Substring with Concatenation of All Words

You are given a string, s, and a list of words, words, that are all of the same length. Find all starting indices of substring(s) in s that is a concatenation of each word in words exactly once and without any intervening characters.

For example, given:
s: "barfoothefoobarman"
words: ["foo", "bar"]

You should return the indices: [0,9].
(order does not matter).

　　简单的翻译：给定一个字符串s和一个字列表words，所有的字是相同长度的。找出所有s的字串中包含有words中所有元素的下标，并且顺序无所谓。

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7.8 磅
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对于每一次的移动判断，判断窗体内的字符串是否是有给定的字符串数组中的元素组成，这个是用map或者其他的数据结构来判断的。因为是不用计较顺序的，所以有可以简化为判断存在与否的问题。判断存在与否则是通过累计判断的，即每次从输入串提取出wordsp[0].length长度的字串判断其是否存在于words中，并且数目一定要相同，即words中有一个“abaad”，则窗口对应的串中也只能有一个”abaad”。

使用一个map保存words中的数据用来对比，一个新的map用来保存窗对应的数据，这样通过比较两个map中的数据就可以判断是否匹配了。并且使用map结构可以减少取值的操作过程，当每次窗移动时，只需要从map中除去原窗口位置对应的第一个word即可，这样新的串口对应的数据只需要添加一个word即可，可以减少words.length-1次的提取数据的操作。（代码来自网上分享）

public class Solution {

    /*
        A time & space O(n) solution
        Run a moving window for wordLen times.
        Each time we keep a window of size windowLen (= wordLen * numWord), each step length is wordLen.
        So each scan takes O(sLen / wordLen), totally takes O(sLen / wordLen * wordLen) = O(sLen) time.

        One trick here is use count to record the number of exceeded occurrences of word in current window
    */
    public static List<Integer> findSubstring(String s, String[] words) {
        List<Integer> res = new ArrayList<>();
        if(words == null || words.length == 0 || s.length() == 0) return res;
        int wordLen = words[0].length();
        int numWord = words.length;
        int windowLen = wordLen * numWord;
        int sLen = s.length();
        HashMap<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
        for(String word : words) map.put(word, map.getOrDefault(word, 0) + 1);

        for(int i = 0; i < wordLen; i++) {  // Run wordLen scans
            HashMap<String, Integer> curMap = new HashMap<>();
            for(int j = i, count = 0, start = i; j + wordLen <= sLen; j += wordLen) {  // Move window in step of wordLen
                // count: number of exceeded occurences in current window
                // start: start index of current window of size windowLen
                if(start + windowLen > sLen) break;
                String word = s.substring(j, j + wordLen);
                if(!map.containsKey(word)) {
                    curMap.clear();
                    count = 0;
                    start = j + wordLen;
                }
                else {
                    if(j == start + windowLen) { // Remove previous word of current window
                        String preWord = s.substring(start, start + wordLen);
                        start += wordLen;
                        int val = curMap.get(preWord);
                        if(val == 1) curMap.remove(preWord);
                        else curMap.put(preWord, val - 1);
                        if(val - 1 >= map.get(preWord)) count--;  // Reduce count of exceeded word
                    }
                    // Add new word
                    curMap.put(word, curMap.getOrDefault(word, 0) + 1);
                    if(curMap.get(word) > map.get(word)) count++;  // More than expected, increase count
                    // Check if current window valid
                    if(count == 0 && start + windowLen == j + wordLen) {
                        res.add(start);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return res;
    }
}

　　关于外层循环的存在，从我们的绘图可以看到窗的出发点是0，但是有可能从1开始的窗对应的才是我们想要的，所以要加入外层循环遍历所有的可能，之所以到words[0].length就结束是因为，当窗的开始为值为words[0].length的时候，可以发现它是第一次移动窗的结果，也就是重复了，所以就不用继续执行了。想象一下即可。

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