Target frameworks
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/frameworks
When you target a framework in an app or library, you're specifying the set of APIs that you'd like to make available to the app or library. You specify the target framework in your project file using Target Framework Monikers (TFMs).
An app or library can target a version of .NET Standard. .NET Standard versions represent standardized sets of APIs across all .NET implementations. For example, a library can target .NET Standard 1.6 and gain access to APIs that function across .NET Core and .NET Framework using the same codebase.
An app or library can also target a specific .NET implementation to gain access to implementation-specific APIs. For example, an app that targets Xamarin.iOS (for example, Xamarin.iOS10
) gets access to Xamarin-provided iOS API wrappers for iOS 10, or an app that targets the Universal Windows Platform (UWP, uap10.0
) has access to APIs that compile for devices that run Windows 10.
For some target frameworks (for example, the .NET Framework), the APIs are defined by the assemblies that the framework installs on a system and may include application framework APIs (for example, ASP.NET).
For package-based target frameworks (for example, .NET Standard and .NET Core), the APIs are defined by the packages included in the app or library. A metapackage is a NuGet package that has no content of its own but is a list of dependencies (other packages). A NuGet package-based target framework implicitly specifies a metapackage that references all the packages that together make up the framework.
Latest target framework versions
The following table defines the most common target frameworks, how they're referenced, and which version of the .NET Standard they implement. These target framework versions are the latest stable versions. Pre-release versions aren't shown. A Target Framework Moniker (TFM) is a standardized token format for specifying the target framework of a .NET app or library.
Target Framework | Latest Stable Version |
Target Framework Moniker (TFM) | Implemented .NET Standard Version |
---|---|---|---|
.NET Standard | 2.0 | netstandard2.0 | N/A |
.NET Core Application | 2.0 | netcoreapp2.0 | 2.0 |
.NET Framework | 4.7.2 | net472 | 2.0 |
Supported target framework versions
A target framework is typically referenced by a TFM. The following table shows the target frameworks supported by the .NET Core SDK and the NuGet client. Equivalents are shown within brackets. For example, win81
is an equivalent TFM to netcore451
.
Target Framework | TFM |
---|---|
.NET Standard | netstandard1.0 netstandard1.1 netstandard1.2 netstandard1.3 netstandard1.4 netstandard1.5 netstandard1.6 netstandard2.0 |
.NET Core | netcoreapp1.0 netcoreapp1.1 netcoreapp2.0 netcoreapp2.1 |
.NET Framework | net11 net20 net35 net40 net403 net45 net451 net452 net46 net461 net462 net47 net471 net472 |
Windows Store | netcore [netcore45] netcore45 [win] [win8] netcore451 [win81] |
.NET Micro Framework | netmf |
Silverlight | sl4 sl5 |
Windows Phone | wp [wp7] wp7 wp75 wp8 wp81 wpa81 |
Universal Windows Platform | uap [uap10.0] uap10.0 [win10] [netcore50] |
How to specify target frameworks
Target frameworks are specified in your project file. When a single target framework is specified, use the TargetFramework element. The following console app project file demonstrates how to target .NET Core 2.0:
<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
<PropertyGroup>
<OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
<TargetFramework>netcoreapp2.0</TargetFramework>
</PropertyGroup>
</Project>
When you specify multiple target frameworks, you may conditionally reference assemblies for each target framework. In your code, you can conditionally compile against those assemblies by using preprocessor symbols with if-then-else logic.
The following library project file targets APIs of .NET Standard (netstandard1.4
) and APIs of the .NET Framework (net40
and net45
). Use the plural TargetFrameworks element with multiple target frameworks. Note how the Condition
attributes include implementation-specific packages when the library is compiled for the two .NET Framework TFMs:
<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
<PropertyGroup>
<TargetFrameworks>netstandard1.4;net40;net45</TargetFrameworks>
</PropertyGroup>
<!-- Conditionally obtain references for the .NET Framework 4.0 target -->
<ItemGroup Condition=" '$(TargetFramework)' == 'net40' ">
<Reference Include="System.Net" />
</ItemGroup>
<!-- Conditionally obtain references for the .NET Framework 4.5 target -->
<ItemGroup Condition=" '$(TargetFramework)' == 'net45' ">
<Reference Include="System.Net.Http" />
<Reference Include="System.Threading.Tasks" />
</ItemGroup>
</Project>
Within your library or app, you write conditional code to compile for each target framework:
public class MyClass
{
static void Main()
{
#if NET40
Console.WriteLine("Target framework: .NET Framework 4.0");
#elif NET45
Console.WriteLine("Target framework: .NET Framework 4.5");
#else
Console.WriteLine("Target framework: .NET Standard 1.4");
#endif
}
}
The build system is aware of preprocessor symbols representing the target frameworks shown in the Supported target framework versions table. When using a symbol that represents a .NET Standard or .NET Core TFM, replace the dot with an underscore and change lowercase letters to uppercase (for example, the symbol for netstandard1.4
is NETSTANDARD1_4
).
The complete list of preprocessor symbols for .NET Core target frameworks is:
Target Frameworks | Symbols |
---|---|
.NET Framework | NET20 , NET35 , NET40 , NET45 , NET451 , NET452 , NET46 , NET461 , NET462 , NET47 , NET471 , NET472 |
.NET Standard | NETSTANDARD1_0 , NETSTANDARD1_1 , NETSTANDARD1_2 , NETSTANDARD1_3 , NETSTANDARD1_4 , NETSTANDARD1_5 , NETSTANDARD1_6 , NETSTANDARD2_0 |
.NET Core | NETCOREAPP1_0 , NETCOREAPP1_1 , NETCOREAPP2_0 , NETCOREAPP2_1 |
Deprecated target frameworks
The following target frameworks are deprecated. Packages targeting these target frameworks should migrate to the indicated replacements.
Deprecated TFM | Replacement |
---|---|
aspnet50 aspnetcore50 dnxcore50 dnx dnx45 dnx451 dnx452 |
netcoreapp |
dotnet dotnet50 dotnet51 dotnet52 dotnet53 dotnet54 dotnet55 dotnet56 |
netstandard |
netcore50 | uap10.0 |
win | netcore45 |
win8 | netcore45 |
win81 | netcore451 |
win10 | uap10.0 |
winrt | netcore45 |
See also
Packages, Metapackages and Frameworks
Developing Libraries with Cross Platform Tools
.NET Standard
.NET Core Versioning
dotnet/standard GitHub repository
NuGet Tools GitHub Repository
Framework Profiles in .NET
Target frameworks的更多相关文章
- 理解 .NET Platform Standard
相关博文:ASP.NET 5 Target framework dnx451 and dnxcore50 .NET Platform Standard:https://github.com/dotne ...
- NET Platform Standard
NET Platform Standard 相关博文:ASP.NET 5 Target framework dnx451 and dnxcore50 .NET Platform Standard:ht ...
- visual studio code .net 开发
Visual Studio确实是相当好用,各种简化操作什么的简直不要太舒服.但其容量太大,有时不是很方便,所以今天简单介绍一下另一个工具--Visual Studio Code. 虽然相比于老大哥Vi ...
- Multi-Targeting and Porting a .NET Library to .NET Core 2.0
Creating a new .NET Standard Project The first step for moving this library is to create a new .NET ...
- .NET Core launch.json 简介
1.环境 Windows,.NET Core 2.0,VS Code dotnet> dotnet new console -o myApp 2.launch.json配置文件 { // Use ...
- Ubuntu16.10下使用VSCode开发.netcore
按照通常的套路,首先创建一个空白的解决方案,需要用到.netcore sdk命令: dotnet new sln -o dotnetcore_tutrorial 这个时候可以看到在目标目录下生成了一个 ...
- Sharing Code Between Silverlight and Win8 app metro
这里讲得很详细了: Sharing Code between Windows Phone 8 and Windows 8 Applications http://msdn.microsoft.com/ ...
- 如何移植.NET Framework项目至.NET Core?
公司的项目一直采用.NET框架来开发Web项目.目前基础类库均为.NET Framework 4.6.2版本.Caching, Logging,DependencyInjection,Configur ...
- C#设计模式总结 C#设计模式(22)——访问者模式(Vistor Pattern) C#设计模式总结 .NET Core launch.json 简介 利用Bootstrap Paginator插件和knockout.js完成分页功能 图片在线裁剪和图片上传总结 循序渐进学.Net Core Web Api开发系列【2】:利用Swagger调试WebApi
C#设计模式总结 一. 设计原则 使用设计模式的根本原因是适应变化,提高代码复用率,使软件更具有可维护性和可扩展性.并且,在进行设计的时候,也需要遵循以下几个原则:单一职责原则.开放封闭原则.里氏代替 ...
随机推荐
- Quartz+SpringMVC实现web定时管理任务
代码地址如下:http://www.demodashi.com/demo/13978.html 使用背景 相信大家在工作过程中,肯定会遇到很多任务定时执行,修改定时任务的时间,执行一次定时任务等等.下 ...
- sqlserver学习笔记(二)—— 创建登录名、用户名
(重要参考:51自学网——SQL Server数据库教程) 登录名与用户名的区别: 1.登录名是指可以使用新建的登录名和密码登录数据库这个程序软件,但不能打开或展开用户自己创建的数据库: 2.用户名是 ...
- state Threads 开源库介绍
译文在后面. State Threads for Internet Applications Introduction State Threads is an application library ...
- VS2010/MFC编程入门之四十四:定时器Timer
前面一节鸡啄米讲了CTime类和CTimeSpan类的使用,本节继续讲与时间有关的定时器.定时器并不是一个类,主要考虑到,提起时间的话就不能不说定时器,所以就把它放到CTime和CTimeSpan之后 ...
- python 火车票爬取代码
1.根据搜索词下载百度图片: # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """根据搜索词下载百度图片""" import re imp ...
- 批量修改图像的大小 Python PIL
#-*-coding:utf-8-*- import os import os.path from PIL import Image import time def ResizeImage(filei ...
- Python 算法(1) 快速排序
快速排序(quickSort) 快排的思想:首先任意选取一个数据(通常选用数组的第一个数)作为关键数据,然后将所有比它小的数都放到它前面,所有比它大的数都放到它后面,这个过程称为一趟快速排序. 百度百 ...
- Spring Cloud概述
Spring Cloud简介 Spring Cloud是一个基于Spring Boot实现的云应用开发工具,它为基于JVM的云应用开发中的配置管理.服务发现.断路器.智能路由.微代理.控制总线.全局锁 ...
- mysql远程登录出错的解决方法
mysql远程登录出错的情况,先比很多朋友都有遇到过吧,下面有个不错的解决方法,大家可以参考下. 错误:ERROR 2003 (HY000): Can't connect to MySQL serve ...
- Python黑魔法,一行实现并行化
Python 在程序并行化方面多少有些声名狼藉.撇开技术上的问题,例如线程的实现和 GIL,我觉得错误的教学指导才是主要问题.常见的经典 Python 多线程.多进程教程多显得偏“重”.而且往往隔靴搔 ...