Python_对excel表格读写-openpyxl、xlrd&xlwt

openpyxl 和 xlrd&xlwt 都能对excel进行读写，但是它们读写的格式不同，openpyxl 只能读写 xlsx格式的excel，xlrd&xlwt 只能读写 xls格式的excel。

openpyxl

创建excel文件

import openpyxl

# ====== 创建格式为xlsx的excel文件 ======
# 创建一个工作簿,若表格已存在，则覆盖
wb = openpyxl.Workbook()

# 创建一个名为test的sheet
wb.create_sheet('test')

# 保存文件。注：创建表格会有两个sheet,按顺序名称分别为Sheet和test
wb.save('test.xlsx')

# 关闭工作薄
wb.close()

读写已有excel文件

import openpyxl

# ====== 打开已有的excel表格 ======
# 打开一个工作簿
wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('test.xlsx')

# 选择一个sheet
# sheet = wb["Sheet1"]     # 通过表名选择
sheet = wb.worksheets[0]      # 通过索引选择

# 关闭工作薄
wb.close()

对sheet进行读写

# coding:utf-8
import openpyxl

# ====== 向sheet写入数据 ======
# 打开一个工作簿
wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('test.xlsx')
# 选择一个sheet
# sheet = wb["Sheet1"]     # 通过表名选择
sheet = wb.worksheets[0]      # 通过索引选择

# 获取行数
row = sheet.max_row
# 获取列数
column = sheet.max_column
print(row, column)

# 写入数据
sheet.append(["aaa", "bbb", "ccc"])     # 在最后一行写入一行数据，列表中每一个数据表示每列写入的数据
sheet.append([1, 2, 3, 4])

# 读取数据
ce = sheet.cell(row=1, column=1)    # 读取第1行，第1列的数据
print(ce.value)

# 更新数据
ce.value = "ddd"    # 更新第1行，第1列的数据为 ddd
sheet.cell(3, 1, '')    # 更新第3行第1列的数据为 空串

# 删除数据
# 从第2行开始删除，删除1行
sheet.delete_rows(2, amount=1)
# 删除第3列
sheet.delete_cols(3)

# 保存文件
wb.save('test.xlsx')
# 关闭工作薄
wb.close()

简单封装

# coding:utf-8
import openpyxl
import os

class Workbook:
    workbook = None
    filename = None

    @classmethod
    def get_workbook(cls, filename, is_create=False):
        """ 获取工作簿，若文件存在则打开，若文件不存在则新建 """
        cls.filename = filename
        is_file = os.path.exists(filename)
        if is_create:
            is_file = False
        if is_file:
            cls.workbook = openpyxl.load_workbook(filename)
        else:
            cls.workbook = openpyxl.Workbook()
        return cls()

    def sheet_by_name(self, sheet_name):
        """ 通过表的名称获取sheet对象 """
        ws = WorkSheet(self.workbook)
        return ws.sheet_by_name(sheet_name)

    def sheet_by_index(self, index):
        """ 通过表的索引获取sheet对象 """
        ws = WorkSheet(self.workbook)
        return ws.sheet_by_index(index)

    def save(self, filename=None):
        if filename is None:
            filename = self.filename
        self.workbook.save(filename)

    def close(self):
        self.workbook.close()

class WorkSheet:

    def __init__(self, workbook):
        self.workbook = workbook
        self.sheet = None

    def sheet_by_name(self, name):
        """ 通过表的名称获取sheet对象 """
        self.sheet = self.workbook[name]
        return self

    def sheet_by_index(self, index):
        """ 通过表的索引获取sheet对象 """
        self.sheet = self.workbook.worksheets[index]
        return self

    def get_cell_value(self,  row, column):
        """ 获取单元格的值 """
        return self.sheet.cell(row, column).value

    def get_col_values(self, column):
        """ 获取指定列的所有值 """
        col_values = []
        rows = self.rows
        for row in range(rows):
            row += 1
            v = self.get_cell_value(row, column)
            col_values.append(v)
        return col_values

    def get_row_values(self, row):
        """ 获取指定行的所有值 """
        row_values = []
        columns = self.columns
        for column in range(columns):
            column += 1
            v = self.get_cell_value(row, column)
            row_values.append(v)
        return row_values

    def write_cell_value(self, row, column, value):
        """ 写入或更新单元格的值 """
        return self.sheet.cell(row, column, value)

    def insert_row_values(self, values, row=None):
        """
        插入一行数据，默认插入最后一行
        :param values: 插入的数据
        :type values: list
        :param row: 行号
        :type row: int
        """
        if row is None:
            self.sheet.append(values)
        else:
            self.sheet.insert_rows(row)
            col = 1
            for v in values:
                self.write_cell_value(row, col, v)
                col += 1

    def insert_column_values(self, values, column=None):
        """ 插入一列数据，默认插入最后一列 """
        if column is None:
            col = self.columns
            row = self.rows
            v = self.get_cell_value(1, 1)
            if col == 1 and row == 1 and v is None:
                column = 1
            else:
                column = self.columns + 1
        else:
            self.sheet.insert_cols(column)
        row = 1
        for v in values:
            self.write_cell_value(row, column, v)
            row += 1

    def delete_rows(self, row, amount=1):
        """ 删除行数, row表示删除起始行，amount表示删除的行数 """
        self.sheet.delete_rows(row, amount)

    @property
    def rows(self):
        """ 表格的行数 """
        return self.sheet.max_row

    @property
    def columns(self):
        """ 表格的列数 """
        return self.sheet.max_column

def del_wrap(values):
    """ 删除换行符 """
    if isinstance(values, str):
        values = [values]
    new_values = []
    for value in values:
        new_values.append(value.replace("\n", ""))
    return new_values

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 打开一个工作簿
    filename = r'C:\Users\41850\Desktop\test.xlsx'
    wb = Workbook.get_workbook(filename)

    # 选择一个sheet
    sheet = wb.sheet_by_index(0)      # 通过索引选择

    RequireNum = [u"需求编号"]
    RequireNum_col_values = None

    TestModel = [u"测试项"]
    TestModel_col_values = None

    CaseName = [u"用例名称", u"TestSummary"]
    CaseName_col_values = None

    Step = [u"操作步骤", u"Action"]
    Step_col_values = None

    ExpectResult = [u"预期结果", u"Result"]
    ExpectResult_col_values = None

    # 获取各字段的值
    fields = sheet.get_row_values(1)
    for field in fields:
        if field in RequireNum:
            RequireNum_col_num = fields.index(field) + 1    # 需求编号列号
            RequireNum_col_values = sheet.get_col_values(RequireNum_col_num)[1:]
            RequireNum_col_values_new = []
            t_value = None
            for value in RequireNum_col_values:
                if value is not None:
                    RequireNum_col_values_new.append(value)
                    t_value = value
                else:
                    RequireNum_col_values_new.append(t_value)
            RequireNum_col_values = RequireNum_col_values_new
        elif field in TestModel:
            TestModel_col_num = fields.index(field) + 1     # 测试项列号
            TestModel_col_values = sheet.get_col_values(TestModel_col_num)[1:]
            TestModel_col_values_new = []
            t_value = None
            for value in TestModel_col_values:
                if value is not None:
                    TestModel_col_values_new.append(value)
                    t_value = value
                else:
                    TestModel_col_values_new.append(t_value)
            TestModel_col_values = TestModel_col_values_new
        elif field in CaseName:
            CaseName_col_num = fields.index(field) + 1  # 用例名称列号
            CaseName_col_values = sheet.get_col_values(CaseName_col_num)[1:]
            CaseName_col_values = del_wrap(CaseName_col_values)
        elif field in Step:
            Step_col_num = fields.index(field) + 1  # 操作步骤列号
            Step_col_values = sheet.get_col_values(Step_col_num)[1:]
            Step_col_values = del_wrap(Step_col_values)
        elif field in ExpectResult:
            ExpectResult_col_num = fields.index(field) + 1  # 操作步骤列号
            ExpectResult_col_values = sheet.get_col_values(ExpectResult_col_num)[1:]
            ExpectResult_col_values = del_wrap(ExpectResult_col_values)

    # 检查必要字段
    if not all([CaseName_col_values, Step_col_values, ExpectResult_col_values]):
        raise ValueError("缺少必要字段名称，必要字段名称为：用例名称、操作步骤、预期结果")

    # 拼接用例编号和测试项
    if RequireNum_col_values:
        TestModel_col_values_new = []
        for RequireNum_col_value, TestModel_col_value in zip(RequireNum_col_values, TestModel_col_values):
            TestModel_col_values_new.append(u"【%s-%s】" % (RequireNum_col_value, TestModel_col_value))
        TestModel_col_values = TestModel_col_values_new
    CaseName_col_values_new = []

    # 拼接测试项和用例名称
    for TestModel_col_value, CaseName_col_value in zip(TestModel_col_values, CaseName_col_values):
        CaseName_col_values_new.append(TestModel_col_value + CaseName_col_value)
    CaseName_col_values = CaseName_col_values_new

    # 拼接用例名称、操作步骤、预期结果
    insert_values = []
    insert_values.append("TCID;TestSummary;Action;Result")

    tcid = 1
    for case_name, step, expect_result in zip(CaseName_col_values, Step_col_values, ExpectResult_col_values):
        v = "%s;%s;%s;%s" % (tcid, case_name, step, expect_result)
        insert_values.append(v)
        tcid += 1

    # 将数据另存到新的文件
    filename_path = filename.split('\\')
    new_filename = "new_" + filename_path[-1]
    filename_path.pop()
    filename_path.append(new_filename)
    new_filename_path = "\\".join(filename_path)
    new_wb = Workbook.get_workbook(new_filename_path, is_create=True)

    # 选择一个sheet
    sheet_new = wb.sheet_by_index(0)  # 通过索引选择

    # 写入新的数据
    sheet_new.insert_column_values(insert_values)

    # 保存文件
    new_wb.save(new_filename_path)

    # 关闭工作薄
    wb.close()
    new_wb.close()

xlrd&xlwt

xlrd

xlrd只能对excel文件进行读

# coding:utf-8
import xlrd

# 使用xlrd创建一个工作薄对象
workbook = xlrd.open_workbook('C:/Users/41850/Desktop/test.xls')

# 根据工作表的名称创建表格对象
# sheet = workbook.sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
# 根据工作表的索引创建表格对象，索引从0开始
sheet = workbook.sheet_by_index(0)

# 获取sheet名称
sheet_name = sheet.name
print(u"表格名称: %s" % sheet_name)

# 获取工作表的行数
row_count = sheet.nrows
# 获取工作表的列数
col_count = sheet.ncols
print("行数: %s  列数: %s" % (row_count, col_count))

# 获取数据
row_value = sheet.row_values(0)     # 获取第1行数据
col_value = sheet.col_values(0)     # 获取第1列数据
cell_value = sheet.cell_value(0, 1)     # 获取第1行第2列数据
print("获取的数据值为：%s, %s, %s" %(row_value, col_value, cell_value))

xlwt

xlwt只能对xls文件进行写

# coding:utf-8
import xlwt

# 打开一个工作薄
filename = 'C:/Users/41850/Desktop/test1.xls'
write_book = xlwt.Workbook(encoding="utf-8")

# 新增个表格，若文件已存在，则覆盖
sheet = write_book.add_sheet('test')

# 写入数据(行号， 列号， 写入值)
sheet.write(0, 0, 123.456)
sheet.write(1, 0, 789)
sheet.write(2, 0, 'hello')

# 保存
write_book.save(filename)

注意，xlwt没有直接修改已有 xls 文件的方法。通常的做法是，读取出文件，复制一份数据，对其进行修改，再保存。

# coding:utf-8
import xlrd
from xlutils.copy import copy

# 打开文件
filename = 'C:/Users/41850/Desktop/test1.xls'
rb = xlrd.open_workbook(filename)

# 复制
wb = copy(rb)
# 选取表单
s = wb.get_sheet(0)
# 写入数据
s.write(0, 1, 'new data')
# 保存
wb.save(filename)