Oracle常用语句集合

 oracle常用经典SQL查询
 常用SQL查询：
 
 1、查看表空间的名称及大小
 
 select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size
 from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d
 where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name
 group by t.tablespace_name;
 
 2、查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小
 
 select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,
 round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space
 from dba_data_files
 order by tablespace_name;
 
 3、查看回滚段名称及大小
 
 select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,
 (initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,
 max_extents, v.curext CurExtent
 From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v
 Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)
 order by segment_name;
 
 4、查看控制文件
 
 select name from v$controlfile;
 
 5、查看日志文件
 
 select member from v$logfile;
 
 6、查看表空间的使用情况
 
 select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name
 from dba_free_space
 group by tablespace_name;
 
 SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,
 (B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"
 FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C
 WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME; 
 
 7、查看数据库库对象
 
 select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;
 
 8、查看数据库的版本　
 
 Select version FROM Product_component_version
 Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';
 
 9、查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式
 
 Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database; 
 
 10、捕捉运行很久的SQL
 
 column username format a12
 column opname format a16
 column progress format a8 
 
 select username,sid,opname,
       round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' as progress,
       time_remaining,sql_text
 from v$session_longops , v$sql
 where time_remaining <> 0
 and sql_address = address
 and sql_hash_value = hash_value
 /
 11。查看数据表的参数信息
 SELECT   partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name,
         pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent,
         next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS,
         freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks,
         empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt, avg_row_len, sample_size,
         last_analyzed
    FROM dba_tab_partitions
   --WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner
 ORDER BY partition_position
 
 12.查看还没提交的事务
 select * from v$locked_object;
 select * from v$transaction;
 
 13。查找object为哪些进程所用
 select
 p.spid,
 s.sid,
 s.serial# serial_num,
 s.username user_name,
 a.type  object_type,
 s.osuser os_user_name,
 a.owner,
 a.object object_name,
 decode(sign(48 - command),
 1,
 to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,
 p.program oracle_process,
 s.terminal terminal,
 s.program program,
 s.status session_status
 from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p
 where s.paddr = p.addr and
      s.type = 'USER' and
      a.sid = s.sid   and
   a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR'
 order by s.username, s.osuser
 
 14。回滚段查看
 select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents
 Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs,
 v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes,
 sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs,
 v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and
 v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum
 
 15。耗资源的进程（top session）
 select s.schemaname schema_name,    decode(sign(48 - command), 1,
 to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,    status
 session_status,   s.osuser os_user_name,   s.sid,         p.spid ,         s.serial# serial_num,
 nvl(s.username, '[Oracle process]') user_name,   s.terminal terminal,
 s.program program,   st.value criteria_value  from v$sesstat st,   v$session s  , v$process p
 where st.sid = s.sid and   st.statistic# = to_number('') and   ('ALL' = 'ALL'
 or s.status = 'ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc,  p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc
 
 16。查看锁（lock）情况
 select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name,   ls.username user_name,
 decode(ls.type, 'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX',
 'Transaction enqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type,
 o.object_name object,   decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, 'Row Share', 3,
 'Row Exclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null)
 lock_mode,    o.owner,   ls.sid,   ls.serial# serial_num,   ls.id1,   ls.id2
 from sys.dba_objects o, (   select s.osuser,    s.username,    l.type,
 l.lmode,    s.sid,    s.serial#,    l.id1,    l.id2   from v$session s,
 v$lock l   where s.sid = l.sid ) ls  where o.object_id = ls.id1 and    o.owner
 <> 'SYS'   order by o.owner, o.object_name
 
 17。查看等待（wait）情况
 SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value
 FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets',
 'consistent gets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count
 
 18。查看sga情况
 SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC
 
 19。查看catched object
 SELECT owner,              name,              db_link,              namespace,
            type,              sharable_mem,              loads,              executions,
           locks,              pins,              kept        FROM v$db_object_cache
 
 20。查看V$SQLAREA
 SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS,
 VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS,
 USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS,
 BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA
 
 21。查看object分类数量
 select decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 ,
 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from
 sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3
 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select
 'COLUMN' , count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from 
 
 22。按用户查看object种类
 select u.name schema,   sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes,
 sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables,   sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL))
 clusters,   sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views,   sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1,
 NULL)) synonyms,   sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences,
 sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1))
 others   from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u   where o.type# >= 1 and    u.user# =
 o.owner# and   u.name <> 'PUBLIC'   group by u.name    order by
 sys.link$ union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$
 
 23。有关connection的相关信息
 1）查看有哪些用户连接
 select s.osuser os_user_name,    decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command),
 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,     p.program oracle_process,
 status session_status,    s.terminal terminal,    s.program program,
 s.username user_name,    s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter,    '' query,
 0 memory,    0 max_memory,     0 cpu_usage,    s.sid,   s.serial# serial_num
 from v$session s,    v$process p   where s.paddr=p.addr and    s.type = 'USER'
 order by s.username, s.osuser
 2）根据v.sid查看对应连接的资源占用等情况
 select n.name,
  v.value,
  n.class,
  n.statistic#
 from  v$statname n,
  v$sesstat v
 where v.sid = 71 and
  v.statistic# = n.statistic#
 order by n.class, n.statistic#
 3）根据sid查看对应连接正在运行的sql
 select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */
  command_type,
  sql_text,
  sharable_mem,
  persistent_mem,
  runtime_mem,
  sorts,
  version_count,
  loaded_versions,
  open_versions,
  users_opening,
  executions,
  users_executing,
  loads,
  first_load_time,
  invalidations,
  parse_calls,
  disk_reads,
  buffer_gets,
  rows_processed,
  sysdate start_time,
  sysdate finish_time,
  '>' || address sql_address,
  'N' status
 from v$sqlarea
 where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)
 
 24．查询表空间使用情况
 select a.tablespace_name "表空间名称",
 100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "占用率(%)",
 round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "容量(M)",
 round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "空闲(M)",
 round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "使用(M)",
 Largest "最大扩展段(M)",
 to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "采样时间"
 from  (select f.tablespace_name,
    sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,
    sum(decode(f.autoextensible,'YES',f.maxbytes,'NO',f.bytes)) maxbytes
 from dba_data_files f
 group by tablespace_name) a,
 (select  f.tablespace_name,
     sum(f.bytes) bytes_free
 from dba_free_space f
 group by tablespace_name) b,
 (select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest,
    ts.name tablespace_name
 from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts
 where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts#
 group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c
 where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name
 
 25. 查询表空间的碎片程度 
 
 select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name
 having count(tablespace_name)>10; 
 
 alter tablespace name coalesce;
 alter table name deallocate unused; 
 
 create or replace view ts_blocks_v as
 select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name from dba_free_space
 union all
 select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents; 
 
 select * from ts_blocks_v; 
 
 select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space
 group by tablespace_name;
 
 26。查询有哪些数据库实例在运行
 select inst_name from v$active_instances;
 
 ===========================================================
 ######### 创建数据库----look $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql ############# 
 
 create database db01
 maxlogfiles 10
 maxdatafiles 1024
 maxinstances 2
 logfile
 GROUP 1 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
 GROUP 2 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
 GROUP 3 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
 datafile 'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M,
 undo tablespace UNDO
 datafile '/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M
 default temporary tablespace TEMP
 tempfile '/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M
 extent management local uniform size 128k
 character set AL32UTE8
 national character set AL16UTF16
 set time_zone='America/New_York'; 
 
 ############### 数据字典 ########## 
 
 set wrap off 
 
 select * from v$dba_users; 
 
 grant select on table_name to user/rule; 
 
 select * from user_tables; 
 
 select * from all_tables; 
 
 select * from dba_tables; 
 
 revoke dba from user_name; 
 
 shutdown immediate 
 
 startup nomount 
 
 select * from v$instance; 
 
 select * from v$sga; 
 
 select * from v$tablespace; 
 
 alter session set nls_language=american; 
 
 alter database mount; 
 
 select * from v$database; 
 
 alter database open; 
 
 desc dictionary 
 
 select * from dict; 
 
 desc v$fixed_table; 
 
 select * from v$fixed_table; 
 
 set oracle_sid=foxconn 
 
 select * from dba_objects; 
 
 set serveroutput on 
 
 execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd'); 
 
 ############# 控制文件 ########### 
 
 select * from v$database; 
 
 select * from v$tablespace; 
 
 select * from v$logfile; 
 
 select * from v$log; 
 
 select * from v$backup; 
 
 /*备份用户表空间*/
 alter tablespace users begin backup; 
 
 select * from v$archived_log; 
 
 select * from v$controlfile; 
 
 alter system set control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl',
 '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile; 
 
 cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl 
 
 startup pfile='../initSID.ora' 
 
 select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ; 
 
 show parameter control; 
 
 select * from v$controlfile_record_section; 
 
 select * from v$tempfile; 
 
 /*备份控制文件*/
 alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak'; 
 
 /*备份控制文件，并将二进制控制文件变为了asc 的文本文件*/
 alter database backup controlfile to trace; 
 
 ############### redo log ############## 
 
 archive log list; 
 
 alter system archive log start;--启动自动存档 
 
 alter system switch logfile;--强行进行一次日志switch 
 
 alter system checkpoint;--强制进行一次checkpoint 
 
 alter tablspace users begin backup; 
 
 alter tablespace offline; 
 
 /*checkpoint 同步频率参数FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步频率越高，系统恢复所需时间越短*/
 show parameter fast; 
 
 show parameter log_checkpoint; 
 
 /*加入一个日志组*/
 alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10M); 
 
 /*加入日志组的一个成员*/
 alter database add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3; 
 
 /*删除日志组:当前日志组不能删；活动的日志组不能删；非归档的日志组不能删*/
 alter database drop logfile group 3; 
 
 /*删除日志组中的某个成员，但每个组的最后一个成员不能被删除*/
 alter databse drop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo'; 
 
 /*清除在线日志*/
 alter database clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo'; 
 
 alter database clear logfile group 3; 
 
 /*清除非归档日志*/
 alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3; 
 
 /*重命名日志文件*/
 alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo'; 
 
 show parameter db_create; 
 
 alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name'; 
 
 select * from v$log; 
 
 select * from v$logfile; 
 
 /*数据库归档模式到非归档模式的互换,要启动到mount状态下才能改变;startup mount;然后再打开数据库.*/
 alter database noarchivelog/archivelog; 
 
 achive log start;---启动自动归档 
 
 alter system archive all;－－手工归档所有日志文件 
 
 select * from v$archived_log; 
 
 show parameter log_archive; 
 
 ###### 分析日志文件logmnr ############## 
 
 1) 在init.ora中set utl_file_dir 参数
 2) 重新启动oracle
 3) create 目录文件
 desc dbms_logmnr_d;
 dbms_logmnr_d.build;
 4) 加入日志文件 add/remove log file
 dhms_logmnr.add_logfile
 dbms_logmnr.removefile
 5) start logmnr
 dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr
 6) 分析出来的内容查询 v$logmnr_content --sqlredo/sqlundo 
 
 实践： 
 
 desc dbms_logmnr_d; 
 
 /*对数据表做一些操作，为恢复操作做准备*/
 update 表 set qty=10 where stor_id=6380; 
 
 delete 表 where stor_id=7066;
 /***********************************/
 utl_file_dir的路径
 execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('foxdict.ora','$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump'); 
 
 execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.log',dbms_logmnr.newfile); 
 
 execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora'); 
 
 ######### tablespace ############## 
 
 select * form v$tablespace; 
 
 select * from v$datafile; 
 
 /*表空间和数据文件的对应关系*/
 select t1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#; 
 
 alter tablespace users add datafile 'path' size 10M; 
 
 select * from dba_rollback_segs; 
 
 /*限制用户在某表空间的使用限额*/
 alter user user_name quota 10m on tablespace_name; 
 
 create tablespace xxx [datafile 'path_name/datafile_name'] [size xxx] [extent management local/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)]; 
 
 exmple: create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 200M;
 create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next 100k pctincrease 10) offline;
 /*9i以后，oracle建议使用local管理，而不使用dictionary管理，因为local采用bitmap管理表空间 ，不会产生系统表空间的自愿争用;*/
 create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform size 1m;
 create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local autoallocate;
 /*在创建表空间时，设置表空间内的段空间管理模式，这里用的是自动管理*/
 create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform size 1m segment space management auto; 
 
 alter tablespace userdata mininum extent 10; 
 
 alter tablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20); 
 
 /*undo tablespace(不能被用在字典管理模下) */
 create undo tablespace undo1 datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 40M extent management local; 
 
 show parameter undo; 
 
 /*temporary tablespace*/
 create temporary tablespace userdata tempfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 10m extent management local; 
 
 /*设置数据库缺省的临时表空间*/
 alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
 /*系统/临时/在线的undo表空间不能被offline*/
 alter tablespace tablespace_name offline/online; 
 
 alter tablespace tablespace_name read only; 
 
 /*重命名用户表空间*/
 alter tablespace tablespace_name rename datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf'; 
 
 /*重命名系统表空间 ,但在重命名前必须将数据库shutdown,并重启到mount状态*/
 alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system01.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system02.dbf'; 
 
 drop tablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce 
 
 /*resize tablespace,autoextend datafile space*/
 alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500M; 
 
 /*resize datafile*/
 alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' resize 50m; 
 
 /*给表空间扩展空间*/
 alter tablespace userdata add datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' size 10m; 
 
 /*将表空间设置成OMF状态*/
 alter system set db_create_file_dest='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata'; 
 
 create tablespace userdata;---use OMF status to create tablespace; 
 
 drop tablespace userdata;---user OMF status to drop tablespace; 
 
 select * from dba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files; 
 
 /*将表的某分区移动到另一个表空间*/
 alter table table_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
 ###### ORACLE storage structure and relationships ######### 
 
 /*手工分配表空间段的分区(extend)大小*/
 alter table kong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf'); 
 
 alter table kong.test12 deallocate unused; ---释放表中没有用到的分区 
 
 show parameter db; 
 
 alter system set db_8k_cache_size=10m; ---配置8k块的内存空间块参数 
 
 select * from dba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace; 
 
 select * from dba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace; 
 
 /*数据对象所占用的字节数*/
 select sum(bytes) from dba_extents where onwer='kong' and segment_name ='table_name'; 
 
 ############ UNDO Data ################ 
 
 show parameter undo; 
 
 alter tablespace users offline normal; 
 
 alter tablespace users offline immediate; 
 
 recover datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf'; 
 
 alter tablespace users online ; 
 
 select * from dba_rollback_segs; 
 
 alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1; 
 
 /*忽略回滚段的错误提示*/
 alter system set undo_suppress_errors=true; 
 
 /*在自动管理模式下,不会真正建立rbs1;在手工管理模式则可以建立,且是私有回滚段*/
 create rollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs; 
 
 desc dbms_flashback; 
 
 /*在提交了修改的数据后,9i提供了旧数据的回闪操作,将修改前的数据只读给用户看,但这部分数据不会又恢复在表中,而是旧数据的一个映射*/
 execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm'); 
 
 execute dbms_flashback.disable; 
 
 /*回滚段的统计信息*/
 select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat; 
 
 /*undo表空间的大小计算公式: UndoSpace=[UR * (UPS * DBS)] + (DBS * 24)
 UR :UNDO_RETENTION 保留的时间(秒)
 UPS :每秒的回滚数据块
 DBS:系统EXTENT和FILE SIZE(也就是db_block_size)*/ 
 
 select * from dba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction; 
 
 show parameter transactions; 
 
 show parameter rollback; 
 
 /*在手工管理模式下,建立公共的回滚段*/
 create public rollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs; 
 
 alter rollback segment rbs1 online;----在手工管理模式 
 
 /*在手工管理模式中,initSID.ora中指定 undo_management=manual 、rollback_segment=('rbs1','rbs2',...)、
 transactions=100 、transactions_per_rollback_segment=10
 然后 shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=....\???.ora */ 
 
 ########## Managing Tables ########### 
 
 /*char type maxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes
 rowid 是18位的64进制字符串 (10个bytes 80 bits)
 rowid组成: object#(对象号)--32bits,6位
 rfile#(相对文件号)--10bits,3位
 block#(块号)--22bits,6位
 row#(行号)--16bits,3位
 64进制: A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+ 共64个符号 
 
 dbms_rowid 包中的函数可以提供对rowid的解释*/ 
 
 select rowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) from table_name; 
 
 create table test2
 (
 id int,
 lname varchar2(20) not null,
 fname varchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like 'k%'),
 empdate date default sysdate)
 ) tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
 create global temporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * from kong.authors; 
 
 create table user.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40; 
 
 alter table user.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage 
 
 /*手工分配分区,分配的数据文件必须是表所在表空间内的数据文件*/
 alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...'); 
 
 /*释放表中没有用到的空间*/
 alter table table_name deallocate unused; 
 
 alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k; 
 
 /*将非分区表的表空间搬到新的表空间,在移动表空间后，原表中的索引对象将会不可用，必须重建*/
 alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name; 
 
 create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users; 
 
 alter index index_name rebuild; 
 
 drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]; 
 
 alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column 
 
 /*给表中不用的列做标记*/
 alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS; 
 
 /*drop表中不用的做了标记列*/
 alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; 
 
 /*当在drop col是出现异常，使用CONTINUE，防止重删前面的column*/
 ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000; 
 
 select * from dba_tables/dba_objects; 
 
 ######## managing indexes ########## 
 
 /*create index*/
 example:
 /*创建一般索引*/
 create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name;
 /*创建位图索引*/
 create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name;
 /*索引中不能用pctused*/
 create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ;
 /*大数据量的索引最好不要做日志*/
 create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging;
 /*创建反转索引*/
 create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse;
 /*创建函数索引*/
 create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name;
 /*建表时创建约束条件*/
 create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
 /*给创建bitmap index分配的内存空间参数，以加速建索引*/
 show parameter create_bit; 
 
 /*改变索引的存储参数*/
 alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k); 
 
 /*给索引手工分配一个分区*/
 alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..'); 
 
 /*释放索引中没用的空间*/
 alter index index_name deallocate unused; 
 
 /*索引重建*/
 alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
 /*普通索引和反转索引的互换*/
 alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse; 
 
 /*重建索引时，不锁表*/
 alter index index_name rebuild online; 
 
 /*给索引整理碎片*/
 alter index index_name COALESCE; 
 
 /*分析索引,事实上是更新统计的过程*/
 analyze index index_name validate structure; 
 
 desc index_state; 
 
 drop index index_name; 
 
 alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----监视索引是否被用到 
 
 alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消监视 
 
 /*有关索引信息的视图*/
 select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage; 
 
 ########## 数据完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ########## 
 
 alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop 约束 
 
 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----创建主键 
 
 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---创建唯一约束 
 
 /*创建外键约束*/
 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1); 
 
 /*不效验老数据，只约束新的数据[enable/disable：约束/不约束新数据;novalidate/validate:不对/对老数据进行验证]*/
 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate; 
 
 /*修改约束条件，延时验证，commit时验证*/
 alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred; 
 
 /*修改约束条件，立即验证*/
 alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate; 
 
 alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate; 
 
 /*drop一个有外键的主键表,带cascade constraints参数级联删除*/
 drop table table_name cascade constraints; 
 
 /*当truncate外键表时，先将外键设为无效，再truncate;*/
 truncate table table_name; 
 
 /*设约束条件无效*/
 alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name; 
 
 alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name; 
 
 /*将无效约束的数据行放入exception的表中，此表记录了违反数据约束的行的行号；在此之前，要先建exceptions表*/
 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions; 
 
 /*运行创建exceptions表的脚本*/
 start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql; 
 
 /*获取约束条件信息的表或视图*/
 select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns; 
 
 ################## managing password security and resources #################### 
 
 alter user user_name account unlock/open;----锁定/打开用户; 
 
 alter user user_name password expire;---设定口令到期 
 
 /*建立口令配置文件,failed_login_attempts口令输多少次后锁，password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自动解锁*/
 create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440;
 /*创建口令配置文件*/
 create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5;
 /*建立资源配置文件*/
 create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480; 
 
 alter user user_name profile profile_name; 
 
 /*设置口令解锁时间*/
 alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24; 
 
 /*password_life_time指口令文件多少时间到期，password_grace_time指在第一次成功登录后到口令到期有多少天时间可改变口令*/
 alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3; 
 
 /*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天内可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次数*/
 alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3]; 
 
 alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用户口令 
 
 drop profile profile_name; 
 
 /*建立了profile后，且指定给某个用户，则必须用CASCADE才能删除*/
 drop profile profile_name CASCADE; 
 
 alter system set resource_limit=true;---启用自愿限制,缺省是false 
 
 /*配置资源参数*/
 alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5;
 /*资源参数(session级)
 cpu_per_session 每个session占用cpu的时间 单位1/100秒
 sessions_per_user 允许每个用户的并行session数
 connect_time 允许连接的时间 单位分钟
 idle_time 连接被空闲多少时间后，被自动断开 单位分钟
 logical_reads_per_session 读块数
 private_sga 用户能够在SGA中使用的私有的空间数 单位bytes 
 
 (call级)
 cpu_per_call 每次(1/100秒)调用cpu的时间
 logical_reads_per_call 每次调用能够读的块数
 */ 
 
 alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10; 
 
 desc dbms_resouce_manager;---资源管理器包 
 
 /*获取资源信息的表或视图*/
 select * from dba_users/dba_profiles; 
 
 ###### Managing users ############ 
 
 show parameter os; 
 
 create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001; 
 
 grant connect,createtable to testuser1; 
 
 alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name; 
 
 /*创建用户*/
 create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; 
 
 /*数据库级设定缺省临时表空间*/
 alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
 /*制定数据库级的缺省表空间*/
 alter database default tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
 /*创建os级审核的用户，需知道os_authent_prefix，表示oracle和os口令对应的前缀,'OPS$'为此参数的值，此值可以任意设置*/
 create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; 
 
 /*修改用户使用表空间的限额,回滚表空间和临时表空间不允许授予限额*/
 alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name; 
 
 /*删除用户或删除级联用户(用户对象下有对象的要用CASCADE，将其下一些对象一起删除)*/
 drop user user_name [CASCADE]; 
 
 /*每个用户在哪些表空间下有些什么限额*/
 desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...'; 
 
 /*改变用户的缺省表空间*/
 alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
 ######### Managing Privileges ############# 
 
 grant create table,create session to user_name; 
 
 grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name; 
 
 /*授予权限语法,public 标识所有用户,with admin option允许能将权限授予第三者的权限*/
 grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option]; 
 
 select * from v$pwfile_users; 
 
 /*当 O7_dictionary_accessiblity参数为True时，标识select any table时，包括系统表也能select ,否则，不包含系统表;缺省为false*/
 show parameter O7; 
 
 /*由于 O7_dictionary_accessiblity为静态参数，不能动态改变，故加scope=spfile,下次启动时才生效*/
 alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile; 
 
 /*授予对象中的某些字段的权限，如select 某表中的某些字段的权限*/
 grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option; 
 
 /*oracle不允许授予select某列的权限,但可以授insert ,update某列的权限*/
 grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option; 
 
 select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs; 
 
 /*db/os/none 审计被记录在 数据库/操作系统/不审计 缺省是none*/
 show parameter audit_trail; 
 
 /*启动对表的select动作*/
 audit select on user.table_name by session; 
 
 /*by session在每个session中发出command只记录一次，by access则每个command都记录*/
 audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful]; 
 
 desc dbms_fga;---进一步设计，则可使用dbms_fgs包 
 
 /*取消审计*/
 noaudit select on user.table_name; 
 
 /*查被审计信息*/
 select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts; 
 
 /*获取审计记录*/
 select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement; 
 
 ########### Managing Role ################# 
 
 create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name; 
 
 create role role_name;
 create role role_name identified by password;
 create role role_name identified externally; 
 
 set role role_name ; ----激活role
 set role role_name identified by password; 
 
 alter role role_name not identified;
 alter role role_name identified by password;
 alter role role_name identified externally; 
 
 grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION];
 grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name;
 grant role_name1 to role_name2; 
 
 /*建立default role,用户登录时，缺省激活default role*/
 alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...;
 alter user user_name default role all;
 alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...;
 alter user user_name default role none; 
 
 set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....;
 set role all;
 set role except role1,role2,...;
 set role none; 
 
 revoke role_name from user_name;
 revoke role_name from public; 
 
 drop role role_name; 
 
 select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles; 
 
 ########### Basic SQL SELECT ################ 
 
 select col_name as col_alias from table_name ; 
 
 select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配单个字符 
 
 /*使用字符函数(右边截取,字段中包含某个字符,左边填充某字符到固定位数,右边填充某字符到固定位数)*/
 select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name; 
 
 /*使用数字函数(往右/左几位四舍五入,取整,取余)*/
 select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ; 
 
 /*使用日期函数(计算两个日期间相差几个星期,两个日期间相隔几个月,在某个月份上加几个月,某个日期的下一个日期,
 某日期所在月的最后的日期,对某个日期的月分四舍五入，对某个日期的月份进行取整)*/
 select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate),
 round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name; 
 
 /*使用NULL函数(当expr1为空取expr2/当expr1为空取expr2,否则取expr3/当expr1=expr2返回空)*/
 select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name; 
 
 select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '' then column2*1.1
 when '' then column2*2.1
 when '' then column3/20
 else column3
 end as ttt
 from table_name ; ------使用case函数 
 
 select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1
 [CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡儿连接
 [NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用两个表中的同名列连接
 [JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用两个表中的同名列中的某一列或几列连接
 [JOIN table2
 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] |
 [LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相当于(+)=,=(+)连接,全外连接
 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN语法; 
 
 example:
 select col1,col2 from table1 t1
 join table2 t2
 on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1
 join table3 t3
 on t2.col1=t3.col3; 
 
 select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3); 
 
 select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3); 
 
 insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3); 
 
 MERGE INTO table_name table1
 USING table_name2 table2
 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)
 WHEN MATCHED THEN
 UPDATE SET
 table1.col1=table2.col2,
 table1.col2=table2.col3,
 ...
 WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
 INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合并语句 
 
 ##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE ####################### 
 
 alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column 
 
 alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----设置列无效，这个比较快。
 alter table table_name drop unused columns;---删除被设为无效的列 
 
 rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表 
 
 comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----给表放入注释信息 
 
 create table table_name
 (col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20),
 constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定义表中的约束条件 
 
 alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----创建主键 
 
 /*建立外键*/
 create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id)); 
 
 alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%'); 
 
 alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name; 
 
 alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----级联删除主键 
 
 alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使约束暂时无效 
 
 /*删除列，并级联删除此列下的约束条件*/
 alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint; 
 
 select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---约束条件相关视图 
 
 ############## Create Views ##################### 
 
 CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)]
 AS subquery
 [WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]
 [WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------创建视图的语法 
 
 example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------创建视图
 /*使用别名*/
 Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name;
 /*创建复杂视图*/
 Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1;
 /*当用update修改数据时，必须满足视图的col1>10的条件，不满足则不能被改变.*/
 Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option; 
 
 /*改变视图的值.对于简单视图可以用update语法修改表数据，但复杂视图则不一定能改。如使用了函数，group by ,distinct等的列*/
 update view_name set col1=value1; 
 
 /*TOP-N分析*/
 select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N; 
 
 /*找出某列三条最大值的记录*/
 example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3; 
 
 ############# Other database Object ############### 
 
 CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n]
 [START WITH n]
 [{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}]
 [{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}]
 [{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}]
 [{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----创建SEQUENCE 
 
 example:
 CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10
 START WITH 120
 MAXVALUE 9999
 NOCACHE
 NOCYCLE; 
 
 select * from user_sequences ;---当前用户下记录sequence的视图 
 
 select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用 
 
 alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20
 MAXVALUE 999999
 NOCACHE
 NOCYCLE; -----修改sequence,不能改变起始序号 
 
 drop sequence sequence_name; ----删除sequence 
 
 CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------创建同义词 
 
 DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----删除同义词 
 
 CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----创建DBLINK 
 
 select * from object_name@link_name; ----访问远程数据库中的对象 
 
 /*union 操作，它将两个集合的交集部分压缩，并对数据排序*/
 select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 
 
 /*union all 操作，两个集合的交集部分不压缩，且不对数据排序*/
 select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 
 
 /*intersect 操作，求两个集合的交集,它将对重复数据进行压缩，且排序*/
 select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 
 
 /*minus 操作，集合减,它将压缩两个集合减后的重复记录, 且对数据排序*/
 select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 
 
 /*EXTRACT 抽取时间函数. 此例是抽取当前日期中的年*/
 select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
 /*EXTRACT 抽取时间函数. 此例是抽取当前日期中的月*/
 select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual; 
 
 ########################## 增强的 group by 子句 ######################### 
 
 select [column,] group_function(column)...
 from table
 [WHERE condition]
 [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
 [HAVING having_expression];
 [ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP操作字，对group by子句的各字段从右到左进行再聚合 
 
 example:
 /*其结果看起来象对col1做小计*/
 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2);
 /*复合rollup表达式*/
 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2)); 
 
 select [column,] group_function(column)...
 from table
 [WHERE condition]
 [GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression]
 [HAVING having_expression];
 [ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE操作字，除完成ROLLUP的功能外，再对ROLLUP后的结果集从右到左再聚合 
 
 example:
 /*其结果看起来象对col1做小计后，再对col2做小计，最后算总计*/
 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2);
 /*复合rollup表达式*/
 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2));
 /*混合rollup,cube表达式*/
 select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3); 
 
 /*GROUPING(expr)函数，查看select语句种以何字段聚合，其取值为0或1*/
 select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr)
 from table
 [WHERE condition]
 [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
 [HAVING having_expression];
 [ORDER BY column]; 
 
 example:
 select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2); 
 
 /*grouping sets操作，对group by结果集先对col1求和，再对col2求和，最后将其结果集并在一起*/
 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));