Spring+JUnit4单元测试入门

一.JUnit介绍

JUnit是Java中最有名的单元测试框架，用于编写和运行可重复的测试，多数Java的开发环境都已经集成了JUnit作为单元测试的工具。好的单元测试能极大的提高开发效率和代码质量。

测试类命名规则：被测试类+Test，如UserServiceTest
测试用例命名规则：test+用例方法，如testGet

Maven导入junit、sprint-test 、json-path相关测试包，并配置maven-suerfire-plugin插件，编辑pom.xml

    <dependencies>
        <!-- Test Unit -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <version>4.12</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
            <version>4.3.10.RELEASE</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <!-- Json断言测试 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.jayway.jsonpath</groupId>
            <artifactId>json-path</artifactId>
            <version>2.4.0</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <!-- 单元测试插件 -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>2.20</version>
                <dependencies>
                    <dependency>
                        <groupId>org.apache.maven.surefire</groupId>
                        <artifactId>surefire-junit4</artifactId>
                        <version>2.20</version>
                    </dependency>
                </dependencies>
                <configuration>
                    <!-- 是否跳过测试 -->
                    <skipTests>false</skipTests>
                    <!-- 排除测试类 -->
                    <excludes>
                        <exclude>**/Base*</exclude>
                    </excludes>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

二.Service层测试示例

创建Service层测试基类，新建BaseServiceTest.java

// 配置Spring中的测试环境
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
// 指定Spring的配置文件路径
@ContextConfiguration(locations = {"classpath*:/spring/applicationContext.xml"})
// 测试类开启事务,需要指定事务管理器,默认测试完成后,数据库操作自动回滚
@Transactional(transactionManager = "transactionManager")
// 指定数据库操作不回滚,可选
@Rollback(value = false)
public class BaseServiceTest {
}

测试UserService类，新建测试类UserServiceTest.java

public class UserServiceTest extends BaseServiceTest {
 
    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UserServiceTest.class);
 
    @Resource
    private UserService userService;
 
    @Test
    public void testGet() {
        UserDO userDO = userService.get(1);
 
        Assert.assertNotNull(userDO);
        LOGGER.info(userDO.getUsername());
 
        // 增加验证断言
        Assert.assertEquals("testGet faield", "Google", userDO.getUsername());
    }
}

三.Controller层测试示示例

创建Controller层测试基类，新建BaseControllerTest.java

// 配置Spring中的测试环境
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
// 指定测试环境使用的ApplicationContext是WebApplicationContext类型的
// value指定web应用的根
@WebAppConfiguration(value = "src/main/webapp")
// 指定Spring容器层次和配置文件路径
@ContextHierarchy({
        @ContextConfiguration(name = "parent", locations = {"classpath*:/spring/applicationContext.xml"}),
        @ContextConfiguration(name = "child", locations = {"classpath*:/spring/applicationContext_mvc.xml"})
})
// 测试类开启事务,需要指定事务管理器,默认测试完成后,数据库操作自动回滚
@Transactional(transactionManager = "transactionManager")
// 指定数据库操作不回滚,可选
@Rollback(value = false)
public class BaseControllerTest {
}

测试IndexController类，新建测试类IndexControllerTest.java

public class IndexControllerTest extends BaseControllerTest {
 
    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UserServiceTest.class);
 
    // 注入webApplicationContext
    @Resource
    private WebApplicationContext webApplicationContext;
 
    private MockMvc mockMvc;
 
    // 初始化mockMvc,在每个测试方法前执行
    @Before
    public void setup() {
        this.mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(this.webApplicationContext).build();
    }
 
    @Test
    public void testIndex() throws Exception {
        /**
         * mockMvc.perform()执行一个请求
         * get("/server/get")构造一个请求
         * andExpect()添加验证规则
         * andDo()添加一个结果处理器
         * andReturn()执行完成后返回结果
         */
        MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(get("/server/get")
                .param("id", "1"))
                .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())
                .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.jsonPath("$.username").value("Google"))
                .andDo(print())
                .andReturn();
 
        LOGGER.info(result.getResponse().getContentAsString());
 
        // 增加验证断言
        Assert.assertNotNull(result.getResponse().getContentAsString());
    }
}

四.执行单元测试

工程测试目录结构如下，运行mvn test命令，自动执行maven-suerfire-plugin插件

执行结果

五.异常情况

执行测试用例时可能抛BeanCreationNotAllowedException异常

[11 20:47:18,133 WARN ] [Thread-3] (AbstractApplicationContext.java:994) - Exception thrown from ApplicationListener handling ContextClosedEvent
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationNotAllowedException: Error creating bean with name 'sessionFactory': Singleton bean creation not allowed while singletons of this factory are in destruction (Do not request a bean from a BeanFactory in a destroy method implementation!)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:216)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:302)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:202)
    at org.springframework.context.event.AbstractApplicationEventMulticaster.retrieveApplicationListeners(AbstractApplicationEventMulticaster.java:235)
    at org.springframework.context.event.AbstractApplicationEventMulticaster.getApplicationListeners(AbstractApplicationEventMulticaster.java:192)
    at org.springframework.context.event.SimpleApplicationEventMulticaster.multicastEvent(SimpleApplicationEventMulticaster.java:128)

通过注入DefaultLifecycleProcessor解决，编辑resources/spring/applicationContext.xml

    <bean id="lifecycleProcessor" class="org.springframework.context.support.DefaultLifecycleProcessor">
        <property name="timeoutPerShutdownPhase" value="10000"/>
    </bean>