系统批量运维管理器paramiko详解

一、paramiko介绍

  paramiko是基于Python实现的SSH2远程安全连接，支持认证及密钥方式。可以实现远程命令执行、文件传输、中间SSH代理等功能，相对于Pexpect，封装的层次更高，更贴近SSH协议的功能

官网地址：http://www.paramiko.org/installing.html

　　　　   http://docs.paramiko.org/en/2.4/

　　　　   https://pypi.org/project/paramiko/

二、paramiko安装

root@localhost ~]# pip3 install paramiko

简单实现远程SSH运行命令示例

import paramiko

hostname = '192.168.56.132'
username = 'root'
password = ''
paramiko.util.log_to_file('syslogin.log')     #发送paramiko日志到syslogin.log文件

ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()          #创建一个SSH客户端client对象
ssh.load_system_host_keys()         #获取客户端host_keys,默认~/.ssh/known_hosts,非默认路径需指定
ssh.connect(hostname=hostname,username=username,password=password)    #创建SSH连接
stdin,stdout,stderr = ssh.exec_command('free -m')      #调用远程执行命令方法exec_command()
print(stdout.read().decode('utf-8'))        #打印命令执行结果，得到Python列表形式，可以使用stdout_readlines()
ssh.close()      #关闭SSH连接

程序运行结果如下图所示：

[root@localhost p_paramiko]# cat syslogin.log
DEB [-::47.022] thr=   paramiko.transport: starting thread (client mode): 0xf5b8d668
DEB [-::47.023] thr=   paramiko.transport: Local version/idstring: SSH-2.0-paramiko_2.4.1
DEB [-::47.026] thr=   paramiko.transport: Remote version/idstring: SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.
INF [-::47.026] thr=   paramiko.transport: Connected (version 2.0, client OpenSSH_5.)
DEB [-::47.027] thr=   paramiko.transport: kex algos:['diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256', 'diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1', 'diffie-hellman-group14-sha1', 'diffie-hellman-group1-sha1'] server key:['ssh-rsa', 'ssh-dss'] client encrypt:['aes128-ctr', 'aes192-ctr', 'aes256-ctr', 'arcfour256', 'arcfour128', 'aes128-cbc', '3des-cbc', 'blowfish-cbc', 'cast128-cbc', 'aes192-cbc', 'aes256-cbc', 'arcfour', 'rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se'] server encrypt:['aes128-ctr', 'aes192-ctr', 'aes256-ctr', 'arcfour256', 'arcfour128', 'aes128-cbc', '3des-cbc', 'blowfish-cbc', 'cast128-cbc', 'aes192-cbc', 'aes256-cbc', 'arcfour', 'rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se'] client mac:['hmac-md5', 'hmac-sha1', 'umac-64@openssh.com', 'hmac-sha2-256', 'hmac-sha2-512', 'hmac-ripemd160', 'hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com', 'hmac-sha1-96', 'hmac-md5-96'] server mac:['hmac-md5', 'hmac-sha1', 'umac-64@openssh.com', 'hmac-sha2-256', 'hmac-sha2-512', 'hmac-ripemd160', 'hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com', 'hmac-sha1-96', 'hmac-md5-96'] client compress:['none', 'zlib@openssh.com'] server compress:['none', 'zlib@openssh.com'] client lang:[''] server lang:[''] kex follows?False
DEB [-::47.028] thr=   paramiko.transport: Kex agreed: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256
DEB [-::47.028] thr=   paramiko.transport: HostKey agreed: ssh-rsa
DEB [-::47.028] thr=   paramiko.transport: Cipher agreed: aes128-ctr
DEB [-::47.028] thr=   paramiko.transport: MAC agreed: hmac-sha2-
DEB [-::47.028] thr=   paramiko.transport: Compression agreed: none
DEB [-::47.072] thr=   paramiko.transport: Got server p ( bits)
DEB [-::47.139] thr=   paramiko.transport: kex engine KexGexSHA256 specified hash_algo <built-in function openssl_sha256>
DEB [-::47.139] thr=   paramiko.transport: Switch to new keys ...
DEB [-::47.182] thr=   paramiko.transport: userauth is OK
INF [-::47.351] thr=   paramiko.transport: Authentication (password) successful!
DEB [-::47.352] thr=   paramiko.transport: [chan ] Max packet in:  bytes
DEB [-::47.353] thr=   paramiko.transport: [chan ] Max packet out:  bytes
DEB [-::47.353] thr=   paramiko.transport: Secsh channel  opened.
DEB [-::47.354] thr=   paramiko.transport: [chan ] Sesch channel  request ok
DEB [-::47.360] thr=   paramiko.transport: [chan ] EOF received ()
DEB [-::26.006] thr=   paramiko.transport: starting thread (client mode): 0x5f2736d8
DEB [-::26.006] thr=   paramiko.transport: Local version/idstring: SSH-2.0-paramiko_2.4.1
DEB [-::26.010] thr=   paramiko.transport: Remote version/idstring: SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.
INF [-::26.010] thr=   paramiko.transport: Connected (version 2.0, client OpenSSH_5.)
DEB [-::26.010] thr=   paramiko.transport: kex algos:['diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256', 'diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1', 'diffie-hellman-group14-sha1', 'diffie-hellman-group1-sha1'] server key:['ssh-rsa', 'ssh-dss'] client encrypt:['aes128-ctr', 'aes192-ctr', 'aes256-ctr', 'arcfour256', 'arcfour128', 'aes128-cbc', '3des-cbc', 'blowfish-cbc', 'cast128-cbc', 'aes192-cbc', 'aes256-cbc', 'arcfour', 'rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se'] server encrypt:['aes128-ctr', 'aes192-ctr', 'aes256-ctr', 'arcfour256', 'arcfour128', 'aes128-cbc', '3des-cbc', 'blowfish-cbc', 'cast128-cbc', 'aes192-cbc', 'aes256-cbc', 'arcfour', 'rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se'] client mac:['hmac-md5', 'hmac-sha1', 'umac-64@openssh.com', 'hmac-sha2-256', 'hmac-sha2-512', 'hmac-ripemd160', 'hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com', 'hmac-sha1-96', 'hmac-md5-96'] server mac:['hmac-md5', 'hmac-sha1', 'umac-64@openssh.com', 'hmac-sha2-256', 'hmac-sha2-512', 'hmac-ripemd160', 'hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com', 'hmac-sha1-96', 'hmac-md5-96'] client compress:['none', 'zlib@openssh.com'] server compress:['none', 'zlib@openssh.com'] client lang:[''] server lang:[''] kex follows?False
DEB [-::26.010] thr=   paramiko.transport: Kex agreed: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256
DEB [-::26.010] thr=   paramiko.transport: HostKey agreed: ssh-rsa
DEB [-::26.011] thr=   paramiko.transport: Cipher agreed: aes128-ctr
DEB [-::26.011] thr=   paramiko.transport: MAC agreed: hmac-sha2-
DEB [-::26.011] thr=   paramiko.transport: Compression agreed: none
DEB [-::26.054] thr=   paramiko.transport: Got server p ( bits)
DEB [-::26.119] thr=   paramiko.transport: kex engine KexGexSHA256 specified hash_algo <built-in function openssl_sha256>
DEB [-::26.119] thr=   paramiko.transport: Switch to new keys ...
DEB [-::26.162] thr=   paramiko.transport: userauth is OK
INF [-::26.243] thr=   paramiko.transport: Authentication (password) successful!
DEB [-::26.243] thr=   paramiko.transport: [chan ] Max packet in:  bytes
DEB [-::26.244] thr=   paramiko.transport: [chan ] Max packet out:  bytes
DEB [-::26.244] thr=   paramiko.transport: Secsh channel  opened.
DEB [-::26.245] thr=   paramiko.transport: [chan ] Sesch channel  request ok
DEB [-::26.250] thr=   paramiko.transport: [chan ] EOF received ()
DEB [-::19.574] thr=   paramiko.transport: starting thread (client mode): 0x4546a710
DEB [-::19.574] thr=   paramiko.transport: Local version/idstring: SSH-2.0-paramiko_2.4.1
DEB [-::19.578] thr=   paramiko.transport: Remote version/idstring: SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.
INF [-::19.578] thr=   paramiko.transport: Connected (version 2.0, client OpenSSH_5.)
DEB [-::19.579] thr=   paramiko.transport: kex algos:['diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256', 'diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1', 'diffie-hellman-group14-sha1', 'diffie-hellman-group1-sha1'] server key:['ssh-rsa', 'ssh-dss'] client encrypt:['aes128-ctr', 'aes192-ctr', 'aes256-ctr', 'arcfour256', 'arcfour128', 'aes128-cbc', '3des-cbc', 'blowfish-cbc', 'cast128-cbc', 'aes192-cbc', 'aes256-cbc', 'arcfour', 'rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se'] server encrypt:['aes128-ctr', 'aes192-ctr', 'aes256-ctr', 'arcfour256', 'arcfour128', 'aes128-cbc', '3des-cbc', 'blowfish-cbc', 'cast128-cbc', 'aes192-cbc', 'aes256-cbc', 'arcfour', 'rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se'] client mac:['hmac-md5', 'hmac-sha1', 'umac-64@openssh.com', 'hmac-sha2-256', 'hmac-sha2-512', 'hmac-ripemd160', 'hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com', 'hmac-sha1-96', 'hmac-md5-96'] server mac:['hmac-md5', 'hmac-sha1', 'umac-64@openssh.com', 'hmac-sha2-256', 'hmac-sha2-512', 'hmac-ripemd160', 'hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com', 'hmac-sha1-96', 'hmac-md5-96'] client compress:['none', 'zlib@openssh.com'] server compress:['none', 'zlib@openssh.com'] client lang:[''] server lang:[''] kex follows?False
DEB [-::19.579] thr=   paramiko.transport: Kex agreed: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256
DEB [-::19.579] thr=   paramiko.transport: HostKey agreed: ssh-rsa
DEB [-::19.579] thr=   paramiko.transport: Cipher agreed: aes128-ctr
DEB [-::19.579] thr=   paramiko.transport: MAC agreed: hmac-sha2-
DEB [-::19.579] thr=   paramiko.transport: Compression agreed: none
DEB [-::19.580] thr=   paramiko.transport: Got server p ( bits)
DEB [-::19.639] thr=   paramiko.transport: kex engine KexGexSHA256 specified hash_algo <built-in function openssl_sha256>
DEB [-::19.640] thr=   paramiko.transport: Switch to new keys ...
DEB [-::19.682] thr=   paramiko.transport: userauth is OK
INF [-::19.817] thr=   paramiko.transport: Authentication (password) successful!
DEB [-::19.817] thr=   paramiko.transport: [chan ] Max packet in:  bytes
DEB [-::19.818] thr=   paramiko.transport: [chan ] Max packet out:  bytes
DEB [-::19.818] thr=   paramiko.transport: Secsh channel  opened.
DEB [-::19.820] thr=   paramiko.transport: [chan ] Sesch channel  request ok
DEB [-::19.824] thr=   paramiko.transport: [chan ] EOF received ()
DEB [-::23.623] thr=   paramiko.transport: starting thread (client mode): 0xd3c8710
DEB [-::23.624] thr=   paramiko.transport: Local version/idstring: SSH-2.0-paramiko_2.4.1
DEB [-::23.627] thr=   paramiko.transport: Remote version/idstring: SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.
INF [-::23.627] thr=   paramiko.transport: Connected (version 2.0, client OpenSSH_5.)
DEB [-::23.627] thr=   paramiko.transport: kex algos:['diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256', 'diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1', 'diffie-hellman-group14-sha1', 'diffie-hellman-group1-sha1'] server key:['ssh-rsa', 'ssh-dss'] client encrypt:['aes128-ctr', 'aes192-ctr', 'aes256-ctr', 'arcfour256', 'arcfour128', 'aes128-cbc', '3des-cbc', 'blowfish-cbc', 'cast128-cbc', 'aes192-cbc', 'aes256-cbc', 'arcfour', 'rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se'] server encrypt:['aes128-ctr', 'aes192-ctr', 'aes256-ctr', 'arcfour256', 'arcfour128', 'aes128-cbc', '3des-cbc', 'blowfish-cbc', 'cast128-cbc', 'aes192-cbc', 'aes256-cbc', 'arcfour', 'rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se'] client mac:['hmac-md5', 'hmac-sha1', 'umacimport paramiko
-@openssh.com', 'hmac-sha2-', 'hmac-sha2-', 'hmac-ripemd160', 'hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com', 'hmac-sha1-', 'hmac-md5-'] server mac:['hmac-md5', 'hmac-sha1', 'umac-@openssh.com', 'hmac-sha2-', 'hmac-sha2-', 'hmac-ripemd160', 'hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com', 'hmac-sha1-', 'hmac-md5-'] client compress:['none', 'zlib@openssh.com'] server compress:['none', 'zlib@openssh.com'] client lang:[''] server lang:[''] kex follows?False
DEB [-::23.627] thr=   paramiko.transport: Kex agreed: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256
DEB [-::23.627] thr=   paramiko.transport: HostKey agreed: ssh-rsa
DEB [-::23.627] thr=   paramiko.transport: Cipher agreed: aes128-ctr
DEB [-::23.628] thr=   paramiko.transport: MAC agreed: hmac-sha2-
DEB [-::23.628] thr=   paramiko.transport: Compression agreed: none
DEB [-::23.672] thr=   paramiko.transport: Got server p ( bits)
DEB [-::23.741] thr=   paramiko.transport: kex engine KexGexSHA256 specified hash_algo <built-in function openssl_sha256>
DEB [-::23.741] thr=   paramiko.transport: Switch to new keys ...
DEB [-::23.782] thr=   paramiko.transport: userauth is OK
INF [-::23.861] thr=   paramiko.transport: Authentication (password) successful!
DEB [-::23.862] thr=   paramiko.transport: [chan ] Max packet in:  bytes
DEB [-::23.863] thr=   paramiko.transport: [chan ] Max packet out:  bytes
DEB [-::23.863] thr=   paramiko.transport: Secsh channel  opened.
DEB [-::23.864] thr=   paramiko.transport: [chan ] Sesch channel  request ok
DEB [-::23.868] thr=   paramiko.transport: [chan ] EOF received ()

syslogin.log信息

三、paramiko的核心组件

paramiko包含两个核心组件，一个为SSHClient类，另一个为SFTPClient类。

SSHClient类

SSHClient类是SSH服务会话的高级表示，该类封装了传输(transport)、通道(channel)及SFTPClient的校验、建立的方法，通常用于执行远程命令。

client = SSHClient()
client.load_system_host_keys()
client.connect('ssh.example.com')
stdin, stdout,stderr = client.exec_command('ls -l')

SSHClient常用的方法介绍

官方文档：http://docs.paramiko.org/en/2.4/api/client.html?highlight=connect

connect方法

conect方法实现了远程SSH连接并校验

方法定义：

connect(hostname, port=, username=None, password=None, pkey=None, key_filename=None, timeout=None, allow_agent=True, look_for_keys=True, compress=False, sock=None, gss_auth=False, gss_kex=False, gss_deleg_creds=True, gss_host=None, banner_timeout=None, auth_timeout=None, gss_trust_dns=True, passphrase=None)

参数说明：

• hostname(str类型)，连接的目标主机地址；
• port(int类型)，连接目标主机的端口，默认为22；
• username(str类型)，校验的用户名(默认为当前的本地用户名)；
• password(str类型)，密码用于身份校验或解锁私钥；
• pkey(Pkey类型)，私钥方式用于身份验证；
• key_filename(str or list(str)类型)，一个文件名或文件名列表，用于私钥的身份验证；
• timeout(float类型)，一个可选的超时时间(以秒为单位)的TCP连接；
• allow_agent(bool类型)，设置为False时用于禁用连接到SSH代理；
• look_for_keys(bool类型)，设置为False时用于来禁用在～/.ssh中搜索私钥文件；
• compress(bool类型)，设置为True时打开压缩。

exec_command方法

远程命令执行方法，该命令的输入与输出流为标准输入(stdin)、输出(stdout)、错误(stderr)的Python文件对像。

方法定义：

exec_command(command, bufsize=-, timeout=None, get_pty=False, environment=None)

参数说明：

• command(str类型)，执行的命令串；
• bufsize(int类型)，文件缓冲区大小，默认为-1(不限制)

load_system_host_keys方法

加载本地公钥校验文件，默认为~/.ssh/known_host,非默认路径需要手工指定。

方法定义：

load_system_host_keys(self,filename=None)

参数说明：

filename(str类型)，指定远程主机公钥记录文件。

set_missing_host_policy方法

  设置连接的远程主机没有主机密钥或HostKeys对象时的策略，目前支持三种，分别是AutoAddPolicy、RejectPolicy(默认)、WarningPolicy,仅限用于SSHClient类。

• AutoAddPolicy,目标添加主机名及主机密钥到本地HostKeys对象，并将其保存，不依赖load_system_host_keys()的配置，即使~/.ssh/hnown_hosts不存在也不产生影响；
• RejectPolicy，自动拒绝未知的主机名和密钥，依赖load_system_host_keys()的配置；
• WarningPolicy,用于记录一个未知的主机密钥的Python警告，并接收它，功能上AutoAddPolicy相似，但未知主机会有告警。

使用方法如下：

ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())

SFTPClient类

  SFTPClient作为一个SFTP客户端对象，根据SSH传输协议的sftp会话，实现远程文件操作，比如文件上传、下载、权限、状态等操作。

SFTPClient类常用方法

官方文档：http://docs.paramiko.org/en/2.4/api/sftp.html

from_transport方法

创建一个已连通的SFTP客户端通道。

方法定义：

from_transport(cls,t)

参数说明：

t(transport),一个已通过验证的传输对象。

示例说明：

import paramiko

t = paramiko.Transport(('192.168.56.132',))
t.connect(username='root',password='')
sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)

put方法

上传本地文件到远程SFTP服务端

方法定义：

put(localpath, remotepath, callback=None, confirm=True)

参数说明：

• localpath(str类型)，需上传的本地文件(源)；
• remotepath(str类型),远程路径(目标)；
• callback(funcation(int,int)),获取已接收的字节数及总传输字节数，以便回调函数调用，默认为None;
• confirm(bool类型)，文件上传完毕后是否调用stat()方法，以便确认文件的大小。

示例说明：

localpath='/home/access.log'
remotepath='/data/logs/access.log'
sftp.put(localpath,remotepath)

get方法

从远程SFTP服务端下载文件到本地。

方法定义：

get(remotepath, localpath, callback=None)

参数说明：

• remotepath(str类型)，需要下载的远程文件(源)；
• callback(funcation(int,int)),获取已接收的字节数及总和传输字节数，以便回调函数调用，默认为None.

示例说明：

remotepath = '/data/logs/access.log'
localpath = '/home/access.log'
sftp.get(remotepath,localpath)

其它方法

SFTPClient类其它常用方法说明：

• mkdir,在SFTP服务端创建目录，如sftp.mkdir("/home/userdir",mode=0777),默认模式是0777(八进制)，在某些系统上，mode被忽略。在使用它的地方，当前的umask值首先被屏蔽掉。
• remove,删除SFTP服务端指定目录，如sftp.remove("/home/userdir")。
• rename,重命名SFTP服务端文件或目录，如sftp.rename("/home/test.sh","/home/testfile.sh")
• stat,获取远程SFTP服务端指定文件信息，如sftp.stat("/home/testfile.sh")。
• listdir,获取远程SFTP服务端指定目录列表，以Python的列表(List)形式返回，如sftp.listdir("/home")。

SFTPClient类应用示例

下面为SFTPClient类的一个完整示例，实现了文件上传、下载、创建与删除目录等，需要注意的是，put和get方法需要指定文件名，不能省略。