Git-Notes

1.Git安装，直接在官网下载安装即可。

2.Git配置，使用config选项，配置名字和邮箱，如下所示

C:\Users\1yyg>git config --global user.name "zhumuxian"
 
C:\Users\1yyg>git config --global user.email "495472831@qq.com"

3.创建仓库，使用init选项

F:\webim>git init
Initialized empty Git repository in F:/webim/.git/

4.添加文件和提交，使用add和commit选项

F:\webim>git add index.js  //将文件添加到暂存区
 
F:\webim>git commit -m "add index.js" //提交到master分支
[master 92d277f] add index.js
  file changed,  insertions(+)
 create mode  index.js

5.查看仓库当前状态，使用status选项

F:\webim>git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 
        modified:   index.js

6.对比当前版本文件和上个版本文件的差异，使用diff选项

F:\webim>git diff index.js
diff --git a/index.js b/index.js
index 06d9b64..0c6787e
--- a/index.js
+++ b/index.js
@@ -, +, @@ $(function(){
 
        var originDemension = {};
 
+
+
        var videoExtReg = /^\.(?=mpg|3gp|vob|rmvb|mov|flv|avi|wmv|mp4|mkv)/i,
                musicExtReg = /^\.(?=flac|ape|wav|mp3|aac|ogg|wma)/i,
                wordExtReg = /^\.(?=doc|docx)/i;

7.对于修改过的文件，再次使用add,commit命令提交即可

8.查看仓库提交日志，使用log选项，搭配--pretty=oneline更清晰

F:\webim>git log --pretty=oneline
973ef9dcb5c4cc3de12fa4e3668a16ff3adb2992 add nihao
c8fbe43e78d3155262e427aa1df246156563cf23 add license.txt
de0edd4c3fc56fdb74fd87ca9dfa0acb82847faa index.js
92d277f2dbe720179530962b11d785c448c5296a add index.js
5954ab28619985ab0ad768602578466dc92399fd del index.js
cc4370f6424daf34c34f9b90196ab56857d61f47 add index.js

9.撤销版本，使用reset选项

git reset --hard HEAD^ //HEAD^后面必须跟一个空格，HEAD代表当前版本，HEAD^当前版本的上个版本，一次类推，也可以使用HEAD~[0-9..]来代替
 
git reset --hard commit_id //使用commitId来撤销提交，commitId可以使用git log后者 git reflog来查看

10.查看所有命令，使用reflog选项

F:\webim>git reflog
973ef9d HEAD@{}: reset: moving to HEAD^
78ae302 HEAD@{}: reset: moving to HEAD
78ae302 HEAD@{}: reset: moving to HEAD
78ae302 HEAD@{}: commit: add heheda again
973ef9d HEAD@{}: reset: moving to HEAD~
9fb4130 HEAD@{}: commit: add heheda
973ef9d HEAD@{}: commit: add nihao
c8fbe43 HEAD@{}: commit: add license.txt
de0edd4 HEAD@{}: commit: index.js
92d277f HEAD@{}: commit: add index.js
5954ab2 HEAD@{}: commit: del index.js
cc4370f HEAD@{}: commit (initial): add index.js

11.撤销修改

情况一：工作区中的内容修改了，但是没有添加到暂存区，可以利用checkout -- file来撤销改动
F:\webim>git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 
        modified:   license.txt
 
F:\webim>git checkout -- license.txt
 
F:\webim>git status
On branch master
 
情况二：
工作区的改动添加进了暂存区，但是没有提交，可以利用reset HEAD file来撤销修改，然后在使用git checkout -- file来恢复
F:\webim>git reset HEAD license.txt
Unstaged changes after reset:
M       license.txt
F:\webim>git checkout -- license.txt

12.删除文件，使用rm选项，然后commit提交即可

F:\webim>git rm license.txt
rm 'license.txt'
F:\webim>git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
  (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
 
        deleted:    license.txt
 
F:\webim>git commit -m "del license file"
[master 5c258d3] del license file
  file changed,  deletions(-)
 delete mode  license.txt

13.添加远程仓库

由于没有自己的git服务器，这里使用github的服务，首先创建ssh key，采用rsa加密，主要是github用来确认推送者的身份，如下所示

$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "495472831@qq.com"
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/c/Users/1yyg/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/c/Users/1yyg/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /c/Users/1yyg/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /c/Users/1yyg/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:jDCsKX+gz2uoiLMYoBuphe7bK7KH4hTgsDkb3N6Gnks @qq.com

然后将id_rsa.pub的内容复制到github网站个人设置里面的new ssh key中。接着使用git remote add添加远程库，该库必须在github中存在

F:\webim>git remote add webim https://github.com/zhu495472831/webim.git

接着在推送内容分支内容之前，使用git pull 先拉取最新的内容

F:\webim>git pull webim master
//如果遇到fatal: refusing to merge unrelated histories错误，可以添加 --allow-unrelated-histories选项解决
F:\webim>git pull webim master --allow-unrelated-histories

然后就可以推送内容了

F:\webim>git push webim master
Counting objects: , done.
Delta compression using up to  threads.
Compressing objects: % (/), done.
Writing objects: % (/), 3.20 KiB |  bytes/s, done.
Total  (delta ), reused  (delta )
To https://github.com/zhu495472831/webim.git
   ef0c6db..1e4b6fa  master -> master

14.克隆仓库，使用git clone

F:\zmx\gittest>git clone git@github.com:zhu495472831/webim.git
Cloning into 'webim'...
The authenticity of host 'github.com (192.30.253.112)' can't be establ
RSA key fingerprint is SHA256:nThbg6kXUpJWGl7E1IGOCspRomTxdCARLviKw6E5
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added 'github.com,192.30.253.112' (RSA) to the li
n hosts.
remote: Counting objects: , done.
remote: Compressing objects: % (/), done.
remote: Total  (delta ), reused  (delta ), pack-reused 0R
  % (/)
Receiving objects: % (/), 12.45 KiB |  bytes/s, done.
Resolving deltas: % (/), done.

15.分支，分支有利于多人协同作业

创建分支git branch name或者git checkout -b name创建并切换，查看分支git branch，切换分支git checkout branchName，删除分支git branch -d

F:\webim>git branch
* master
 
F:\webim>git branch dev
 
F:\webim>git branch
  dev
* master
 
F:\webim>git checkout dev
Switched to branch 'dev'
 
F:\webim>git branch
* dev
  master

删除分支

F:\webim>git branch dev2
 
F:\webim>git branch
* dev
  dev2
  master
 
F:\webim>git branch -d dev2
Deleted branch dev2 (was 1e4b6fa).
 
F:\webim>git branch
* dev
  master

在创建分支之后，在分支上对文件进行的操作，别的分支感知不到，可以使用merge合并分支，便可以

F:\webim>git merge dev
Updating 346ce30..d17e615
Fast-forward
 hello.txt |  ++-
  file changed,  insertions(+),  deletion(-)

在合并分支的时候，可以指定--no-ff参数，表示禁用fast forward模式，这样在合并分支之后，删除分支时，分支的信息就不会丢失

F:\webim>git merge --no-ff -m "merge dev width no-ff" dev
Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.
 hello.txt |  ++-
  file changed,  insertions(+),  deletion(-)

16.存储现场，当在一个分支上进行开发的时，来了一个优先级更高的bug需要修复，这时不想提交未完成的代码，就可以使用stash命令来保存现场

F:\webim>git stash list
stash@{}: On dev: hello.txt
 
F:\webim>git stash pop
On branch dev
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 
        modified:   hello.txt

git stash 保存     git stash save [message] 保存并备注       git stash list查看所有stash        git stash clear清空所有stash     git stash apply  stash@{n} 还原某个stash    git stash pop还原最近的一次stash

17 查看绑定的远程仓库信息

F:\webim>git remote -v
webim   https://github.com/zhu495472831/webim.git (fetch)
webim   https://github.com/zhu495472831/webim.git (push)

18 创建和远程分支关联的分支

F:\webim>git checkout -b dev webim/dev
Branch dev set up to track remote branch dev from webim.
Switched to a new branch 'dev'
//也可以使用branch --track或--set-upstream-to关联
F:\webim>git branch --set-upstream dev webim/dev
The --set-upstream flag is deprecated and will be removed. Consider using --trac
k or --set-upstream-to
Branch dev set up to track remote branch dev from webim.

19 从远程库拉取内容

F:\webim>git pull
Already up-to-date.

20 打标签，使用tag命令

git tag:查看当前分支所有tag

git tag name：创建标签name，还可以指定commitid，例如git tag v1.0 63cbab46a467236a290fd4fb56439755f83ac49e，另外可以为标签加上描述，如git tag v1.0 -a -m "release 1.0"

git show tag_name：查看某个标签的详细信息

F:\webim>git tag v1.
 
F:\webim>git tag
v1.
 
F:\webim>git show v1.
commit 63cbab46a467236a290fd4fb56439755f83ac49e
Author: zhumuxian <@qq.com>
Date:   Fri Oct  ::  +
 
    add nizhidema
 
diff --git a/hello.txt b/hello.txt
index 8ef3fc0..09f6427
--- a/hello.txt
+++ b/hello.txt
@@ -, +, @@
 hello world
-this is a worla <A3><A1><A3><A1>
\ No newline at end of file
+this is a worla <A3><A1><A3><A1>
+<C4><E3>ֵ<B5><C3><C2><F0>
\ No newline at end of file

21 忽略文件，通过使用.gitignore文件配置，在git根目录新建一个名为.gitignore的文件，然后推送到github，内容如下所示

#images
*.jpg
*.png
*.gif
*.swf
*.html

22 配置别名，使用git config alias命令配置命令的别名

使用命令配置如下

F:\webim>git config --global alias.st status
F:\webim>git st
On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'webim/master'.
nothing to commit, working tree clean