基于 MySQL 的数据库实践（准备工作）

背景

本学期在北京大学选修了《数据库概论》的实验班课程，由于 SQL 语法并不是特别理论的内容，因此课上暂时也没有特别展开。出于探索数据库领域的兴趣，使用国内普遍使用的数据库软件 MySQL 实践《数据库系统概念》中若干 SQL 语句主题；出于方便描述考虑，主要使用命令行界面操作。

MySQL 的安装

在 Mac OS X 下使用 brew install mysql 简单的安装 MySQL，其他的安装方式不作介绍。

大学模式的导入

首先打开 MySQL 的 Server 服务。

$ mysql.server start
Starting MySQL
. SUCCESS! 

接着使用命令 mysqladmin -uroot create db-book 创建数据库 db-book 作为我们的试验场，这里 -uroot 根据具体的 MySQL 账号密码可能有所区别，默认情况下如此。

然后使用命令 mysql -uroot 接入 MySQL 命令行界面，输入 show databases; 看到输出的数据库列表中存在 db-book 确认数据库创建成功，输入 use db-book 切换到 db-book 数据库。

从 db-book.com 网站找到 MySQL 建表和插入小规模数据的 SQL 文件，输入下面命令执行。也可将末尾附录代码按照注释标记的文件名保存到当前目录的对应文件中。

mysql> \. DDL-MySQL+drop.sql
mysql> \. smallRelationsInsertFile.sql

最后按照下面方式测试，确认数据导入成功。

mysql> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_db-book |
+-------------------+
| advisor           |
| classroom         |
| course            |
| department        |
| instructor        |
| prereq            |
| section           |
| student           |
| takes             |
| teaches           |
| time_slot         |
+-------------------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from advisor;
+-------+-------+
| s_ID  | i_ID  |
+-------+-------+
| 12345 | 10101 |
| 44553 | 22222 |
| 45678 | 22222 |
| 00128 | 45565 |
| 76543 | 45565 |
| 23121 | 76543 |
| 98988 | 76766 |
| 76653 | 98345 |
| 98765 | 98345 |
+-------+-------+
9 rows in set (0.01 sec)

附录

把下面文件保存为 DDL-MySQL+drop.sql，执行时可能会因为 drop 命令报警告，这是因为新数据库没有表，不用太在意，忽略即可。

drop table prereq;
drop table time_slot;
drop table advisor;
drop table takes;
drop table student;
drop table teaches;
drop table section;
drop table instructor;
drop table course;
drop table department;
drop table classroom;
create table classroom
    (building       varchar(15),
     room_number        varchar(7),
     capacity       numeric(4,0),
     primary key (building, room_number)
    );
create table department
    (dept_name      varchar(20),
     building       varchar(15),
     budget             numeric(12,2) check (budget > 0),
     primary key (dept_name)
    );
create table course
    (course_id      varchar(8),
     title          varchar(50),
     dept_name      varchar(20),
     credits        numeric(2,0) check (credits > 0),
     primary key (course_id),
     foreign key (dept_name) references department(dept_name)
        on delete set null
    );
create table instructor
    (ID         varchar(5),
     name           varchar(20) not null,
     dept_name      varchar(20),
     salary         numeric(8,2) check (salary > 29000),
     primary key (ID),
     foreign key (dept_name) references department(dept_name)
        on delete set null
    );
create table section
    (course_id      varchar(8),
         sec_id         varchar(8),
     semester       varchar(6)
        check (semester in ('Fall', 'Winter', 'Spring', 'Summer')),
     year           numeric(4,0) check (year > 1701 and year < 2100),
     building       varchar(15),
     room_number        varchar(7),
     time_slot_id       varchar(4),
     primary key (course_id, sec_id, semester, year),
     foreign key (course_id) references course(course_id)
        on delete cascade,
     foreign key (building, room_number) references classroom(building, room_number)
        on delete set null
    );
create table teaches
    (ID         varchar(5),
     course_id      varchar(8),
     sec_id         varchar(8),
     semester       varchar(6),
     year           numeric(4,0),
     primary key (ID, course_id, sec_id, semester, year),
     foreign key (course_id,sec_id, semester, year) references section(course_id,sec_id, semester, year)
        on delete cascade,
     foreign key (ID) references instructor(ID)
        on delete cascade
    );
create table student
    (ID         varchar(5),
     name           varchar(20) not null,
     dept_name      varchar(20),
     tot_cred       numeric(3,0) check (tot_cred >= 0),
     primary key (ID),
     foreign key (dept_name) references department(dept_name)
        on delete set null
    );
create table takes
    (ID         varchar(5),
     course_id      varchar(8),
     sec_id         varchar(8),
     semester       varchar(6),
     year           numeric(4,0),
     grade              varchar(2),
     primary key (ID, course_id, sec_id, semester, year),
     foreign key (course_id,sec_id, semester, year) references section(course_id,sec_id, semester, year)
        on delete cascade,
     foreign key (ID) references student(ID)
        on delete cascade
    );
create table advisor
    (s_ID           varchar(5),
     i_ID           varchar(5),
     primary key (s_ID),
     foreign key (i_ID) references instructor (ID)
        on delete set null,
     foreign key (s_ID) references student (ID)
        on delete cascade
    );
create table time_slot
    (time_slot_id       varchar(4),
     day            varchar(1),
     start_hr       numeric(2) check (start_hr >= 0 and start_hr < 24),
     start_min      numeric(2) check (start_min >= 0 and start_min < 60),
     end_hr         numeric(2) check (end_hr >= 0 and end_hr < 24),
     end_min        numeric(2) check (end_min >= 0 and end_min < 60),
     primary key (time_slot_id, day, start_hr, start_min)
    );
create table prereq
    (course_id      varchar(8),
     prereq_id      varchar(8),
     primary key (course_id, prereq_id),
     foreign key (course_id) references course(course_id)
        on delete cascade,
     foreign key (prereq_id) references course(course_id)
    )

把下面的文件保存为 smallRelationsInsertFile.sql

delete from prereq;
delete from time_slot;
delete from advisor;
delete from takes;
delete from student;
delete from teaches;
delete from section;
delete from instructor;
delete from course;
delete from department;
delete from classroom;
insert into classroom values ('Packard', '101', '500');
insert into classroom values ('Painter', '514', '10');
insert into classroom values ('Taylor', '3128', '70');
insert into classroom values ('Watson', '100', '30');
insert into classroom values ('Watson', '120', '50');
insert into department values ('Biology', 'Watson', '90000');
insert into department values ('Comp. Sci.', 'Taylor', '100000');
insert into department values ('Elec. Eng.', 'Taylor', '85000');
insert into department values ('Finance', 'Painter', '120000');
insert into department values ('History', 'Painter', '50000');
insert into department values ('Music', 'Packard', '80000');
insert into department values ('Physics', 'Watson', '70000');
insert into course values ('BIO-101', 'Intro. to Biology', 'Biology', '4');
insert into course values ('BIO-301', 'Genetics', 'Biology', '4');
insert into course values ('BIO-399', 'Computational Biology', 'Biology', '3');
insert into course values ('CS-101', 'Intro. to Computer Science', 'Comp. Sci.', '4');
insert into course values ('CS-190', 'Game Design', 'Comp. Sci.', '4');
insert into course values ('CS-315', 'Robotics', 'Comp. Sci.', '3');
insert into course values ('CS-319', 'Image Processing', 'Comp. Sci.', '3');
insert into course values ('CS-347', 'Database System Concepts', 'Comp. Sci.', '3');
insert into course values ('EE-181', 'Intro. to Digital Systems', 'Elec. Eng.', '3');
insert into course values ('FIN-201', 'Investment Banking', 'Finance', '3');
insert into course values ('HIS-351', 'World History', 'History', '3');
insert into course values ('MU-199', 'Music Video Production', 'Music', '3');
insert into course values ('PHY-101', 'Physical Principles', 'Physics', '4');
insert into instructor values ('10101', 'Srinivasan', 'Comp. Sci.', '65000');
insert into instructor values ('12121', 'Wu', 'Finance', '90000');
insert into instructor values ('15151', 'Mozart', 'Music', '40000');
insert into instructor values ('22222', 'Einstein', 'Physics', '95000');
insert into instructor values ('32343', 'El Said', 'History', '60000');
insert into instructor values ('33456', 'Gold', 'Physics', '87000');
insert into instructor values ('45565', 'Katz', 'Comp. Sci.', '75000');
insert into instructor values ('58583', 'Califieri', 'History', '62000');
insert into instructor values ('76543', 'Singh', 'Finance', '80000');
insert into instructor values ('76766', 'Crick', 'Biology', '72000');
insert into instructor values ('83821', 'Brandt', 'Comp. Sci.', '92000');
insert into instructor values ('98345', 'Kim', 'Elec. Eng.', '80000');
insert into section values ('BIO-101', '1', 'Summer', '2009', 'Painter', '514', 'B');
insert into section values ('BIO-301', '1', 'Summer', '2010', 'Painter', '514', 'A');
insert into section values ('CS-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'Packard', '101', 'H');
insert into section values ('CS-101', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'Packard', '101', 'F');
insert into section values ('CS-190', '1', 'Spring', '2009', 'Taylor', '3128', 'E');
insert into section values ('CS-190', '2', 'Spring', '2009', 'Taylor', '3128', 'A');
insert into section values ('CS-315', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'Watson', '120', 'D');
insert into section values ('CS-319', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'Watson', '100', 'B');
insert into section values ('CS-319', '2', 'Spring', '2010', 'Taylor', '3128', 'C');
insert into section values ('CS-347', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'Taylor', '3128', 'A');
insert into section values ('EE-181', '1', 'Spring', '2009', 'Taylor', '3128', 'C');
insert into section values ('FIN-201', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'Packard', '101', 'B');
insert into section values ('HIS-351', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'Painter', '514', 'C');
insert into section values ('MU-199', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'Packard', '101', 'D');
insert into section values ('PHY-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'Watson', '100', 'A');
insert into teaches values ('10101', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009');
insert into teaches values ('10101', 'CS-315', '1', 'Spring', '2010');
insert into teaches values ('10101', 'CS-347', '1', 'Fall', '2009');
insert into teaches values ('12121', 'FIN-201', '1', 'Spring', '2010');
insert into teaches values ('15151', 'MU-199', '1', 'Spring', '2010');
insert into teaches values ('22222', 'PHY-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009');
insert into teaches values ('32343', 'HIS-351', '1', 'Spring', '2010');
insert into teaches values ('45565', 'CS-101', '1', 'Spring', '2010');
insert into teaches values ('45565', 'CS-319', '1', 'Spring', '2010');
insert into teaches values ('76766', 'BIO-101', '1', 'Summer', '2009');
insert into teaches values ('76766', 'BIO-301', '1', 'Summer', '2010');
insert into teaches values ('83821', 'CS-190', '1', 'Spring', '2009');
insert into teaches values ('83821', 'CS-190', '2', 'Spring', '2009');
insert into teaches values ('83821', 'CS-319', '2', 'Spring', '2010');
insert into teaches values ('98345', 'EE-181', '1', 'Spring', '2009');
insert into student values ('00128', 'Zhang', 'Comp. Sci.', '102');
insert into student values ('12345', 'Shankar', 'Comp. Sci.', '32');
insert into student values ('19991', 'Brandt', 'History', '80');
insert into student values ('23121', 'Chavez', 'Finance', '110');
insert into student values ('44553', 'Peltier', 'Physics', '56');
insert into student values ('45678', 'Levy', 'Physics', '46');
insert into student values ('54321', 'Williams', 'Comp. Sci.', '54');
insert into student values ('55739', 'Sanchez', 'Music', '38');
insert into student values ('70557', 'Snow', 'Physics', '0');
insert into student values ('76543', 'Brown', 'Comp. Sci.', '58');
insert into student values ('76653', 'Aoi', 'Elec. Eng.', '60');
insert into student values ('98765', 'Bourikas', 'Elec. Eng.', '98');
insert into student values ('98988', 'Tanaka', 'Biology', '120');
insert into takes values ('00128', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'A');
insert into takes values ('00128', 'CS-347', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'A-');
insert into takes values ('12345', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'C');
insert into takes values ('12345', 'CS-190', '2', 'Spring', '2009', 'A');
insert into takes values ('12345', 'CS-315', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'A');
insert into takes values ('12345', 'CS-347', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'A');
insert into takes values ('19991', 'HIS-351', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'B');
insert into takes values ('23121', 'FIN-201', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'C+');
insert into takes values ('44553', 'PHY-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'B-');
insert into takes values ('45678', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'F');
insert into takes values ('45678', 'CS-101', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'B+');
insert into takes values ('45678', 'CS-319', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'B');
insert into takes values ('54321', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'A-');
insert into takes values ('54321', 'CS-190', '2', 'Spring', '2009', 'B+');
insert into takes values ('55739', 'MU-199', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'A-');
insert into takes values ('76543', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'A');
insert into takes values ('76543', 'CS-319', '2', 'Spring', '2010', 'A');
insert into takes values ('76653', 'EE-181', '1', 'Spring', '2009', 'C');
insert into takes values ('98765', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', '2009', 'C-');
insert into takes values ('98765', 'CS-315', '1', 'Spring', '2010', 'B');
insert into takes values ('98988', 'BIO-101', '1', 'Summer', '2009', 'A');
insert into takes values ('98988', 'BIO-301', '1', 'Summer', '2010', null);
insert into advisor values ('00128', '45565');
insert into advisor values ('12345', '10101');
insert into advisor values ('23121', '76543');
insert into advisor values ('44553', '22222');
insert into advisor values ('45678', '22222');
insert into advisor values ('76543', '45565');
insert into advisor values ('76653', '98345');
insert into advisor values ('98765', '98345');
insert into advisor values ('98988', '76766');
insert into time_slot values ('A', 'M', '8', '0', '8', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('A', 'W', '8', '0', '8', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('A', 'F', '8', '0', '8', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('B', 'M', '9', '0', '9', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('B', 'W', '9', '0', '9', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('B', 'F', '9', '0', '9', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('C', 'M', '11', '0', '11', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('C', 'W', '11', '0', '11', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('C', 'F', '11', '0', '11', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('D', 'M', '13', '0', '13', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('D', 'W', '13', '0', '13', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('D', 'F', '13', '0', '13', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('E', 'T', '10', '30', '11', '45 ');
insert into time_slot values ('E', 'R', '10', '30', '11', '45 ');
insert into time_slot values ('F', 'T', '14', '30', '15', '45 ');
insert into time_slot values ('F', 'R', '14', '30', '15', '45 ');
insert into time_slot values ('G', 'M', '16', '0', '16', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('G', 'W', '16', '0', '16', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('G', 'F', '16', '0', '16', '50');
insert into time_slot values ('H', 'W', '10', '0', '12', '30');
insert into prereq values ('BIO-301', 'BIO-101');
insert into prereq values ('BIO-399', 'BIO-101');
insert into prereq values ('CS-190', 'CS-101');
insert into prereq values ('CS-315', 'CS-101');
insert into prereq values ('CS-319', 'CS-101');
insert into prereq values ('CS-347', 'CS-101');
insert into prereq values ('EE-181', 'PHY-101');