Spring Framework is built on the Inversion of Control (IOC) principle. Dependency injection is the technique to implement IoC in applications. This article is aimed to explain core concepts of Spring IoC container and Spring Bean with example programs.

  1. Spring IoC Container
  2. Spring Bean
  3. Spring Bean Scopes
  4. Spring Bean Configuration
  5. Spring IoC and Bean Example Project
    1. XML Based Bean Configuration
    2. Annotation Based Bean Configuration
    3. Java Based Bean Configuration

Spring IoC Container

Inversion of Control is the mechanism to achieve loose-coupling between Objects dependencies. To achieve loose coupling and dynamic binding of the objects at runtime, the objects define their dependencies that are being injected by other assembler objects. Spring IoC container is the program that injects dependencies into an object and make it ready for our use. We have already looked how we can use Spring Dependency Injection to implement IoC in our applications.

Spring Framework IoC container classes are part of org.springframework.beans and org.springframework.context packages and provides us different ways to decouple the object dependencies.

 

BeanFactory is the root interface of Spring IoC container. ApplicationContext is the child interface of BeanFactory interface that provide Spring’s AOP features, internationalization etc. Some of the useful child-interfaces of ApplicationContext are ConfigurableApplicationContext and WebApplicationContext. Spring Framework provides a number of useful ApplicationContext implementation classes that we can use to get the context and then the Spring Bean.

Some of the useful ApplicationContext implementations that we use are;

  • AnnotationConfigApplicationContext: If we are using Spring in standalone java applications and using annotations for Configuration, then we can use this to initialize the container and get the bean objects.
  • ClassPathXmlApplicationContext: If we have spring bean configuration xml file in standalone application, then we can use this class to load the file and get the container object.
  • FileSystemXmlApplicationContext: This is similar to ClassPathXmlApplicationContext except that the xml configuration file can be loaded from anywhere in the file system.
  • AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext and XmlWebApplicationContext for web applications.

Usually if you are working on Spring MVC application and your application is configured to use Spring Framework, Spring IoC container gets initialized when application starts and when a bean is requested, the dependencies are injected automatically.

However for standalone application, you need to initialize the container somewhere in the application and then use it to get the spring beans.

Spring Bean

Spring Bean is nothing special, any object in the Spring framework that we initialize through Spring container is called Spring Bean. Any normal Java POJO class can be a Spring Bean if it’s configured to be initialized via container by providing configuration metadata information.

Spring Bean Scopes

There are five scopes defined for Spring Beans.

  1. singleton – Only one instance of the bean will be created for each container. This is the default scope for the spring beans. While using this scope, make sure bean doesn’t have shared instance variables otherwise it might lead to data inconsistency issues.
  2. prototype – A new instance will be created every time the bean is requested.
  3. request – This is same as prototype scope, however it’s meant to be used for web applications. A new instance of the bean will be created for each HTTP request.
  4. session – A new bean will be created for each HTTP session by the container.
  5. global-session – This is used to create global session beans for Portlet applications.

Spring Framework is extendable and we can create our own scopes too, however most of the times we are good with the scopes provided by the framework.

Spring Bean Configuration

Spring Framework provide three ways to configure beans to be used in the application.

  1. Annotation Based Configuration – By using @Service or @Component annotations. Scope details can be provided with @Scope annotation.
  2. XML Based Configuration – By creating Spring Configuration XML file to configure the beans. If you are using Spring MVC framework, the xml based configuration can be loaded automatically by writing some boiler plate code in web.xml file.
  3. Java Based Configuration – Starting from Spring 3.0, we can configure Spring beans using java programs. Some important annotations used for java based configuration are @Configuration, @ComponentScan and @Bean.

Spring IoC and Bean Example Project

Let’s look at the different aspects of Spring IoC container and Spring Bean configurations with a simple Spring project.

For my example, I am creating Spring MVC project in Spring Tool Suite. If you are new to Spring Tool Suite and Spring MVC, please read Spring MVC Tutorial with Spring Tool Suite.

The final project structure looks like below image.

Let’s look at different components one by one.

XML Based Bean Configuration

MyBean is a simple Java POJO class.

package com.journaldev.spring.beans;

public class MyBean {

    private String name;

    public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
} }

MyBean.java

 

Spring Configuration XML File

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans:beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:beans="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd"> <!-- DispatcherServlet Context: defines this servlet's request-processing infrastructure --> <!-- Enables the Spring MVC @Controller programming model -->
<annotation-driven /> <!-- Handles HTTP GET requests for /resources/** by efficiently serving up static resources in the ${webappRoot}/resources directory -->
<resources mapping="/resources/**" location="/resources/" /> <!-- Resolves views selected for rendering by @Controllers to .jsp resources in the /WEB-INF/views directory -->
<beans:bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
<beans:property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/views/" />
<beans:property name="suffix" value=".jsp" />
</beans:bean> <context:component-scan base-package="com.journaldev.spring" /> <beans:bean name="myBean" class="com.journaldev.spring.beans.MyBean" scope="singleton" ></beans:bean> </beans:beans>

servlet-context.xml

Notice that MyBean is configured using bean element with scope as singleton.

Annotation Based Bean Configuration

package com.journaldev.spring.beans;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext; @Service
@Scope(WebApplicationContext.SCOPE_REQUEST)
public class MyAnnotatedBean { private int empId; public int getEmpId() {
return empId;
} public void setEmpId(int empId) {
this.empId = empId;
} }

MyAnnotatedBean.java

MyAnnotatedBean is configured using @Service and scope is set to Request.

Controller Class

HomeController class will handle the HTTP requests for the home page of the application. We will inject our Spring beans to this controller class through WebApplicationContext container.

package com.journaldev.spring.controller;

import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Locale; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.Model;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod; import com.journaldev.spring.beans.MyAnnotatedBean;
import com.journaldev.spring.beans.MyBean; @Controller
@Scope("request")
public class HomeController { private MyBean myBean; private MyAnnotatedBean myAnnotatedBean; @Autowired
public void setMyBean(MyBean myBean) {
this.myBean = myBean;
} @Autowired
public void setMyAnnotatedBean(MyAnnotatedBean obj) {
this.myAnnotatedBean = obj;
} /**
* Simply selects the home view to render by returning its name.
*/
@RequestMapping(value = "/", method = RequestMethod.GET)
public String home(Locale locale, Model model) {
System.out.println("MyBean hashcode="+myBean.hashCode());
System.out.println("MyAnnotatedBean hashcode="+myAnnotatedBean.hashCode()); Date date = new Date();
DateFormat dateFormat = DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(DateFormat.LONG, DateFormat.LONG, locale); String formattedDate = dateFormat.format(date); model.addAttribute("serverTime", formattedDate ); return "home";
} }

HomeController.java

Deployment Descriptor

We need to configure our application for Spring Framework, so that the configuration metadata will get loaded and context will be initialized.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app version="2.5" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd"> <!-- The definition of the Root Spring Container shared by all Servlets and Filters -->
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/spring/root-context.xml</param-value>
</context-param> <!-- Creates the Spring Container shared by all Servlets and Filters -->
<listener>
<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
</listener> <!-- Processes application requests -->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>appServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/spring/appServlet/servlet-context.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet> <servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>appServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping> </web-app>

web.xml

Almost all the configuration above is boiler-plate code generated by STS tool automatically.

Run the Web Application

Now when you will launch the web application, the home page will get loaded and in the console following logs will be printed when you refresh the page multiple times.

MyBean hashcode=118267258
MyAnnotatedBean hashcode=1703899856
MyBean hashcode=118267258
MyAnnotatedBean hashcode=1115599742
MyBean hashcode=118267258
MyAnnotatedBean hashcode=516457106

Notice that MyBean is configured to be singleton, so the container is always returning the same instance and hashcode is always same. Similarly for each request, a new instance of MyAnnotatedBean is created with different hashcode.

Java Based Bean Configuration

For standalone applications, we can use annotation based as well as xml based configuration. The only requirement is to initialize the context somewhere in the program before we use it.

package com.journaldev.spring.main;

import java.util.Date;

public class MyService {

    public void log(String msg){
System.out.println(new Date()+"::"+msg);
}
}

MyService.java

MyService is a simple java class with some methods.

package com.journaldev.spring.main;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; @Configuration
@ComponentScan(value="com.journaldev.spring.main")
public class MyConfiguration { @Bean
public MyService getService(){
return new MyService();
}
}

MyConfiguration.java

The annotation based configuration class that will be used to initialize the Spring container.

package com.journaldev.spring.main;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class MyMainClass {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        AnnotationConfigApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(
MyConfiguration.class);
MyService service = ctx.getBean(MyService.class); service.log("Hi"); MyService newService = ctx.getBean(MyService.class);
System.out.println("service hashcode="+service.hashCode());
System.out.println("newService hashcode="+newService.hashCode());
ctx.close();
} }

MyMainClass.java

A simple test program where we are initializing the AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context and then using getBean() method to get the instance of MyService.

Notice that I am calling getBean method two times and printing the hashcode. Since there is no scope defined for MyService, it should be singleton and hence hashcode should be the same for both the instances.

When we run the above application, we get following console output confirming our understanding.

Sat Dec 28 22:49:18 PST 2013::Hi
service hashcode=678984726
newService hashcode=678984726

If you are looking for XML based configuration, just create the Spring XML config file and then initialize the context with following code snippet.

ClassPathXmlApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(
"applicationContext.xml");
MyService app = context.getBean(MyService.class);

That’s all for the Spring IoC container and Spring Bean Scopes and Configuration details. We will look into some more features of Spring Beans in future posts. Download the Spring Bean example project from below link and play around with it for better understanding.

Spring IoC Container and Spring Bean Example Tutorial的更多相关文章

  1. Spring IoC Container源码分析(二)-bean初始化流程

    准备 Person实例 @Data public class Person { private String name; private int age; } xml bean配置 <?xml ...

  2. Spring IOC Container

    All the notes are from Spring Framework 5 Doc. 一.Introduction to the Spring IOC Container and Beans ...

  3. Spring IOC Container原理解析

    Spring Framework 之 IOC IOC.DI基础概念 关于IOC和DI大家都不陌生,我们直接上martin fowler的原文,里面已经有DI的例子和spring的使用示例 <In ...

  4. Spring IOC(八)bean 的创建

    Spring IOC(八)bean 的创建 Spring 系列目录(https://www.cnblogs.com/binarylei/p/10198698.html) 参考: 每天用心记录一点点.内 ...

  5. Spring IoC源码解析——Bean的创建和初始化

    Spring介绍 Spring(http://spring.io/)是一个轻量级的Java 开发框架,同时也是轻量级的IoC和AOP的容器框架,主要是针对JavaBean的生命周期进行管理的轻量级容器 ...

  6. 从启动日志看Spring IOC的初始化和Bean生命周期

    一.Tomcat中启动IoC容器的日志 启动Tomcat等容器时,控制台每次都打印出一些日志. 最近刚好在研究Spring源码,所以换个角度,从启动日志来简单的看看Spring的初始化过程! 以下是T ...

  7. Spring IOC容器分析(4) -- bean创建获取完整流程

    上节探讨了Spring IOC容器中getBean方法,下面我们将自行编写测试用例,深入跟踪分析bean对象创建过程. 测试环境创建 测试示例代码如下: package org.springframe ...

  8. Spring IOC 一——容器装配Bean的简单使用

    下文:SpringIOC 二-- 容器 和 Bean的深入理解 写在前面 这篇文章去年写的,缘起于去年某段时间被领导临时"抓壮丁"般的叫过去做java开发,然后在网上找了一个 Sp ...

  9. Spring IOC(3)----bean实例化

    前面一节说到invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors方法的调用来注册bean定义,这次来看看finishBeanFactoryInitialization这个方法实例化非懒加载的 ...

随机推荐

  1. 【BZOJ 5000 OI树】

    Time Limit: 10 Sec  Memory Limit: 128 MBSubmit: 107  Solved: 64[Submit][Status][Discuss] Description ...

  2. java 复习整理(二 数据类型和几种变量)

    源文件声明规则 当在一个源文件中定义多个类,并且还有import语句和package语句时,要特别注意这些规则. 一个源文件中只能有一个public类 一个源文件可以有多个非public类 源文件的名 ...

  3. (原创)Linux下MySQL 5.5/5.6的修改字符集编码为UTF8(彻底解决中文乱码问题)

    « CloudStack+XenServer详细部署方案(10):高级网络功能应用 (总结)CentOS Linux 5.x在GPT分区不能引导的解决方法 » 2013-1 11 (原创)Linux下 ...

  4. Bzoj1407 Savage

    Description Input 第1行为一个整数N(1<=N<=15),即 野人的数目.第2行到第N+1每行为三个整数Ci, Pi, Li (1<=Ci,Pi<=100, ...

  5. [LeetCode] Restore IP Addresses 回溯

    Given a string containing only digits, restore it by returning all possible valid IP address combina ...

  6. 火柴排队(NOIP2013)(附树状数组专题讲解(其实只是粗略。。。))

    原题传送门 首先,这道题目是一道神奇的题. 看到这道题,第一眼就觉得2个数组排个序,然后一一对应的时候一定差值最小. 由于我们可以将这2个数列同时进行调换. 所以我们先把2个数列排个序. 第二个序列中 ...

  7. 通过OpenGL ES在iOS平台实践增强现实

    http://www.cnblogs.com/elvisyzhao/p/3398250.html 本文采用OpenGL ES 1固定渲染管线实现,目标为在设备拍摄到的现实世界中,绘制世界坐标轴,并根据 ...

  8. 非MFC工程中使用MFC库

    目录(?)[-] 需求说明 常见问题 问题分析 参考解决方法 我的解决方案 Stdafxh的原理   需求说明 C++工程的类型有很多,从VS(或VC)可以看到常见的有:Win32 Console A ...

  9. sql server判断数据库、表、列、视图是否存在

    1 判断数据库是否存在 if exists (select * from sys.databases where name = '数据库名') drop database [数据库名] 2 判断表是否 ...

  10. MPchartAnadroid的对比柱状图

    1.导入三方jar包(可参照) MPAndroidChart(GitHub上优秀得图表功能库) MPAndroidChart常见设置属性(一)——应用层 2.布局activity_main.xml(这 ...