2 request的get和post方法

requests的get方法

1 在百度里面查询关键字的方法，并获取带百度当前页面

import requests
 
keywords = input('请输入>>>').strip()
response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/s?',
                        params={
                            'wd': keywords,
                            'pn':20
 
},
headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.131 Safari/537.36'
}
 
)
 
if response.status_code == 200:
    with open('b.html', 'wt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        f.write(response.text)

2 get请求给知乎

import requests
 
response = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com',
                        headers={
                            'Referer': 'https://www.zhihu.com/',
                            'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.131 Safari/537.36'
                        }
                        )
 
with open('c.html', 'wt', encoding='utf-8')as f:
    f.write(response.text)
 
print(response.status_code)
print(response.text)

3 get请求给githup

import requests
 
response = requests.get(url='https://github.com/',
                        headers={
                            'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.131 Safari/537.36',
 
                            'Cookie': '_octo=GH1.1.1333562301.1559296277; _ga=GA1.2.392559115.1559296287; has_recent_activity=1; _gat=1; tz=Asia%2FShanghai; _device_id=0dcf09aab9c4d288aaa33f26fecd1309; user_session=Yp-WRUHkznMCmRXO6-WsL8QRfVCau3k7gQ56zIZHMHfVTRCB; __Host-user_session_same_site=Yp-WRUHkznMCmRXO6-WsL8QRfVCau3k7gQ56zIZHMHfVTRCB; logged_in=yes; dotcom_user=andygouyong; _gh_sess=TTFoakY4c0ZtcHVMc2wrdjJiMmtSejhvN0VsVnhqU01PdW9yL01CMFNHYjZOaUNGUTFmNjlQK0o5NXFmVU40L1AzeUxCV2x0VHBka2VkR3ZBRUtxVnU2YUJPTUM0T3RWM0E5OVJtSklJTmswMXl6WS9lY3lrMGYvd1FoU0NnNVNla0lrZE13TzlIekhoRDA5a1JHcXBIeDNBUXlLZnoxVkd5elNNRmdCUHVZbGttREtyd2JDUWcxS1ZaZFpJZ3pnWUx1Z2p3MEppTGZOZkVMWEMrQ01HRGJxcU5kMWJPa3V5d001OHVsNElaWUowYitYYlFxeDgxNXd4YVdlZEJ5bFViVFdtTCtGQTFHYWZWTjFiSzhodVBPNXdQLzMxSkx3ZkJCeFpUdWJQdzR2dkRhcFhTeTUvZkROczZpWC9GMlVaZjgzTmxhWG5wakh1WnpDOFZpdzZ3PT0tLVFZRmowSjkva3RGY3dqaU15b0VHTkE9PQ%3D%3D--4508766204caae7d9c3ecc0c6e7c0fc8ae887a7f'
                        }
                        )
print(response.status_code)
print(response.text)
with open('d.html','wt',encoding='utf-8')as f:
    f.write(response.text)

requests的post方法（模拟登陆githup）

#!/user/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
import re, requests
import time
 
# 先获取登陆页面，拿到authenticity_token
# 然后请求的url为'https://www.githuo.com/login
# 请求方式为git
 
r1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login',
                  headers={
                      'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.131 Safari/537.36'
                  }
 
                  )
 
authenticity_token = re.findall('name="authenticity_token" value="(.*?)"', r1.text, re.S)[0]
 
r1_cookies = r1.cookies.get_dict()
print(authenticity_token)
print(r1_cookies)
 
# 提交数据表单，完成登陆
# 请求方法POST
# https://github.com/session
# 请求头
# Referer: https://github.com/login
# User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.131 Safari/537.36
 
# cookies=r1_cookies
# 请求体
# form date
#     commit: Sign in
#     utf8: ✓
#     authenticity_token: qGeaCNP3aTAb5B13GiLwYrrO9uth09TU9Wm0CnXBg3cNQowPJJDHHMj0BXjziy1M6uuQVpEScoa9SzubrXDNMg==
#     login: 你的githup登录名
#     password: 你的githup密码
 
r2 = requests.post(
    # 请求的url
    'https://github.com/session',
    # 请求的cookies
 
    # 请求头
    headers={
        'Referer': 'https://github.com',
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.131 Safari/537.36'
 
    },
    cookies=r1_cookies,
    # 请求体,勇哥这里得特别别注意
    data={
        'commit': 'Sign in',
        'utf8': '✓',
        # 这里里面的authenticity_token就是前面get请求中的，在login页面中拿到
        'authenticity_token': authenticity_token,
        'login': '你的githup登录名',
        'password': '你以为我会吧密码贴出来吗，还是太年轻啊'
 
    },
    allow_redirects=True
)
 
with open('e.html', 'wt', encoding='utf-8')as f:
    f.write(r2.text)
print(r2.status_code)
print('Repositories' in r2.text)

3 爬取梨视频

废话不多说，看勇哥写的代码

import requests
import re
import os
from threading import Thread
 
ppth = os.path.dirname(__file__)
 
def get_index_page(url):
    # 向目标网站发起请求
    response = requests.get(url)
    # 如果相应的状态吗是200，说明请求成功
    if response.status_code == 200:
        return response.text
 
def parse_index_page(htmll):
    url = re.findall('class="vervideo-bd".*?href="(.*?)"', htmll, re.S)
    return url
 
def get_detail_page(url):
    movie_text = requests.get(url).text
    return movie_text
 
def parse_detail_page(text):
    movie_mp4 = re.findall('srcUrl="(.*?)"', text, re.S)
    title = re.findall('<h1 class="video-tt">(.*?)</h1>', text, re.S)
    # print(title)
    if movie_mp4:
        # print(movie_mp4[0])
        return {'title': title[0], 'movie': movie_mp4[0]}
 
def download(movie_mp4):
    print(movie_mp4)
    title=movie_mp4['title']
    movie_url=movie_mp4['movie']
    response=requests.get(movie_url)
    if response.status_code==200:
        title=title.replace('"', ' ').replace("'"," ").replace("？"," ").strip()
        print(title)
        filename=ppth+'/Download/'+title+'.mp4'
        with open(filename,'wb') as f:
            f.write(response.content)
 
# def main():
#     # 基础的url
#     base_url = 'https://www.pearvideo.com/category_{page}'
#     for i in range(5):
#         # 获取五条网站数据
#         url = base_url.format(page=i)
#         # 获取网站的html代码
#         htmll = get_index_page(url)
#         # 解析出视频网址
#         video_num = parse_index_page(htmll)
#         for j in video_num:
#             # 获取到每条视频的url
#             url_end = base_url[0:26] + j
#             # print(url_end)
#             # 解析视频的url数据，拿到.mp4结尾的数据
#             movie_text = get_detail_page(url_end)
#             # 这是一个字典{'title':none,'movie':none}
#             movie_mp4 = parse_detail_page(movie_text)
#             # print(movie_mp4)
#             if movie_mp4:
#                 download(movie_mp4)
 
def main(base_url,i):
    # 获取五条网站数据
    url = base_url.format(page=i)
    # 获取网站的html代码
    htmll = get_index_page(url)
    # 解析出视频网址
    video_num = parse_index_page(htmll)
    for j in video_num:
        # 获取到每条视频的url
        url_end = base_url[0:26] + j
        # print(url_end)
        # 解析视频的url数据，拿到.mp4结尾的数据
        movie_text = get_detail_page(url_end)
        # 这是一个字典{'title':none,'movie':none}
        movie_mp4 = parse_detail_page(movie_text)
        # print(movie_mp4)
        if movie_mp4:
            download(movie_mp4)
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
 
    # 基础的url
    base_url = 'https://www.pearvideo.com/category_{page}'
    for i in range(5):
        t=Thread(target=main,args=(base_url,i,))
        t.start()

4 响应response

1 response的属性

import requests
respone=requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
# respone属性
print(respone.text)
print(respone.content)
 
print(respone.status_code)
print(respone.headers)
print(respone.cookies)
print(respone.cookies.get_dict())
print(respone.cookies.items())
 
print(respone.url)
print(respone.history)
 
print(respone.encoding)
 
#关闭：response.close()
from contextlib import closing
with closing(requests.get('xxx',stream=True)) as response:
    for line in response.iter_content():
    pass

2 编码问题

#编码问题
import requests,re
 
response=requests.get(
    'https://www.autohome.com.cn/shanghai/',
    headers={
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.131 Safari/537.36'
    }
)
#汽车之家网站返回的页面内容为gb2312编码的，而requests的默认编码为ISO-8859-1，如果不设置成gbk则中文乱码 
 
response.encoding='gbk'
print(response.text)
with open('f.html','wt',encoding='gbk')as f:
    f.write(response.text)

3 获取二进制数据

import requests
response=requests.get('https://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/ouyang99-/1395591/o_1521768608804.jpg')
with open('a.jpg','wb')as f:
    #写二进制数据的时候使用content
    f.write(tesponse.content)

4 当数据过大时，就容易发生内存撑爆的现象，这时

import requests
response=requests.get('https://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/ouyang99-/1395591/o_1521768608804.jpg')
with open('a.jpg','wb')as f:
    #写二进制数据的时候使用content
    for line in response.iter_content():
        f.write(line)
#这样来一段一段的写入文件，就可以很好的避免上述的问题

5 解析json

#解析json
import requests
response=requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
 
import json
res1=json.loads(response.text) #太麻烦
 
res2=response.json() #直接获取json数据
 
print(res1 == res2) #True

5response进阶用法

1、SSL Cert Verification

#证书验证(大部分网站都是https)
import requests
respone=requests.get('https://www.12306.cn') #如果是ssl请求,首先检查证书是否合法,不合法则报错,程序终端
 
#改进1:去掉报错,但是会报警告
import requests
respone=requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False) #不验证证书,报警告,返回200
print(respone.status_code)
 
#改进2:去掉报错,并且去掉警报信息
import requests
from requests.packages import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings() #关闭警告
respone=requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
print(respone.status_code)
 
#改进3:加上证书
#很多网站都是https,但是不用证书也可以访问,大多数情况都是可以携带也可以不携带证书
#知乎\百度等都是可带可不带
#有硬性要求的,则必须带，比如对于定向的用户,拿到证书后才有权限访问某个特定网站
import requests
respone=requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',
                     cert=('/path/server.crt',
                           '/path/key'))
print(respone.status_code)

2、使用代理

#官网链接: http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/user/advanced/#proxies
 
#代理设置:先发送请求给代理,然后由代理帮忙发送(封ip是常见的事情)
import requests
proxies={
    'http':'http://egon:123@localhost:9743',#带用户名密码的代理,@符号前是用户名与密码
    'http':'http://localhost:9743',
    'https':'https://localhost:9743',
}
respone=requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',
                     proxies=proxies)
 
print(respone.status_code)
 
#支持socks代理,安装:pip install requests[socks]
import requests
proxies = {
    'http': 'socks5://user:pass@host:port',
    'https': 'socks5://user:pass@host:port'
}
respone=requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',
                     proxies=proxies)
 
print(respone.status_code)

3、超时设置

#超时设置
#两种超时:float or tuple
#timeout=0.1 #代表接收数据的超时时间
#timeout=(0.1,0.2)#0.1代表链接超时  0.2代表接收数据的超时时间
 
import requests
respone=requests.get('https://www.baidu.com',
                     timeout=0.0001)

4、 认证设置

#官网链接：http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/user/authentication/
 
#认证设置:登陆网站是,弹出一个框,要求你输入用户名密码（与alter很类似），此时是无法获取html的
# 但本质原理是拼接成请求头发送
#         r.headers['Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
# 一般的网站都不用默认的加密方式，都是自己写
# 那么我们就需要按照网站的加密方式，自己写一个类似于_basic_auth_str的方法
# 得到加密字符串后添加到请求头
#         r.headers['Authorization'] =func('.....')
 
#看一看默认的加密方式吧，通常网站都不会用默认的加密设置
import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
r=requests.get('xxx',auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user','password'))
print(r.status_code)
 
#HTTPBasicAuth可以简写为如下格式
import requests
r=requests.get('xxx',auth=('user','password'))
print(r.status_code)

5、异常处理

#异常处理
import requests
from requests.exceptions import * #可以查看requests.exceptions获取异常类型
 
try:
    r=requests.get('http://www.baidu.com',timeout=0.00001)
except ReadTimeout:
    print('===:')
# except ConnectionError: #网络不通
#     print('-----')
# except Timeout:
#     print('aaaaa')
 
except RequestException:
    print('Error')

6、上传文件

import requests
files={'file':open('a.jpg','rb')}
respone=requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',files=files)
print(respone.status_code)