SQL Server 类似正则表达式的字符处理问题
SQL Serve提供了简单的字符模糊匹配功能，比如：like, patindex，不过对于某些字符处理场景还显得并不足够，日常碰到的几个问题有：
- 1. 同一个字符/字符串，出现了多少次
- 2. 同一个字符，第N次出现的位置
- 3. 多个相同字符连续，合并为一个字符
- 4. 是否为有效IP/身份证号/手机号等
5. 去除所有数字/字母
一. 同一个字符/字符串，出现了多少次
同一个字符，将其替换为空串，即可计算
declare @text varchar(1000)
declare @str varchar(10)
set @text = 'ABCBDBE'
set @str = 'B' select len(@text) - len(replace(@text,@str,''))
同一个字符串，仍然是替换，因为是多个字符，方法1替换后需要做一次除法；方法2替换时增加一个字符，则不需要
--方法1
declare @text varchar(1000)
declare @str varchar(10)
set @text = 'ABBBCBBBDBBBE'
set @str = 'BBB' select (len(@text) - len(replace(@text,@str,'')))/len(@str) --方法2
declare @text varchar(1000)
declare @str varchar(10)
set @text = 'ABBBCBBBDBBBE'
set @str = 'BBB' select len(replace(@text,@str,@str+'_')) - len(@text)
二. 同一个字符/字符串，第N次出现的位置
SQL SERVER定位字符位置的函数为CHARINDEX：
CHARINDEX ( expressionToFind , expressionToSearch [ , start_location ] )
可以从指定位置起开始检索，但是不能取第N次出现的位置，需要自己写SQL来补充，有以下几种思路：
1. 自定义函数, 循环中每次为charindex加一个计数，直到为N
if object_id('NthChar','FN') is not null
drop function Nthchar
GO
create function NthChar
(
@source_string as nvarchar(4000),
@sub_string as nvarchar(1024),
@nth as int
)
returns int
as
begin
declare @postion int
declare @count int
set @postion = CHARINDEX(@sub_string, @source_string)
set @count = 0
while @postion > 0
begin
set @count = @count + 1
if @count = @nth
begin
break
end
set @postion = CHARINDEX(@sub_string, @source_string, @postion + 1)
End
return @postion
end
GO
--select dbo.NthChar('abcabc','abc',2)
--
2. 通过CTE，对待处理的整个表字段操作, 递归中每次为charindex加一个计数，直到为N
if object_id('tempdb..#T') is not null
drop table #T
create table #T
(
source_string nvarchar(4000)
)
insert into #T values (N'我们我们')
insert into #T values (N'我我哦我')
declare @sub_string nvarchar(1024)
declare @nth int
set @sub_string = N'我们'
set @nth = 2
;with T(source_string, starts, pos, nth)
as (
select source_string, 1, charindex(@sub_string, source_string), 1 from #t
union all
select source_string, pos + 1, charindex(@sub_string, source_string, pos + 1), nth+1 from T
where pos > 0
)
select
source_string, pos, nth
from T
where pos <> 0
and nth = @nth
order by source_string, starts
--source_string pos nth
--我们我们 3 2
3. 借助数字表 (tally table)，到不同起点位置去做charindex，需要先自己构造个数字表
--numbers/tally table
IF EXISTS (select * from dbo.sysobjects where id = object_id(N'[dbo].[Numbers]') and OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)
DROP TABLE dbo.Numbers --===== Create and populate the Tally table on the fly
SELECT TOP 1000000
IDENTITY(int,1,1) AS number
INTO dbo.Numbers
FROM master.dbo.syscolumns sc1,
master.dbo.syscolumns sc2 --===== Add a Primary Key to maximize performance
ALTER TABLE dbo.Numbers
ADD CONSTRAINT PK_numbers_number PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (number) --===== Allow the general public to use it
GRANT SELECT ON dbo.Numbers TO PUBLIC --以上数字表创建一次即可，不需要每次都重复创建 DECLARE @source_string nvarchar(4000),
@sub_string nvarchar(1024),
@nth int
SET @source_string = 'abcabcvvvvabc'
SET @sub_string = 'abc'
SET @nth = 2 ;WITH T
AS
(
SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY number) AS nth,
number AS [Position In String]
FROM dbo.Numbers n
WHERE n.number <= LEN(@source_string)
AND CHARINDEX(@sub_string, @source_string, n.number)-number = 0
----OR
--AND SUBSTRING(@source_string,number,LEN(@sub_string)) = @sub_string
)
SELECT * FROM T WHERE nth = @nth
4. 通过CROSS APPLY结合charindex，适用于N值较小的时候，因为CROSS APPLY的次数要随着N的变大而增加，语句也要做相应的修改
declare @T table
(
source_string nvarchar(4000)
) insert into @T values
('abcabc'),
('abcabcvvvvabc') declare @sub_string nvarchar(1024)
set @sub_string = 'abc' select source_string,
p1.pos as no1,
p2.pos as no2,
p3.pos as no3
from @T
cross apply (select (charindex(@sub_string, source_string))) as P1(Pos)
cross apply (select (charindex(@sub_string, source_string, P1.Pos+1))) as P2(Pos)
cross apply (select (charindex(@sub_string, source_string, P2.Pos+1))) as P3(Pos)
5. 在SSIS里有内置的函数，但T-SQL中并没有
--FINDSTRING in SQL Server 2005 SSIS
FINDSTRING([yourColumn], "|", 2), --TOKEN in SQL Server 2012 SSIS
TOKEN(Col1,"|",3)
注：不难发现，这些方法和字符串拆分的逻辑是类似的，只不过一个是定位，一个是截取，如果要获取第N个字符左右的一个/多个字符，有了N的位置，再结合substring去截取即可；
三. 多个相同字符连续，合并为一个字符
最常见的就是把多个连续的空格合并为一个空格，解决思路有两个：
1. 比较容易想到的就是用多个replace
但是究竟需要replace多少次并不确定，所以还得循环多次才行
--把两个连续空格替换成一个空格，然后循环，直到charindex检查不到两个连续空格
declare @str varchar(100)
set @str='abc abc kljlk kljkl'
while(charindex(' ',@str)>0)
begin
select @str=replace(@str,' ',' ')
end
select @str
2. 按照空格把字符串拆开
对每一段拆分开的字符串trim或者replace后，再用一个空格连接，有点繁琐，没写代码示例，如何拆分字符串可参考：“第N次出现的位置”；
四. 是否为有效IP/身份证号/手机号等
类似IP/身份证号/手机号等这些字符串，往往都有自身特定的规律，通过substring去逐位或逐段判断是可以的，但SQL语句的方式往往性能不佳，建议尝试正则函数，见下。
五. 去除所有数字/字母
上面定位第N个字符的方式也都可以尝试使用，只是在定位的同时将数字/字母替换掉即可；
另外也可以通过模糊匹配来做：
--去除所有非数字
declare @pos smallint
declare @string varchar(100) set @string = '1109A><":{$%^&*4DSE2@!~$%^&567KJHGT' --如果是1102e53这样的字符串，会被isnumeric认为是科学计数法数字，加上e0就会返回0
--如果是普通数字，加上e0也不会影响返回1
while isnumeric(@string+'e0') = 0 --也可同下用patindex判断
begin
set @pos = (select patindex('%[^0-9]%',@string))
set @string = (select replace(@string,substring(@string,@pos,1),''))
end select @string --去除所有数字
declare @pos smallint
declare @string varchar(100) set @string = '1109A><":{$%^&*4DSE2@!~$%^&567KJHGT' while patindex('%[0-9]%',@string) > 0
begin
set @pos = (select patindex('%[0-9]%',@string))
set @string = (select replace(@string,substring(@string,@pos,1),''))
end select @string --去除所有字母
declare @pos smallint
declare @string varchar(100) set @string = '1109A><":{$%^&*4DSE2@!~$%^&567KJHGT' while patindex('%[A-Za-z]%',@string) > 0
begin
set @pos = (select patindex('%[A-Za-z]%',@string))
set @string = (select replace(@string,substring(@string,@pos,1),''))
end select @string
六. 正则表达式函数
1. Oracle
从10g开始，可以在查询中使用正则表达式，它通过一些支持正则表达式的函数来实现：
Oracle 10 g
REGEXP_LIKE
REGEXP_REPLACE
REGEXP_INSTR
REGEXP_SUBSTR
Oracle 11g (新增)
REGEXP_COUNT
Oracle用REGEXP函数处理上面几个问题：
(1) 同一个字符/字符串，出现了多少次
select length(regexp_replace('123-345-566', '[^-]', '')) from dual;
select REGEXP_COUNT('123-345-566', '-') from dual; --Oracle 11g
(2) 同一个字符/字符串，第N次出现的位置
不需要正则，ORACLE的instr可以直接查找位置：
instr('source_string','sub_string' [,n][,m])
n表示从第n个字符开始搜索，缺省值为1，m表示第m次出现，缺省值为1。
select instr('abcdefghijkabc','abc', 1, 2) position from dual;
(3) 多个相同字符连续，合并为一个字符
select regexp_replace(trim('agc f f '),'\s+',' ') from dual;
(4) 是否为有效IP/身份证号/手机号等
--是否为有效IP
WITH IP
AS(
SELECT '10.20.30.40' ip_address FROM dual UNION ALL
SELECT 'a.b.c.d' ip_address FROM dual UNION ALL
SELECT '256.123.0.254' ip_address FROM dual UNION ALL
SELECT '255.255.255.255' ip_address FROM dual
)
SELECT *
FROM IP
WHERE REGEXP_LIKE(ip_address, '^(([0-9]{1}|[0-9][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])\.){3}([0-9]{1}|[0-9][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])$');
--是否为有效身份证/手机号，暂未举例
(5) 去除所有数字/字母
--去除非数字
SELECT regex_replace('1109A><":{$%^&*4DSE2@!~$%^&567KJHGT','[^0-9]','') FROM dual; --去除数字
SELECT regex_replace('1109A><":{$%^&*4DSE2@!~$%^&567KJHGT','[0-9]','') FROM dual; --去除字母
SELECT regex_replace('1109A><":{$%^&*4DSE2@!~$%^&567KJHGT','[A-Za-z]','') FROM dual;
2. SQL Server
目前最新版本为SQL Server 2017，还没有对REGEXP函数的支持，需要通用CLR来扩展，如下为CLR实现REG_REPLACE：
--1. 开启 CLR
EXEC sp_configure 'show advanced options' , ''
GO
RECONFIGURE
GO
EXEC sp_configure 'clr enabled' , ''
GO
RECONFIGURE
GO
EXEC sp_configure 'show advanced options' , '';
GO
--首次创建时，应该是从dll文件创建
--CREATE ASSEMBLY [RegexUtility] FROM 'C:\xxxxxxx.dll'
--GO --创建好后，可以生成脚本出来部署到其他支持CLR的SQL Server上
CREATE ASSEMBLY [RegexUtility]
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WITH PERMISSION_SET = SAFE GO
--3. 创建 CLR 函数
CREATE FUNCTION [dbo].[regex_replace](@input [nvarchar](4000), @pattern [nvarchar](4000), @replacement [nvarchar](4000))
RETURNS [nvarchar](4000) WITH EXECUTE AS CALLER, RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT
AS
EXTERNAL NAME [RegexUtility].[RegexUtility].[RegexReplaceDefault]
GO
--4. 使用regex_replace替换多个空格为一个空格
select dbo.regex_replace('agc f f ','\s+',' ');
--5. 使用regex_replace去除数字/字母
--去除非数字
select dbo.regex_replace('1109A><":{$%^&*4DSE2@!~$%^&567KJHGT','[^0-9]',''); --去除数字
select dbo.regex_replace('1109A><":{$%^&*4DSE2@!~$%^&567KJHGT','[0-9]',''); --去除字母
select dbo.regex_replace('1109A><":{$%^&*4DSE2@!~$%^&567KJHGT','[A-Za-z]','');
注：通过CLR实现更多REGEXP函数，如果有高级语言开发能力，可以自行开发；或者直接使用一些开源贡献也行，比如：http://devnambi.com/2016/sql-server-regex/
简单的正则表达式符号使用说明：
\f -> 匹配一个换页
\n -> 匹配一个换行符
\r -> 匹配一个回车符
\t -> 匹配一个制表符
\v -> 匹配一个垂直制表符
\s 匹配任何空白字符，包括空格、制表符、换页符等等, 等价于[ \f\n\r\t\v]
\s+ 匹配任意多个空白字符
\S 匹配非空白字符
^ 匹配最前边的字符
$ 与^类似,匹配最末的字符
+ 匹配+号前面的字符1次或n次.等价于{1,}
* 匹配*前面的字符0次或n次
? 匹配?前面的字符0次或1次
. (小数点)匹配除换行符外的所有单个的字符
小结：
1. 非正则SQL语句的思路，对不同数据库往往都适用；
2. 正则表达式中的规则(pattern) 在不同开发语言里，有很多语法是相通的，通常是遵守perl或者linux shell中的sed等工具的规则；
3. 从性能上来看，非循环写法的通用SQL判断 > REGEXP函数 > 自定义SQL函数；
4. SQL SERVER 除了CLR的方式扩展正则表达式函数，也可以开启OLE Automation通过VBS来扩展正式表达式函数，曾经测试过性能，比CLR要差很多。
参考：
regular expression enhancements in 11g
http://www.oracle-developer.net/display.php?id=508
Using Regular Expressions With Oracle Database
https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B12037_01/appdev.101/b10795/adfns_re.htm
Replace non numeric characters in string
https://www.sqlservercentral.com/Forums/Topic470379-338-1.aspx
IsNumeric, IsInt, IsNumber
https://www.tek-tips.com/faqs.cfm?fid=6423
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