c++11新标准for循环和lambda表达式

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.syntax--source.syntax--elixir .syntax--keyword.syntax--special-method,
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.syntax--source.syntax--json .syntax--meta.syntax--structure.syntax--dictionary.syntax--json > .syntax--value.syntax--json > .syntax--string.syntax--quoted.syntax--json,
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.syntax--source.syntax--json .syntax--meta.syntax--structure.syntax--dictionary.syntax--json > .syntax--value.syntax--json > .syntax--string.syntax--quoted.syntax--json > .syntax--punctuation,
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.syntax--source.syntax--json .syntax--meta.syntax--structure.syntax--dictionary.syntax--json > .syntax--constant.syntax--language.syntax--json,
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-->

1 for

在C++11中for扩展了一个新的用法，类似于c#中的foreach.可以用来遍历容器，输出和关联容器等。配合另外的c++11新关键字auto能够很方便的实现遍历。用法如下：

#include <iostream>

 

int main()

{

  std::string myStr = "hello!";

  for(auto ch : myStr)

    std::cout<<ch<<std::endl;

}

上面函数的作用是遍历 string 然后输出其每一个元素。

2 lambda表达式

关于lambda表达式在 C++ Lambda表达式用法 和 C++11 lambda表达式解析 这两篇文章中已经有了比较详细的介绍了。其完整表达式为：

[ capture ] ( params ) mutable exception attribute -> ret { body }

这里对 capture 进行补充说明一下，上面的第二篇文章将这个翻译为捕获，第一遍看到的时候比较困惑。后来才发现这个其实就是指定了lambda表达式作为函数对象其构造函数传递进来的参数是什么，只有传递进来的参数lambda表达式才可以使用， 即lambda表达式会生成一个重载了()操作的函数对象，该对象的构造函数参数由[]内参数指定 。其他的没有什么好补充的。可以在支持c++11标准的编译器上运行下面代码感受一下：

#include <iostream>

#include <algorithm>

#include <vector>

#include <functional>

 

class LessFunction

{

public:

    LessFunction(int threshold) :Threshold(threshold) {}

 

    bool operator () (int n)

    {

        return n < Threshold;

    }

private:

    int Threshold;

 

};

 

int main()

{

    //使用普通的函数对象

    std::vector<int> a { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 };

    LessFunction myFun(5);

    a.erase(std::remove_if(a.begin(), a.end(), myFun), a.end());

    std::cout << "a:" ;

    for (auto i : a)

        std::cout << i << " ";

    std::cout << std::endl;

 

    //使用lambda表达式,以值传递的方式将x作为函数对象的构造函数参数

    std::vector<int> b{ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 };

    int x = 5;

    b.erase(std::remove_if(b.begin(), b.end(), [x](int n) {return n < x; }), b.end());

    std::cout << "b:" ;

    for (auto i : b)

        std::cout << i << " ";

    std::cout << std::endl;

 

    //保存lambda表达式生成的函数对象

    auto func1 = [](int i) {return i + 4; };

    std::cout << "func1: 6+4=" << func1(6) << std::endl;

 

    //进一步说明lambda表达式生成的是函数对象，用函数对象保存

    std::function<int(int)> func2 = [](int i) {return i + 4; };

    std::cout << "func2: 6+4=" << func2(6) << std::endl;

 

    system("pause");

}

这里lambda表达式返回类型的值有return语句推导出。只要明确函数对象构造函数的参数和函数调用参数的不同，对于lambda表达式的[]和()理解也就更加清晰了。