路径

1 2	`# 安装git brew install git`

Git安装完毕后，只需要使用git config简单配置下用户名和邮箱就可以使用了。

为了使Git更好用，对Git做一些配置，.gitconfig文件中可以设置自定义命令等，.gitignore 文件是默认被忽略版本管理的文件。

(gitconfig)download

[push]

  default = current

[color]

  ui = auto

[alias]

  aa = add --all

  ap = add --patch

  ca = commit --amend

  ci = commit -v

  co = checkout

  br = branch

  create-branch = !sh -c 'git push origin HEAD:refs/heads/$1 && git fetch origin && git branch --track $1 origin/$1 && cd . && git checkout $1' -

  delete-branch = !sh -c 'git push origin :refs/heads/$1 && git branch -D $1' -

  merge-branch = !git checkout master && git merge @{-1}

  pr = !hub pull-request

  st = status

  up = !git fetch origin && git rebase origin/master

[core]

  excludesfile = ~/.gitignore

  autocrlf = input

[merge]

  ff = only

[include]

  path = .gitconfig.local

[commit]

  template = ~/.gitmessage

[fetch]

  prune = true

[user]

  name = zgs225

  email = zgs225@gmail.com

[credential]

  helper = osxkeychain

[github]

  user = zgs225

(gitignore)download

*.DS_Store

*.sw[nop]

.bundle

.env

db/*.sqlite3

log/*.log

rerun.txt

tags

tmp/**/*

!tmp/cache/.keep

自动集成 ternimal 环境

感谢thoughtbot组织发布的开源项目，可以轻松的完成上述配置。这是我fork项目的地址(https://github.com/zgs225/dotfiles)，欢迎fork并完善成属于你自己的配置。

安装步骤：

# 更改为zsh, 详细参考上面zsh部分

chsh -s $(which zsh)

# clone 源码

git clone https://github.com/zgs225/dotfiles.git

# 安装rcm

brew tap thoughtbot/formulae

brew install rcm

# 安装上述环境并且完成配置

rcup -d dotfiles -x README.md -x LICENSE -x Brewfile

语言篇

编程语言五花八门，它们各自的版本也是万别千差。各种语言之间或多或少都存在着向前，或者向后的不兼容。因为版本不兼容导致的bug也是格外的招人烦。所以，在语言篇这篇，也是侧重与到编程语言版本管理已经环境控制。

简洁优美的类Lisp语言 Ruby

以Ruby作为语言篇的开篇，足以看得出来我对Ruby的喜爱。虽然它有着这样或者那样令人诟病的缺点，不过作为让我体会到Web世界美妙的第一门语言，我对Ruby一直有着别样的感情。

目前，Ruby的常用版本是1.9，2.1和最新的2.2。最新版本并不是完全向后兼容，所以如果你的电脑中存在着老版本的Ruby项目，这时候又想切换到新版本中来，那可就头疼了。好在，有像rvm和rbenv这样的Ruby版本管理软件。它们各有优劣，而我喜欢更为自动化的rvm。

一个完整的Ruby环境包括Ruby解释器、安装的RubyGems以及它们的文档。rvm用gemsets的概念，为每一个版本的Ruby提供一个独立的RubyGems环境。可以很方便的在不同的Ruby环境中切换而不相互影响。

# 安装rvm

# 设置mpapis公钥

gpg --keyserver hkp://keys.gnupg.net --recv-keys 409B6B1796C275462A1703113804BB82D39DC0E3

# 安装稳定版rvm

\curl -sSL https://get.rvm.io | bash -s stable

由于网络原因，可以将rvm的Ruby安装源修改为国内淘宝的Ruby镜像服务器。该镜像服务器15分钟以此更新，尽量保证与官方同步。这样能提高安装速度。

1 2	`# 出自 http://ruby.taobao.org sed -i .bak 's!cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby!ruby.taobao.org/mirrors/ruby!' $rvm_path/config/db`

推荐一篇关于rvm的文章: https://ruby-china.org/wiki/rvm-guide

同样，由于网络原因，需要将RubyGems的安装源修改到镜像服务器上。

# 切换源

gem sources --remove https://rubygems.org/

gem sources -a https://ruby.taobao.org/

# 查看源列表

gem sources -l

*** CURRENT SOURCES ***

https://rubygems.org/

以上，你就拥有了一个相对舒适的Ruby开发环境，不用为版本和网络问题发愁。啊！天空都清净了。

http://yuez.me/cong-ling-da-jian-he-pei-zhi-osxkai-fa-huan-jing/