Django drf：视图层封装、ViewSetMixin、路由配置、解析器、响应器
一、视图层封装
二、ViewSetMixin
三、路由配置
四、解析器
五、响应器
一、视图层封装
1.基本视图
写一个出版社的增删改查resfull接口
路由：
url(r'^publish/$', views.PublishView.as_view()),
url(r'^publish/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.PublishDetailView.as_view()),
视图：
class PublishSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model=models.Publish
fields='__all__' class PublishView(APIView): def get(self, request):
publish_list = models.Publish.objects.all()
bs = PublishSerializers(publish_list, many=True)
# 序列化数据 return Response(bs.data) def post(self, request):
# 添加一条数据
print(request.data) bs=PublishSerializers(data=request.data)
if bs.is_valid():
bs.save() # 生成记录
return Response(bs.data)
else: return Response(bs.errors) class PublishDetailView(APIView):
def get(self,request,pk):
publish_obj=models.Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=PublishSerializers(publish_obj,many=False)
return Response(bs.data)
def put(self,request,pk):
publish_obj = models.Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).first() bs=PublishSerializers(data=request.data,instance=publish_obj)
if bs.is_valid():
bs.save() # update
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return Response(bs.errors)
def delete(self,request,pk):
models.Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete() return Response("")
2.mixin类和generrice类编写视图
from rest_framework.mixins import CreateModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,ListModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
class PublishView(ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,GenericAPIView):
queryset=models.Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class=PublishSerializers def get(self, request):
return self.list(request) def post(self, request):
return self.create(request) class PublishDetailView(RetrieveModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,GenericAPIView):
queryset=models.Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class=PublishSerializers
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
return self.retrieve(request,*args,**kwargs)
def put(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
return self.update(request,*args,**kwargs)
def delete(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
return self.destroy(request,*args,**kwargs)
3.使用generics 下ListCreateAPIView,RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView
from rest_framework.generics import ListCreateAPIView,RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView
class PublishView(ListCreateAPIView):
queryset=models.Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class=PublishSerializers class PublishDetailView(RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
queryset=models.Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class=PublishSerializers
4.使用ModeiViewSet
路由：
url(r'^publish/$', views.PublishView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})),
url(r'^publish/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.PublishView.as_view({'get':'retrieve','put':'update','delete':'destroy'})),
视图：
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
class PublishView(ModelViewSet):
queryset=models.Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class=PublishSerializers
二、ViewSetMixin
-ViewSetMixin
# ViewSetMixin 写在前面,先找ViewSetMixin的as_view方法
# 用了ViewSetMixin ,视图类中,不需要再写get,post,delete....这些函数了,函数名可以自定义
# 而且这个视图类,可以响应多条路由 -使用:
-urls.py中
url(r'^publishs/', views.PublishView.as_view({'get': 'aaa','post':'ddd'})),
url(r'^bbb/', views.PublishView.as_view({'get': 'bbb','post':'ccc'})), -视图类中:
class PublishView(ViewSetMixin,APIView):
def aaa(self,request):
return Response({'status':100})
def bbb(self,request):
return Response({'bb': "bbb"})
三、路由控制器
1.自定义路由（原生方式）
from django.conf.urls import url
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^books/$', views.BookView.as_view()),
url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)$', views.BookDetailView.as_view()),
]
class BookView(APIView):
def get(self, request):
book_list = models.Book.objects.all()
bs = BookSerializers(book_list, many=True)
return Response(bs.data)
def post(self, request):
# 添加一条数据
print(request.data)
bs=BookSerializers(data=request.data)
if bs.is_valid():
bs.save() # 生成记录
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return Response(bs.errors)
class BookDetailView(APIView):
def get(self,request,pk):
book_obj=models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,many=False)
return Response(bs.data)
def put(self,request,pk):
book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=BookSerializers(data=request.data,instance=book_obj)
if bs.is_valid():
bs.save() # update
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return Response(bs.errors)
def delete(self,request,pk):
models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete()
return Response(""
2.半自动路由（视图类继承ModeViewSet）
from django.conf.urls import url
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^publish/$', views.PublishView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})),
url(r'^publish/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.PublishView.as_view({'get':'retrieve','put':'update','delete':'destroy'})), ]
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
class PublishView(ModelViewSet):
queryset=models.Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class=PublishSerializers
3.全自动路由（自动生成路由）
from django.conf.urls import url,include
from app01 import views
from rest_framework import routers
router=routers.DefaultRouter()
# 两个参数，一个是匹配的路由，一个是视图中写的CBV的类
router.register('publish',views.PublishView)
urlpatterns = [
# http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish/format=json(渲染器通过这个判断，返回渲染的页面)
# url(r'^publish/', views.PublishView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})),
# http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish.json(渲染器通过这个判断，返回渲染的页面)
# url(r'^publish\.(?P<format>\w+)$', views.PublishView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})), # 可以用 以下方式访问
# 1 http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish/
# 2 http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish.json
# 3 http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish/3
# 4 http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish/3.json
url(r'',include(router.urls))
]
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
class PublishView(ModelViewSet):
queryset=models.Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class=PublishSerializers
# 小结：
-传统的url配置
url(r'^books/$', views.BookView.as_view()),
url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)$', views.BookDetailView.as_view()),
-半自动
url(r'^publish/$', views.PublishView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})),
url(r'^publish/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.PublishView.as_view({'get':'retrieve','put':'update','delete':'destroy'})),
-全自动(了解)
-能自动生成多条路由
四、解析器
1.解析器的作用
根据请求头content-type选择对应的解析器队请求体内容进行处理
有appliction/json,x-www-form-urlencoded，form-data等格式
2.全局使用解析器
setting里
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES':[
'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser'
'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser'
'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'
]
}
路由：
urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view()),
]
视图函数：
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response class TestView(APIView):
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print(request.content_type) # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
print(request.data)
# application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
print(request.POST)
print(request.FILES)
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
3.局部使用解析器
a.仅处理请求头content-type为appliction/json请求体
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s5_parser import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser class TestView(APIView):
parser_classes = [JSONParser, ] def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print(request.content_type) # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
print(request.data) # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
print(request.POST)
print(request.FILES) return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
b.仅处理请求头content-type为appliction/x-www-from-urlencoded的请求体
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import FormParser class TestView(APIView):
parser_classes = [FormParser, ] def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print(request.content_type) # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
print(request.data) # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
print(request.POST)
print(request.FILES) return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
c.仅仅处理请求头content-type为multipart/form-data的请求体
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import MultiPartParser class TestView(APIView):
parser_classes = [MultiPartParser, ] def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print(request.content_type) # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
print(request.data)
# application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
print(request.POST)
print(request.FILES)
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="text" name="user" />
<input type="file" name="img"> <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form>
</body>
</html>
d.仅上传文件
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/(?P<filename>[^/]+)', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import FileUploadParser class TestView(APIView):
parser_classes = [FileUploadParser, ] def post(self, request, filename, *args, **kwargs):
print(filename)
print(request.content_type) # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
print(request.data)
# application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
print(request.POST)
print(request.FILES)
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/f1.numbers" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="text" name="user" />
<input type="file" name="img"> <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form>
</body>
</html>
e.同时多个Parser
当同时使用多个parser时，rest_framework会根据请求头content-type自动进行比对，并使用对应parser
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser class TestView(APIView):
parser_classes = [JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser, ] def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print(request.content_type) # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
print(request.data)
# application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
print(request.POST)
print(request.FILES)
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
4.源码分析
1 在调用request.data时，才进行解析，由此入手
@property
def data(self):
if not _hasattr(self, '_full_data'):
self._load_data_and_files()
return self._full_data 2 查看self._load_data_and_files()方法---->self._data, self._files = self._parse() def _parse(self):
#用户请求头里content_type的值
media_type = self.content_type #self.parsers 就是用户配置的parser_classes = [FileUploadParser,FormParser ]
#self里就有content_type，传入此函数
parser = self.negotiator.select_parser(self, self.parsers) 3 查看self.negotiator.select_parser(self, self.parsers)
def select_parser(self, request, parsers):
#同过media_type和request.content_type比较，来返回解析器，然后调用解析器的解析方法
#每个解析器都有media_type = 'multipart/form-data'属性
for parser in parsers:
if media_type_matches(parser.media_type, request.content_type):
return parser
return None 4 最终调用parser的解析方法来解析parsed = parser.parse(stream, media_type, self.parser_context)
1 Request实例化，parsers=self.get_parsers()
Request(
request,
parsers=self.get_parsers(),
authenticators=self.get_authenticators(),
negotiator=self.get_content_negotiator(),
parser_context=parser_context
)
2 get_parsers方法，循环实例化出self.parser_classes中类对象
def get_parsers(self):
return [parser() for parser in self.parser_classes] 3 self.parser_classes 先从类本身找，找不到去父类找即APIVIew 中的
parser_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES
4 api_settings是一个对象，对象里找DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES属性，找不到，会到getattr方法
def __getattr__(self, attr):
if attr not in self.defaults:
raise AttributeError("Invalid API setting: '%s'" % attr) try:
#调用self.user_settings方法，返回一个字典，字典再取attr属性
val = self.user_settings[attr]
except KeyError:
# Fall back to defaults
val = self.defaults[attr] # Coerce import strings into classes
if attr in self.import_strings:
val = perform_import(val, attr) # Cache the result
self._cached_attrs.add(attr)
setattr(self, attr, val)
return val
5 user_settings方法 ，通过反射去setting配置文件里找REST_FRAMEWORK属性，找不到，返回空字典
@property
def user_settings(self):
if not hasattr(self, '_user_settings'):
self._user_settings = getattr(settings, 'REST_FRAMEWORK', {})
return self._user_settings
五、响应器
1.作用
根据用户请求url或用户可接受的类型，筛选出合适的渲染组件
用户请求URL：
http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json
http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json
2.内置渲染器
显示json格式：JSONRenderer
访问URL：
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
默认显示格式：BrowsableAPIRenderer（可以修改它的html文件）
访问URL：
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=api
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.api
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
表格方式：AdminRenderer
访问URL：
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=admin
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.admin
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
form表单方式：HTMLFormRenderer
访问URL：
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=form
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.form
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
3.局部使用
from rest_framework.renderers import HTMLFormRenderer,BrowsableAPIRenderer
class BookDetailView(APIView):
renderer_classes = [HTMLFormRenderer,BrowsableAPIRenderer ]
def get(self,request,pk):
book_obj=models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,many=False)
return Response(bs.data)
def put(self,request,pk):
book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first() bs=BookSerializers(data=request.data,instance=book_obj)
if bs.is_valid():
bs.save() # update
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return Response(bs.errors)
def delete(self,request,pk):
models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete() return Response("")
4.全局使用
setting里配置：
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES':['rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer']
}
5.自定义显示模板
from rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer
class BookDetailView(APIView):
renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer]
def get(self,request,pk):
book_obj=models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,many=False)
return Response(bs.data,template_name='aa.html')
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
{{ title }}
{{ publishDate }}
</body>
</html>
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