1.寻找国内镜像源

    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/ubuntu/

2.配置source  list源

  sources.list系统自带的,源是来Ubuntu的官网!安装包比较慢,所以最好切换成国内的

python@ubuntu:~$ cd /etc/apt
python@ubuntu:/etc/apt$ sudo cp sources.list sources.list.bak
python@ubuntu:/etc/apt$ vim sources.list
# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度,如有需要可自行取消注释
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse # 预发布软件源,不建议启用
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

  另:阿里云软件源

#我的配置文件源
# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 16.04 LTS _Xenial Xerus_ - Release amd64 (20160420.1)]/ xenial main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted #Added by software-properties # See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
# deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted ## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse restricted universe main #Added by software-properties
# deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security
## team.
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
# deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe
# deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse
# deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse
# deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse ## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse #Added by software-properties
# deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse ## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
# deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner
# deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security multiverse restricted universe main #Added by software-properties
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security main restricted
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security universe
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security multiverse
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security multiverse

  

3. 更新源

python@ubuntu:/etc/apt$ sudo apt-get update
命中: http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease
命中: http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu xenial-updates InRelease
命中: http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu xenial-backports InRelease
命中: http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu xenial-security InRelease
正在读取软件包列表... 完成
测试:安装sl包
python@ubuntu:/etc/apt$ sudo apt-get install sl python@ubuntu:/etc/apt$ sl

    

4.其他 命令

sudo apt-get update  更新源

sudo apt-get install package 安装包

sudo apt-get remove package 删除包

sudo apt-cache search package 搜索软件包

sudo apt-cache show package  获取包的相关信息,如说明、大小、版本等

sudo apt-get install package --reinstall   重新安装包

sudo apt-get -f install   修复安装

sudo apt-get remove package --purge 删除包,包括配置文件等

sudo apt-get build-dep package 安装相关的编译环境

sudo apt-get upgrade 更新已安装的包

sudo apt-get dist-upgrade 升级系统

sudo apt-cache depends package 了解使用该包依赖那些包

sudo apt-cache rdepends package 查看该包被哪些包依赖

sudo apt-get source package  下载该包的源代码

sudo apt-get clean && sudo apt-get autoclean 清理无用的包

sudo apt-get check 检查是否有损坏的依赖

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