Spring提供的用于访问Rest服务的客户端:RestTemplate实践
什么是RestTemplate?
RestTemplate是Spring提供的用于访问Rest服务的客户端,RestTemplate提供了多种便捷访问远程Http服务的方法,能够大大提高客户端的编写效率。
调用RestTemplate的默认构造函数,RestTemplate对象在底层通过使用java.net包下的实现创建HTTP 请求,可以通过使用ClientHttpRequestFactory指定不同的HTTP请求方式。
ClientHttpRequestFactory接口主要提供了两种实现方式
- 一种是SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory,使用J2SE提供的方式(既java.net包提供的方式)创建底层的Http请求连接。
- 一种方式是使用HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory方式,底层使用HttpClient访问远程的Http服务,使用HttpClient可以配置连接池和证书等信息。
xml配置的方式
请查看RestTemplate源码了解细节,知其然知其所以然!
RestTemplate默认是使用SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory,内部是调用jdk的HttpConnection,默认超时为-1
@Autowired
RestTemplate simpleRestTemplate
@Autowired
RestTemplate restTemplate
基于jdk的spring的RestTemplate
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"
default-autowire="byName" default-lazy-init="true"> <!--方式一、使用jdk的实现-->
<bean id="ky.requestFactory" class="org.springframework.http.client.SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory">
<property name="readTimeout" value="10000"/>
<property name="connectTimeout" value="5000"/>
</bean> <bean id="simpleRestTemplate" class="org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate">
<constructor-arg ref="ky.requestFactory"/>
<property name="messageConverters">
<list>
<bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.FormHttpMessageConverter"/>
<bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.xml.MappingJackson2XmlHttpMessageConverter"/>
<bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.json.MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter"/>
<bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.StringHttpMessageConverter">
<property name="supportedMediaTypes">
<list>
<value>text/plain;charset=UTF-8</value>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
</list>
</property>
</bean> </beans>
使用Httpclient连接池的方式
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"
default-autowire="byName" default-lazy-init="true"> <!--方式二、使用httpclient的实现,带连接池-->
<bean id="ky.pollingConnectionManager" class="org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager">
<!--整个连接池的并发-->
<property name="maxTotal" value="1000" />
<!--每个主机的并发-->
<property name="defaultMaxPerRoute" value="1000" />
</bean> <bean id="ky.httpClientBuilder" class="org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClientBuilder" factory-method="create">
<property name="connectionManager" ref="ky.pollingConnectionManager" />
<!--开启重试-->
<property name="retryHandler">
<bean class="org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpRequestRetryHandler">
<constructor-arg value="2"/>
<constructor-arg value="true"/>
</bean>
</property>
<property name="defaultHeaders">
<list>
<bean class="org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader">
<constructor-arg value="User-Agent"/>
<constructor-arg value="Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/31.0.1650.16 Safari/537.36"/>
</bean>
<bean class="org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader">
<constructor-arg value="Accept-Encoding"/>
<constructor-arg value="gzip,deflate"/>
</bean>
<bean class="org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader">
<constructor-arg value="Accept-Language"/>
<constructor-arg value="zh-CN"/>
</bean>
</list>
</property>
</bean> <bean id="ky.httpClient" factory-bean="ky.httpClientBuilder" factory-method="build" /> <bean id="ky.clientHttpRequestFactory" class="org.springframework.http.client.HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory">
<constructor-arg ref="ky.httpClient"/>
<!--连接超时时间,毫秒-->
<property name="connectTimeout" value="5000"/>
<!--读写超时时间,毫秒-->
<property name="readTimeout" value="10000"/>
</bean> <bean id="restTemplate" class="org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate">
<constructor-arg ref="ky.clientHttpRequestFactory"/>
<property name="errorHandler">
<bean class="org.springframework.web.client.DefaultResponseErrorHandler"/>
</property>
<property name="messageConverters">
<list>
<bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.FormHttpMessageConverter"/>
<bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.xml.MappingJackson2XmlHttpMessageConverter"/>
<bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.json.MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter"/>
<bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.StringHttpMessageConverter">
<property name="supportedMediaTypes">
<list>
<value>text/plain;charset=UTF-8</value>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
</list>
</property>
</bean> </beans>
bean初始化+静态工具
线程安全的单例(懒汉模式)
基于jdk的spring的RestTemplate
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Lazy;
import org.springframework.http.client.SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory;
import org.springframework.http.converter.FormHttpMessageConverter;
import org.springframework.http.converter.HttpMessageConverter;
import org.springframework.http.converter.StringHttpMessageConverter;
import org.springframework.http.converter.json.MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter;
import org.springframework.http.converter.xml.MappingJackson2XmlHttpMessageConverter;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.web.client.DefaultResponseErrorHandler;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate; import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List; /**
* @title:基于jdk的spring的RestTemplate
* @author:liuxing
* @date:2015-05-18 09:35
*/
@Component
@Lazy(false)
public class SimpleRestClient { private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SimpleRestClient.class); private static RestTemplate restTemplate; static {
SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory requestFactory = new SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory();
requestFactory.setReadTimeout(5000);
requestFactory.setConnectTimeout(5000); // 添加转换器
List<HttpMessageConverter<?>> messageConverters = new ArrayList<>();
messageConverters.add(new StringHttpMessageConverter(Charset.forName("UTF-8")));
messageConverters.add(new FormHttpMessageConverter());
messageConverters.add(new MappingJackson2XmlHttpMessageConverter());
messageConverters.add(new MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter()); restTemplate = new RestTemplate(messageConverters);
restTemplate.setRequestFactory(requestFactory);
restTemplate.setErrorHandler(new DefaultResponseErrorHandler()); LOGGER.info("SimpleRestClient初始化完成");
} private SimpleRestClient() { } @PostConstruct
public static RestTemplate getClient() {
return restTemplate;
} }
使用Httpclient连接池的方式
import org.apache.http.Header;
import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultConnectionKeepAliveStrategy;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpRequestRetryHandler;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClientBuilder;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager;
import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Lazy;
import org.springframework.http.client.HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory;
import org.springframework.http.converter.FormHttpMessageConverter;
import org.springframework.http.converter.HttpMessageConverter;
import org.springframework.http.converter.StringHttpMessageConverter;
import org.springframework.http.converter.json.MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter;
import org.springframework.http.converter.xml.MappingJackson2XmlHttpMessageConverter;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.web.client.DefaultResponseErrorHandler;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate; import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; /**
* @title:使用spring的restTemplate替代httpclient工具
* @author:liuxing
* @date:2015-05-18 08:48
*/
@Component
@Lazy(false)
public class RestClient { private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SimpleRestClient.class); private static RestTemplate restTemplate; static {
// 长连接保持30秒
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager pollingConnectionManager = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
// 总连接数
pollingConnectionManager.setMaxTotal(1000);
// 同路由的并发数
pollingConnectionManager.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(1000); HttpClientBuilder httpClientBuilder = HttpClients.custom();
httpClientBuilder.setConnectionManager(pollingConnectionManager);
// 重试次数,默认是3次,没有开启
httpClientBuilder.setRetryHandler(new DefaultHttpRequestRetryHandler(2, true));
// 保持长连接配置,需要在头添加Keep-Alive
httpClientBuilder.setKeepAliveStrategy(new DefaultConnectionKeepAliveStrategy()); // RequestConfig.Builder builder = RequestConfig.custom();
// builder.setConnectionRequestTimeout(200);
// builder.setConnectTimeout(5000);
// builder.setSocketTimeout(5000);
//
// RequestConfig requestConfig = builder.build();
// httpClientBuilder.setDefaultRequestConfig(requestConfig); List<Header> headers = new ArrayList<>();
headers.add(new BasicHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/31.0.1650.16 Safari/537.36"));
headers.add(new BasicHeader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip,deflate"));
headers.add(new BasicHeader("Accept-Language", "zh-CN"));
headers.add(new BasicHeader("Connection", "Keep-Alive")); httpClientBuilder.setDefaultHeaders(headers); HttpClient httpClient = httpClientBuilder.build(); // httpClient连接配置,底层是配置RequestConfig
HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory clientHttpRequestFactory = new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory(httpClient);
// 连接超时
clientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectTimeout(5000);
// 数据读取超时时间,即SocketTimeout
clientHttpRequestFactory.setReadTimeout(5000);
// 连接不够用的等待时间,不宜过长,必须设置,比如连接不够用时,时间过长将是灾难性的
clientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectionRequestTimeout(200);
// 缓冲请求数据,默认值是true。通过POST或者PUT大量发送数据时,建议将此属性更改为false,以免耗尽内存。
// clientHttpRequestFactory.setBufferRequestBody(false); // 添加内容转换器
List<HttpMessageConverter<?>> messageConverters = new ArrayList<>();
messageConverters.add(new StringHttpMessageConverter(Charset.forName("UTF-8")));
messageConverters.add(new FormHttpMessageConverter());
messageConverters.add(new MappingJackson2XmlHttpMessageConverter());
messageConverters.add(new MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter()); restTemplate = new RestTemplate(messageConverters);
restTemplate.setRequestFactory(clientHttpRequestFactory);
restTemplate.setErrorHandler(new DefaultResponseErrorHandler()); LOGGER.info("RestClient初始化完成");
} private RestClient() { } @PostConstruct
public static RestTemplate getClient() {
return restTemplate;
} }
HttpClientUtils
import com.dooioo.commons.Strings;
import com.dooioo.framework.SpringContextHolder;
import com.dooioo.ky.cache.HttpClientResultCache;
import org.apache.commons.collections.MapUtils;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.http.HttpEntity;
import org.springframework.util.LinkedMultiValueMap;
import org.springframework.util.MultiValueMap; import java.util.Map; /**
*
* 类功能说明:httpclient工具类,基于httpclient 4.x
* Title: HttpClientUtils.java
* @author 刘兴
* @date 2014-3-7 下午7:48:58
* @version V1.0
*/
public class HttpClientUtils { private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HttpClientUtils.class); /**
* post请求
* @param url
* @param formParams
* @return
*/
public static String doPost(String url, Map<String, String> formParams) {
if (MapUtils.isEmpty(formParams)) {
return doPost(url);
} try {
MultiValueMap<String, String> requestEntity = new LinkedMultiValueMap<>();
formParams.keySet().stream().forEach(key -> requestEntity.add(key, MapUtils.getString(formParams, key, "")));
return RestClient.getClient().postForObject(url, requestEntity, String.class);
} catch (Exception e) {
LOGGER.error("POST请求出错:{}", url, e);
} return Strings.EMPTY;
} /**
* post请求
* @param url
* @return
*/
public static String doPost(String url) {
try {
return RestClient.getClient().postForObject(url, HttpEntity.EMPTY, String.class);
} catch (Exception e) {
LOGGER.error("POST请求出错:{}", url, e);
} return Strings.EMPTY;
} /**
* get请求
* @param url
* @return
*/
public static String doGet(String url) {
try {
return RestClient.getClient().getForObject(url, String.class);
} catch (Exception e) {
LOGGER.error("GET请求出错:{}", url, e);
} return Strings.EMPTY;
} }
ErrorHolder
自定义的一个异常结果包装类
import org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders;
import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.web.client.HttpClientErrorException;
import org.springframework.web.client.HttpServerErrorException; /**
* @title:ErrorHolder
* @author:liuxing
* @date:2015-06-16 11:01
*/
public class ErrorHolder { private HttpStatus statusCode; private String statusText; private String responseBody; private HttpHeaders responseHeaders; public ErrorHolder(HttpStatus statusCode, String statusText, String responseBody) {
this.statusCode = statusCode;
this.statusText = statusText;
this.responseBody = responseBody;
} public ErrorHolder(String statusText) {
this.statusText = statusText;
} public HttpStatus getStatusCode() {
return statusCode;
} public void setStatusCode(HttpStatus statusCode) {
this.statusCode = statusCode;
} public String getStatusText() {
return statusText;
} public void setStatusText(String statusText) {
this.statusText = statusText;
} public String getResponseBody() {
return responseBody;
} public void setResponseBody(String responseBody) {
this.responseBody = responseBody;
} public HttpHeaders getResponseHeaders() {
return responseHeaders;
} public void setResponseHeaders(HttpHeaders responseHeaders) {
this.responseHeaders = responseHeaders;
} public static ErrorHolder build(Exception exception) {
if (exception instanceof HttpServerErrorException) {
HttpServerErrorException e = (HttpServerErrorException) exception;
return new ErrorHolder(e.getStatusCode(), e.getStatusText(), e.getResponseBodyAsString());
} if (exception instanceof HttpClientErrorException) {
HttpClientErrorException e = (HttpClientErrorException) exception;
return new ErrorHolder(e.getStatusCode(), e.getStatusText(), e.getResponseBodyAsString());
} return new ErrorHolder(exception.getMessage());
}
}
使用样例
api里面可以做自动的参数匹配:
如:http://you domainn name/test?empNo={empNo},则下面方法的最后一个参数为数据匹配参数,会自动根据key进行查找,然后替换
API没有声明异常,注意进行异常处理
更多使用语法请查看API文档
ResponseEntity<List<KyArea>> result = RestClient.getClient().exchange(DIVIDE_PLATE_API, HttpMethod.GET, HttpEntity.EMPTY, new ParameterizedTypeReference<List<KyArea>>() {}, map("empNo", empNo));
List<KyArea> list = result.getBody(); ResponseEntity<KyArea> result = RestClient.getClient().exchange(DIVIDE_PLATE_API, HttpMethod.GET, HttpEntity.EMPTY, KyArea.class, map("empNo", empNo));
KyArea kyArea = result.getBody();
更多
RestTemplate API说明和使用参考
http://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/4.1.x/javadoc-api/org/springframework/web/client/RestTemplate.html
HttpClient官方示例和参数配置说明
http://hc.apache.org/httpcomponents-client-4.4.x/examples.html
http://hc.apache.org/httpcomponents-client-4.4.x/tutorial/html/index.html
依赖
spring 3.x以上
<dependency>
<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat</groupId>
<artifactId>jackson-dataformat-xml</artifactId>
<version>2.5.3</version>
</dependency> <dependency>
<groupId>org.codehaus.jackson</groupId>
<artifactId>jackson-mapper-asl</artifactId>
<version>1.9.13</version>
</dependency>
注意点
1.关于httpclient配置的defaultMaxPerRoute和maxTotal
defaultMaxPerRoute:最大路由并发数,以主机为单位
maxTotal:整个连接池的并发数
例如:
defaultMaxPerRoute为10,maxTotal为100
假设只会访问http://www.baidu.com和http://www.google.com
那么能同时并发到客源的只能是10,房源也是10,整个连接永远不会到100
2.部分方法注意查看源码,默认构造里面会新增常用的数据转换器,spring对jackson比较情有独钟,在解析xml和json时,优先使用jackson
/**
* Create a new instance of the {@link RestTemplate} using default settings.
* Default {@link HttpMessageConverter}s are initialized.
*/
public RestTemplate() {
this.messageConverters.add(new ByteArrayHttpMessageConverter());
this.messageConverters.add(new StringHttpMessageConverter());
this.messageConverters.add(new ResourceHttpMessageConverter());
this.messageConverters.add(new SourceHttpMessageConverter<Source>());
this.messageConverters.add(new AllEncompassingFormHttpMessageConverter()); if (romePresent) {
this.messageConverters.add(new AtomFeedHttpMessageConverter());
this.messageConverters.add(new RssChannelHttpMessageConverter());
}
if (jackson2XmlPresent) {
messageConverters.add(new MappingJackson2XmlHttpMessageConverter());
}
else if (jaxb2Present) {
this.messageConverters.add(new Jaxb2RootElementHttpMessageConverter());
}
if (jackson2Present) {
this.messageConverters.add(new MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter());
}
else if (gsonPresent) {
this.messageConverters.add(new GsonHttpMessageConverter());
}
} /**
* Create a new instance of the {@link RestTemplate} based on the given {@link ClientHttpRequestFactory}.
* @param requestFactory HTTP request factory to use
* @see org.springframework.http.client.SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory
* @see org.springframework.http.client.HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory
*/
public RestTemplate(ClientHttpRequestFactory requestFactory) {
this();
setRequestFactory(requestFactory);
}
再看添加转换器的方法外部添加转换器时,this.messageConverters.clear();会先清除已有的,需要注意
/**
* Create a new instance of the {@link RestTemplate} using the given list of
* {@link HttpMessageConverter} to use
* @param messageConverters the list of {@link HttpMessageConverter} to use
* @since 3.2.7
*/
public RestTemplate(List<HttpMessageConverter<?>> messageConverters) {
Assert.notEmpty(messageConverters, "'messageConverters' must not be empty");
this.messageConverters.addAll(messageConverters);
} /**
* Set the message body converters to use.
* <p>These converters are used to convert from and to HTTP requests and responses.
*/
public void setMessageConverters(List<HttpMessageConverter<?>> messageConverters) {
Assert.notEmpty(messageConverters, "'messageConverters' must not be empty");
// Take getMessageConverters() List as-is when passed in here
if (this.messageConverters != messageConverters) {
this.messageConverters.clear();
this.messageConverters.addAll(messageConverters);
}
}
来自:http://liuxing.info/2015/05/21/RestTemplate%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5/
http://www.open-open.com/lib/view/open1436018677419.html
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