Rotate bitmap by real angle
tl;dr; Use GDI+
SetWorldTransform
With WinAPI's SetWorldTransform you can transform the space of device context: rotate, shear, offset, and scale. This is done by setting the members of a transform matrix of type XFORM. Fill its members according the documentation.
procedure RotateBitmap(Bmp: TBitmap; Rads: Single; AdjustSize: Boolean;
BkColor: TColor = clNone);
var
C: Single;
S: Single;
XForm: tagXFORM;
Tmp: TBitmap;
begin
C := Cos(Rads);
S := Sin(Rads);
XForm.eM11 := C;
XForm.eM12 := S;
XForm.eM21 := -S;
XForm.eM22 := C;
Tmp := TBitmap.Create;
try
Tmp.TransparentColor := Bmp.TransparentColor;
Tmp.TransparentMode := Bmp.TransparentMode;
Tmp.Transparent := Bmp.Transparent;
Tmp.Canvas.Brush.Color := BkColor;
if AdjustSize then
begin
Tmp.Width := Round(Bmp.Width * Abs(C) + Bmp.Height * Abs(S));
Tmp.Height := Round(Bmp.Width * Abs(S) + Bmp.Height * Abs(C));
XForm.eDx := (Tmp.Width - Bmp.Width * C + Bmp.Height * S) / 2;
XForm.eDy := (Tmp.Height - Bmp.Width * S - Bmp.Height * C) / 2;
end
else
begin
Tmp.Width := Bmp.Width;
Tmp.Height := Bmp.Height;
XForm.eDx := (Bmp.Width - Bmp.Width * C + Bmp.Height * S) / 2;
XForm.eDy := (Bmp.Height - Bmp.Width * S - Bmp.Height * C) / 2;
end;
SetGraphicsMode(Tmp.Canvas.Handle, GM_ADVANCED);
SetWorldTransform(Tmp.Canvas.Handle, XForm);
BitBlt(Tmp.Canvas.Handle, 0, 0, Tmp.Width, Tmp.Height, Bmp.Canvas.Handle,
0, 0, SRCCOPY);
Bmp.Assign(Tmp);
finally
Tmp.Free;
end;
end;
PlgBlt
The PlgBlt function performs a bit-block transfer from the specified rectangle in the source device context to the specified parallelogram in the destination device context. Map the corner points of the source image via the lpPoint parameter.
procedure RotateBitmap(Bmp: TBitmap; Rads: Single; AdjustSize: Boolean;
BkColor: TColor = clNone);
var
C: Single;
S: Single;
Tmp: TBitmap;
OffsetX: Single;
OffsetY: Single;
Points: array[0..2] of TPoint;
begin
C := Cos(Rads);
S := Sin(Rads);
Tmp := TBitmap.Create;
try
Tmp.TransparentColor := Bmp.TransparentColor;
Tmp.TransparentMode := Bmp.TransparentMode;
Tmp.Transparent := Bmp.Transparent;
Tmp.Canvas.Brush.Color := BkColor;
if AdjustSize then
begin
Tmp.Width := Round(Bmp.Width * Abs(C) + Bmp.Height * Abs(S));
Tmp.Height := Round(Bmp.Width * Abs(S) + Bmp.Height * Abs(C));
OffsetX := (Tmp.Width - Bmp.Width * C + Bmp.Height * S) / 2;
OffsetY := (Tmp.Height - Bmp.Width * S - Bmp.Height * C) / 2;
end
else
begin
Tmp.Width := Bmp.Width;
Tmp.Height := Bmp.Height;
OffsetX := (Bmp.Width - Bmp.Width * C + Bmp.Height * S) / 2;
OffsetY := (Bmp.Height - Bmp.Width * S - Bmp.Height * C) / 2;
end;
Points[0].X := Round(OffsetX);
Points[0].Y := Round(OffsetY);
Points[1].X := Round(OffsetX + Bmp.Width * C);
Points[1].Y := Round(OffsetY + Bmp.Width * S);
Points[2].X := Round(OffsetX - Bmp.Height * S);
Points[2].Y := Round(OffsetY + Bmp.Height * C);
PlgBlt(Tmp.Canvas.Handle, Points, Bmp.Canvas.Handle, 0, 0, Bmp.Width,
Bmp.Height, 0, 0, 0);
Bmp.Assign(Tmp);
finally
Tmp.Free;
end;
end;
Graphics32
Graphics32 is a library especially designed for fast bitmap handling. It requires some experience to grasp its full potential, but the documentation as well as the provided examples should get you started.
A rotation of a TBitmap32 image is done by transforming it by one of the many available transformation classes. The TAffineTransformation class is needed here. First, shift the image half its size to the upper left, then rotate, and shift the result back to the lower right, possibly using the new image dimensions.
uses
GR32, GR32_Transforms;
procedure RotateBitmap(Bmp: TBitmap32; Degs: Integer; AdjustSize: Boolean;
BkColor: TColor = clNone; Transparent: Boolean = False); overload;
var
Tmp: TBitmap32;
Transformation: TAffineTransformation;
begin
Tmp := TBitmap32.Create;
Transformation := TAffineTransformation.Create;
try
Transformation.BeginUpdate;
Transformation.SrcRect := FloatRect(0, 0, Bmp.Width, Bmp.Height);
Transformation.Translate(-0.5 * Bmp.Width, -0.5 * Bmp.Height);
Transformation.Rotate(0, 0, -Degs);
if AdjustSize then
with Transformation.GetTransformedBounds do
Tmp.SetSize(Round(Right - Left), Round(Bottom - Top))
else
Tmp.SetSize(Bmp.Width, Bmp.Height);
Transformation.Translate(0.5 * Tmp.Width, 0.5 * Tmp.Height);
Transformation.EndUpdate;
Tmp.Clear(Color32(BkColor));
if not Transparent then
Bmp.DrawMode := dmTransparent;
Transform(Tmp, Bmp, Transformation);
Bmp.Assign(Tmp);
Bmp.OuterColor := Color32(BkColor);
if Transparent then
Bmp.DrawMode := dmTransparent;
finally
Transformation.Free;
Tmp.Free;
end;
end;
procedure RotateBitmap(Bmp: TBitmap; Degs: Integer; AdjustSize: Boolean;
BkColor: TColor = clNone); overload;
var
Tmp: TBitmap32;
Transparent: Boolean;
begin
Tmp := TBitmap32.Create;
try
Transparent := Bmp.Transparent;
Tmp.Assign(Bmp);
RotateBitmapGR32(Tmp, Degs, AdjustSize, BkColor, Transparent);
Bmp.Assign(Tmp);
if Transparent then
Bmp.Transparent := True;
finally
Tmp.Free;
end;
end;
GDI+
Introduced in Windows XP, Microsoft's GDI+ API is more efficient then the default GDI API. For Delphi 2009 and up, the library is available from here. For older Delphi versions, the library is available from here.
In GDI+ the rotation is also done by a transformation matrix. Drawing works quite differently though. Create a TGPGraphics object and attach it to a device context with its constructor. Subsequently, drawing operations on the object are translated by the API and will be output to the destination context.
uses
GDIPOBJ, GDIPAPI; // < D2009
GdiPlus; // >= D2009
procedure RotateBitmap(Bmp: TBitmap; Degs: Integer; AdjustSize: Boolean;
BkColor: TColor = clNone);
var
Tmp: TGPBitmap;
Matrix: TGPMatrix;
C: Single;
S: Single;
NewSize: TSize;
Graphs: TGPGraphics;
P: TGPPointF;
begin
Tmp := TGPBitmap.Create(Bmp.Handle, Bmp.Palette);
Matrix := TGPMatrix.Create;
try
Matrix.RotateAt(Degs, MakePoint(0.5 * Bmp.Width, 0.5 * Bmp.Height));
if AdjustSize then
begin
C := Cos(DegToRad(Degs));
S := Sin(DegToRad(Degs));
NewSize.cx := Round(Bmp.Width * Abs(C) + Bmp.Height * Abs(S));
NewSize.cy := Round(Bmp.Width * Abs(S) + Bmp.Height * Abs(C));
Bmp.Width := NewSize.cx;
Bmp.Height := NewSize.cy;
end;
Graphs := TGPGraphics.Create(Bmp.Canvas.Handle);
try
Graphs.Clear(ColorRefToARGB(ColorToRGB(BkColor)));
Graphs.SetTransform(Matrix);
Graphs.DrawImage(Tmp, (Cardinal(Bmp.Width) - Tmp.GetWidth) div 2,
(Cardinal(Bmp.Height) - Tmp.GetHeight) div 2);
finally
Graphs.Free;
end;
finally
Matrix.Free;
Tmp.Free;
end;
end;
Handling transparency
The routines above preserve the transparent settings of the fead bitmap, with the exception of the Graphics32 solution which requires an additional Transparent parameter.
Performance and image quality
I wrote a test application (see full code below) to tune the performance of the various methods and to compare the resulting image quality.
The first and most important conclusion is that GDI+ uses anti-aliasing where the others do not, resulting in the best image quality. (I unsuccessfully tried to prevent anti-aliasing by setting CompositingQuality, InterpolationMode, SmoothingMode, and PixelOffsetMode, so when anti-aliasing is not preferred, do not use GDI+.)
Furthermore, the GDI+ solution is also the fastest method, by far.
unit RotateTestForm;
interface
uses
Windows, SysUtils, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, ExtCtrls,
JPEG, Math, GR32, GR32_Transforms, GDIPOBJ, GDIPAPI {, GdiPlus};
type
TTestForm = class(TForm)
private
FImage: TImage;
FOpenDialog: TOpenDialog;
procedure FormPaint(Sender: TObject);
public
constructor Create(AOwner: TComponent); override;
end;
var
TestForm: TTestForm;
implementation
{$R *.dfm}
procedure RotateBitmapSWT(Bmp: TBitmap; Rads: Single; AdjustSize: Boolean;
BkColor: TColor = clNone);
var
C: Single;
S: Single;
XForm: TXForm;
Tmp: TBitmap;
begin
C := Cos(Rads);
S := Sin(Rads);
XForm.eM11 := C;
XForm.eM12 := S;
XForm.eM21 := -S;
XForm.eM22 := C;
Tmp := TBitmap.Create;
try
Tmp.TransparentColor := Bmp.TransparentColor;
Tmp.TransparentMode := Bmp.TransparentMode;
Tmp.Transparent := Bmp.Transparent;
Tmp.Canvas.Brush.Color := BkColor;
if AdjustSize then
begin
Tmp.Width := Round(Bmp.Width * Abs(C) + Bmp.Height * Abs(S));
Tmp.Height := Round(Bmp.Width * Abs(S) + Bmp.Height * Abs(C));
XForm.eDx := (Tmp.Width - Bmp.Width * C + Bmp.Height * S) / 2;
XForm.eDy := (Tmp.Height - Bmp.Width * S - Bmp.Height * C) / 2;
end
else
begin
Tmp.Width := Bmp.Width;
Tmp.Height := Bmp.Height;
XForm.eDx := (Bmp.Width - Bmp.Width * C + Bmp.Height * S) / 2;
XForm.eDy := (Bmp.Height - Bmp.Width * S - Bmp.Height * C) / 2;
end;
SetGraphicsMode(Tmp.Canvas.Handle, GM_ADVANCED);
SetWorldTransform(Tmp.Canvas.Handle, XForm);
BitBlt(Tmp.Canvas.Handle, 0, 0, Tmp.Width, Tmp.Height, Bmp.Canvas.Handle,
0, 0, SRCCOPY);
Bmp.Assign(Tmp);
finally
Tmp.Free;
end;
end;
procedure RotateBitmapPLG(Bmp: TBitmap; Rads: Single; AdjustSize: Boolean;
BkColor: TColor = clNone);
var
C: Single;
S: Single;
Tmp: TBitmap;
OffsetX: Single;
OffsetY: Single;
Points: array[0..2] of TPoint;
begin
C := Cos(Rads);
S := Sin(Rads);
Tmp := TBitmap.Create;
try
Tmp.TransparentColor := Bmp.TransparentColor;
Tmp.TransparentMode := Bmp.TransparentMode;
Tmp.Transparent := Bmp.Transparent;
Tmp.Canvas.Brush.Color := BkColor;
if AdjustSize then
begin
Tmp.Width := Round(Bmp.Width * Abs(C) + Bmp.Height * Abs(S));
Tmp.Height := Round(Bmp.Width * Abs(S) + Bmp.Height * Abs(C));
OffsetX := (Tmp.Width - Bmp.Width * C + Bmp.Height * S) / 2;
OffsetY := (Tmp.Height - Bmp.Width * S - Bmp.Height * C) / 2;
end
else
begin
Tmp.Width := Bmp.Width;
Tmp.Height := Bmp.Height;
OffsetX := (Bmp.Width - Bmp.Width * C + Bmp.Height * S) / 2;
OffsetY := (Bmp.Height - Bmp.Width * S - Bmp.Height * C) / 2;
end;
Points[0].X := Round(OffsetX);
Points[0].Y := Round(OffsetY);
Points[1].X := Round(OffsetX + Bmp.Width * C);
Points[1].Y := Round(OffsetY + Bmp.Width * S);
Points[2].X := Round(OffsetX - Bmp.Height * S);
Points[2].Y := Round(OffsetY + Bmp.Height * C);
PlgBlt(Tmp.Canvas.Handle, Points, Bmp.Canvas.Handle, 0, 0, Bmp.Width,
Bmp.Height, 0, 0, 0);
Bmp.Assign(Tmp);
finally
Tmp.Free;
end;
end;
procedure RotateBitmapGR32(Bmp: TBitmap32; Degs: Integer; AdjustSize: Boolean;
BkColor: TColor = clNone; Transparent: Boolean = False); overload;
var
Tmp: TBitmap32;
Transformation: TAffineTransformation;
begin
Tmp := TBitmap32.Create;
Transformation := TAffineTransformation.Create;
try
Transformation.BeginUpdate;
Transformation.SrcRect := FloatRect(0, 0, Bmp.Width, Bmp.Height);
Transformation.Translate(-0.5 * Bmp.Width, -0.5 * Bmp.Height);
Transformation.Rotate(0, 0, -Degs);
if AdjustSize then
with Transformation.GetTransformedBounds do
Tmp.SetSize(Round(Right - Left), Round(Bottom - Top))
else
Tmp.SetSize(Bmp.Width, Bmp.Height);
Transformation.Translate(0.5 * Tmp.Width, 0.5 * Tmp.Height);
Transformation.EndUpdate;
Tmp.Clear(Color32(BkColor));
if not Transparent then
Bmp.DrawMode := dmTransparent;
Transform(Tmp, Bmp, Transformation);
Bmp.Assign(Tmp);
Bmp.OuterColor := Color32(BkColor);
if Transparent then
Bmp.DrawMode := dmTransparent;
finally
Transformation.Free;
Tmp.Free;
end;
end;
procedure RotateBitmapGR32(Bmp: TBitmap; Degs: Integer; AdjustSize: Boolean;
BkColor: TColor = clNone); overload;
var
Tmp: TBitmap32;
Transparent: Boolean;
begin
Tmp := TBitmap32.Create;
try
Transparent := Bmp.Transparent;
Tmp.Assign(Bmp);
RotateBitmapGR32(Tmp, Degs, AdjustSize, BkColor, Transparent);
Bmp.Assign(Tmp);
if Transparent then
Bmp.Transparent := True;
finally
Tmp.Free;
end;
end;
procedure RotateBitmapGDIP(Bmp: TBitmap; Degs: Integer; AdjustSize: Boolean;
BkColor: TColor = clNone);
var
Tmp: TGPBitmap;
Matrix: TGPMatrix;
C: Single;
S: Single;
NewSize: TSize;
Graphs: TGPGraphics;
P: TGPPointF;
begin
Tmp := TGPBitmap.Create(Bmp.Handle, Bmp.Palette);
Matrix := TGPMatrix.Create;
try
Matrix.RotateAt(Degs, MakePoint(0.5 * Bmp.Width, 0.5 * Bmp.Height));
if AdjustSize then
begin
C := Cos(DegToRad(Degs));
S := Sin(DegToRad(Degs));
NewSize.cx := Round(Bmp.Width * Abs(C) + Bmp.Height * Abs(S));
NewSize.cy := Round(Bmp.Width * Abs(S) + Bmp.Height * Abs(C));
Bmp.Width := NewSize.cx;
Bmp.Height := NewSize.cy;
end;
Graphs := TGPGraphics.Create(Bmp.Canvas.Handle);
try
Graphs.Clear(ColorRefToARGB(ColorToRGB(BkColor)));
Graphs.SetTransform(Matrix);
Graphs.DrawImage(Tmp, (Cardinal(Bmp.Width) - Tmp.GetWidth) div 2,
(Cardinal(Bmp.Height) - Tmp.GetHeight) div 2);
finally
Graphs.Free;
end;
finally
Matrix.Free;
Tmp.Free;
end;
end;
{ TTestForm }
constructor TTestForm.Create(AOwner: TComponent);
begin
inherited Create(AOwner);
Font.Name := 'Tahoma';
Top := 0;
ClientWidth := 560;
ClientHeight := 915;
Show;
FImage := TImage.Create(Self);
FOpenDialog := TOpenDialog.Create(Self);
FOpenDialog.Title := 'Select an small sized image (min. 100 x 100)';
FOpenDialog.Options := FOpenDialog.Options + [ofFileMustExist];
FOpenDialog.Filter := 'JPEG|*.JPG|BMP|*.BMP';
if FOpenDialog.Execute then
begin
FImage.Picture.LoadFromFile(FOpenDialog.FileName);
OnPaint := FormPaint;
Invalidate;
end
else
Application.Terminate;
end;
procedure TTestForm.FormPaint(Sender: TObject);
var
Img: TBitmap;
Bmp: TBitmap;
Bmp32: TBitmap32;
BkColor: TColor;
AdjustSize: Boolean;
Degs: Integer;
Rads: Single;
RotCount: Integer;
I: Integer;
Tick: Cardinal;
begin
Img := TBitmap.Create;
Bmp := TBitmap.Create;
Bmp32 := TBitmap32.Create;
try
BkColor := clBtnFace;
Img.Canvas.Brush.Color := BkColor;
Img.Width := 100;
Img.Height := 100;
Img.Canvas.Draw(0, 0, FImage.Picture.Graphic);
AdjustSize := False;
Degs := 45;
Rads := DegToRad(Degs);
RotCount := 1000;
Canvas.TextOut(10, 10, 'Original:');
Canvas.Draw(10, 30, Img);
Canvas.TextOut(10, 140, Format('Size = %d x %d', [Img.Width, Img.Height]));
Canvas.TextOut(10, 160, Format('Angle = %d°', [Degs]));
Canvas.TextOut(10, 250, Format('%d rotations:', [RotCount]));
Canvas.TextOut(120, 10, 'SetWorldTransform:');
Bmp.Assign(Img);
RotateBitmapSWT(Bmp, Rads, AdjustSize, BkColor);
Canvas.Draw(120, 30, Bmp);
if not AdjustSize then
begin
Tick := GetTickCount;
for I := 0 to RotCount - 2 do
RotateBitmapSWT(Bmp, Rads, AdjustSize, BkColor);
Canvas.TextOut(120, 250, Format('%d msec', [GetTickCount - Tick]));
Canvas.Draw(120, 140, Bmp);
end;
Canvas.TextOut(230, 10, 'PlgBlt:');
Bmp.Assign(Img);
RotateBitmapPLG(Bmp, Rads, AdjustSize, BkColor);
Canvas.Draw(230, 30, Bmp);
if not AdjustSize then
begin
Tick := GetTickCount;
for I := 0 to RotCount - 2 do
RotateBitmapPLG(Bmp, Rads, AdjustSize, BkColor);
Canvas.TextOut(230, 250, Format('%d msec', [GetTickCount - Tick]));
Canvas.Draw(230, 140, Bmp);
end;
Canvas.TextOut(340, 10, 'Graphics32:');
Bmp.Assign(Img);
RotateBitmapGR32(Bmp, Degs, AdjustSize, BkColor);
Canvas.Draw(340, 30, Bmp);
if not AdjustSize then
begin
Tick := GetTickCount;
for I := 0 to RotCount - 2 do
RotateBitmapGR32(Bmp, Degs, AdjustSize, BkColor);
Canvas.TextOut(340, 250, Format('%d msec', [GetTickCount - Tick]));
Canvas.Draw(340, 140, Bmp);
// Without in between conversion to TBitmap:
Bmp32.Assign(Img);
Tick := GetTickCount;
for I := 0 to RotCount - 1 do
RotateBitmapGR32(Bmp32, Degs, AdjustSize, BkColor, False);
Canvas.TextOut(340, 270, Format('%d msec (optimized)',
[GetTickCount - Tick]));
end;
Canvas.TextOut(450, 10, 'GDI+ :');
Bmp.Assign(Img);
RotateBitmapGDIP(Bmp, Degs, AdjustSize, BkColor);
Canvas.Draw(450, 30, Bmp);
if not AdjustSize then
begin
Tick := GetTickCount;
for I := 0 to RotCount - 2 do
RotateBitmapGDIP(Bmp, Degs, AdjustSize, BkColor);
Canvas.TextOut(450, 250, Format('%d msec', [GetTickCount - Tick]));
Canvas.Draw(450, 140, Bmp);
end;
finally
Bmp32.Free;
Bmp.Free;
Img.Free;
OnPaint := nil;
end;
end;
end.
Rotate bitmap by real angle的更多相关文章
- DevExpress.chartContro控件保存图片和打印图片
private void pictureBox1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { ////实例化打印对象 PrintDocument print = new P ...
- 【转】C#使用ESC指令控制POS打印机打印小票
.前言 C#打印小票可以与普通打印机一样,调用PrintDocument实现.也可以发送标注你的ESC指令实现.由于 调用PrintDocument类时,无法操作使用串口或TCP/IP接口连接的pos ...
- C#使用ESC指令控制POS打印机打印小票
1.前言 C#打印小票可以与普通打印机一样,调用PrintDocument实现.也可以发送标注你的ESC指令实现.由于 调用PrintDocument类时,无法操作使用串口或TCP/IP接口连接的po ...
- x01.BitmapHelper：图像处理
“所有致我于死地的,也激发我胆魄”,姚贝娜的<心火>,是我近年来听过最好的歌,特此推荐一下. 图像处理,大概分三步:1.LockBits():2.进行处理:3.UnlockBits():这 ...
- WIA设备批量扫描
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Data; usin ...
- c# 如何显示图片指定位置
private void panel1_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e) { Rectangle r1 = new Rectangle(0, 0, 100, ...
- C# 图像旋转代码
方法一: public static Bitmap rotateImage(Bitmap b, float angle) { //create a new empty bitmap to hold r ...
- hdu4998 Rotate 计算几何
Noting is more interesting than rotation! Your little sister likes to rotate things. To put it easie ...
- jQuery旋转插件—rotate
jQuery旋转插件,支持Internet Explorer 6.0+ .Firefox 2.0 .Safari 3 .Opera 9 .Google Chrome rotate(angle) 正值表 ...
随机推荐
- F12调试打开时，出现很多多余内容问题解决
关闭vs2013的browserlink功能即可: <appSettings> <add key="vs:EnableBrowserLink" value=&qu ...
- MySQL 索引背后的数据结构及算法原理
本文转载自http://blog.jobbole.com/24006/ 摘要本文以MySQL数据库为研究对象,讨论与数据库索引相关的一些话题.特别需要说明的是,MySQL支持诸多存储引擎,而各种存储引 ...
- iOS边练边学--多线程介绍、NSThread的简单实用、线程安全以及线程之间的通信
一.iOS中的多线程 多线程的原理(之前多线程这块没好好学,之前对多线程的理解也是错误的,这里更正,好好学习这块) iOS中多线程的实现方案有以下几种 二.NSThread线程类的简单实用(直接上代码 ...
- Java-ArrayList
package 集合类.list类; /** * System.Collections.ArrayList类是一个特殊的数组.通过添加和删除元素,就可以动态改变数组的长度. 一．优点 1.支持自动改变 ...
- Learn sed using these command on Linux（流线式编辑器——sed）
是对文件中的每一行进行处理,不会对源文件进行修改 sed --version sed '11d' sed_file sed -n '/[Bb]erry/p' sed_file (由于设置了n,所以只打 ...
- 【UVA 1451】Average
题 题意 求长度为n的01串中1占总长(大于L)的比例最大的一个子串起点和终点. 分析 前缀和s[i]保存前i个数有几个1,[j+1,i] 这段区间1的比例就是(s[i]-s[j])/(i-j),于是 ...
- hihocoder #1058 Combination Lock
传送门 时间限制:10000ms 单点时限:1000ms 内存限制:256MB 描述 Finally, you come to the interview room. You know that a ...
- Starting zabbix_agentd: No such file or directory
问题描述 [root@localhost admin]# service zabbix_agentd restart Shutting down zabbix_agentd: [FAILED] Sta ...
- mysql 外键（FOREIGN KEY）
最近有开始做一个实验室管理系统,因为分了几个表进行存储·所以要维护表间的关联··研究了一下MySQL的外键. (1)只有InnoDB类型的表才可以使用外键,mysql默认是MyISAM,这种类型不支持 ...
- delphi基本语法
本文参考自<delphi2010语法手册> 1. 工程文件结构 源文件联系着unit单元,delphi主模块源文件格式为.dpr,其他模块为.pas,一个完整程序由一个.dpr和若干.pa ...