centos7&redhat 之 firewalld 详细介绍配置

firewalld和iptables的关系

firewalld自身并不具备防火墙的功能，而是和iptables一样需要通过内核的netfilter来实现，也就是说firewalld和iptables一样，他们的作用都是用于维护规则，而真正使用规则干活的是内核的netfilter，只不过firewalld和iptables的结构以及使用方法不一样罢了。

firewalld的配置模式

firewalld的配置文件以xml格式为主（主配置文件firewalld.conf例外），他们有两个存储位置

1、/etc/firewalld/ 用户配置文件

2、/usr/lib/firewalld/ 系统配置文件，预置文件

我们知道每个zone就是一套规则集，但是有那么多zone，对于一个具体的请求来说应该使用哪个zone（哪套规则）来处理呢？这个问题至关重要，如果这点不弄明白其他的都是空中楼阁，即使规则设置的再好，不知道怎样用、在哪里用也不行。

对于一个接受到的请求具体使用哪个zone，firewalld是通过三种方法来判断的：

1、source，也就是源地址 优先级最高

2、interface，接收请求的网卡 优先级第二

3、firewalld.conf中配置的默认zone 优先级最低

这三个的优先级按顺序依次降低，也就是说如果按照source可以找到就不会再按interface去查找，如果前两个都找不到才会使用第三个，也就是学生在前面给大家讲过的在firewalld.conf中配置的默认zone。

安装firewalld，运行、停止、禁用firewalld

root执行 # yum install firewalld

启动：# systemctl start firewalld
查看状态：# systemctl status firewalld 或者 firewall-cmd --state
停止：# systemctl disable firewalld
禁用：# systemctl stop firewalld

配置firewalld
查看版本：$ firewall-cmd --version
查看帮助：$ firewall-cmd --help
查看设置：
显示状态：$ firewall-cmd --state
查看区域信息: $ firewall-cmd --get-active-zones
查看指定接口所属区域：$ firewall-cmd --get-zone-of-interface=eth0
拒绝所有包：# firewall-cmd --panic-on
取消拒绝状态：# firewall-cmd --panic-off
查看是否拒绝：$ firewall-cmd --query-panic

更新防火墙规则：# firewall-cmd --reload
# firewall-cmd --complete-reload
两者的区别就是第一个无需断开连接，就是firewalld特性之一动态添加规则，第二个需要断开连接，类似重启服务

将接口添加到区域，默认接口都在public
# firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-interface=eth0
永久生效再加上 --permanent 然后reload防火墙

设置默认接口区域
# firewall-cmd --set-default-zone=public
立即生效无需重启

打开端口（貌似这个才最常用）
查看所有打开的端口：
# firewall-cmd --zone=dmz --list-ports
加入一个端口到区域：
# firewall-cmd --zone=dmz --add-port=8080/tcp
若要永久生效方法同上

打开一个服务，类似于将端口可视化，服务需要在配置文件中添加，/etc/firewalld 目录下有services文件夹，这个不详细说了，详情参考文档
# firewall-cmd --zone=work --add-service=smtp

移除服务
# firewall-cmd --zone=work --remove-service=smtp

测试：[root@iotApp&iagri-44 ~]# echo "hello felix" |nc -l 6666

远程主机：telnet iotApp&iagri-44 6666   返回：

Connected to iotApp&iagri-44
Escape character is '^]'.
hello felix
Connection closed by foreign host.

The format or structure of the rich rule commands is as follows:

rule [family="rule family"]
    [ source [NOT] [address="address"] [mac="mac-address"] [ipset="ipset"] ]
    [ destination [NOT] address="address" ]
    [ element ]
    [ log [prefix="prefix text"] [level="log level"] [limit value="rate/duration"] ]
    [ audit ]
    [ action ]

Elements：

The element can be only one of the following element types: service, port, protocol, masquerade, icmp-block, forward-port, and source-port.

service name=service_name

port port=number_or_range protocol=protocol

protocol value=protocol_name_or_ID

icmp-block name=icmptype_name

forward-port port=number_or_range protocol=protocol /
            to-port=number_or_range to-addr=address

source-port port=number_or_range protocol=protocol

log [prefix=prefix text] [level=log level] limit value=rate/duration

action：

accept | reject [type=reject type] | drop | mark set="mark[/mask]"

Using the Rich Rule Log Command Example 3：

rule family="ipv4" source address="192.168.0.0/24" service name="tftp" log prefix="tftp" level="info" limit value="1/m" accept

Using the Rich Rule Log Command Example 4 ：

rule family="ipv6" source address="1:2:3:4:6::" service name="radius" log prefix="dns" level="info" limit value="3/m" reject
rule family="ipv6" service name="radius" accept

[root@iotApp&iagri-44 ~]# firewall-cmd --add-rich-rule='rule family=ipv4 source address=0.0.0.0/16 accept' --permanent

[root@iotApp&iagri-44 ~]# firewall-cmd --help

Usage: firewall-cmd [OPTIONS...]

General Options

-h, --help           Prints a short help text and exists

-V, --version        Print the version string of firewalld

-q, --quiet          Do not print status messages

Status Options

--state              Return and print firewalld state

--reload             Reload firewall and keep state information

--complete-reload    Reload firewall and loose state information

--runtime-to-permanent

Create permanent from runtime configuration

Permanent Options

--permanent          Set an option permanently

Usable for options maked with [P]

Zone Options

--get-default-zone   Print default zone for connections and interfaces

--set-default-zone=<zone>

Set default zone

--get-active-zones   Print currently active zones

--get-zones          Print predefined zones [P]

--get-services       Print predefined services [P]

--get-icmptypes      Print predefined icmptypes [P]

--get-zone-of-interface=<interface>

Print name of the zone the interface is bound to [P]

--get-zone-of-source=<source>[/<mask>]

Print name of the zone the source[/mask] is bound to [P]

--list-all-zones     List everything added for or enabled in all zones [P]

--new-zone=<zone>    Add a new zone [P only]

--delete-zone=<zone> Delete an existing zone [P only]

--zone=<zone>        Use this zone to set or query options, else default zone

Usable for options maked with [Z]

--get-target         Get the zone target [P] [Z]

--set-target=<target>

Set the zone target [P] [Z]

IcmpType Options

--new-icmptype=<icmptype>

Add a new icmptype [P only]

--delete-icmptype=<icmptype>

Delete and existing icmptype [P only]

Service Options

--new-service=<service>

Add a new service [P only]

--delete-service=<service>

Delete and existing service [P only]

Options to Adapt and Query Zones

--list-all           List everything added for or enabled in a zone [P] [Z]

--list-services      List services added for a zone [P] [Z]

--timeout=<timeval>  Enable an option for timeval time, where timeval is

a number followed by one of letters 's' or 'm' or 'h'

Usable for options maked with [T]

--add-service=<service>

Add a service for a zone [P] [Z] [T]

--remove-service=<service>

Remove a service from a zone [P] [Z]

--query-service=<service>

Return whether service has been added for a zone [P] [Z]

--list-ports         List ports added for a zone [P] [Z]

--add-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>

Add the port for a zone [P] [Z] [T]

--remove-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>

Remove the port from a zone [P] [Z]

--query-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>

Return whether the port has been added for zone [P] [Z]

--list-icmp-blocks   List Internet ICMP type blocks added for a zone [P] [Z]

--add-icmp-block=<icmptype>

Add an ICMP block for a zone [P] [Z] [T]

--remove-icmp-block=<icmptype>

Remove the ICMP block from a zone [P] [Z]

--query-icmp-block=<icmptype>

Return whether an ICMP block has been added for a zone

[P] [Z]

--list-forward-ports List IPv4 forward ports added for a zone [P] [Z]

--add-forward-port=port=<portid>[-<portid>]:proto=<protocol>[:toport=<portid>[-<portid>]][:toaddr=<address>[/<mask>]]

Add the IPv4 forward port for a zone [P] [Z] [T]

--remove-forward-port=port=<portid>[-<portid>]:proto=<protocol>[:toport=<portid>[-<portid>]][:toaddr=<address>[/<mask>]]

Remove the IPv4 forward port from a zone [P] [Z]

--query-forward-port=port=<portid>[-<portid>]:proto=<protocol>[:toport=<portid>[-<portid>]][:toaddr=<address>[/<mask>]]

Return whether the IPv4 forward port has been added for

a zone [P] [Z]

--add-masquerade     Enable IPv4 masquerade for a zone [P] [Z] [T]

--remove-masquerade  Disable IPv4 masquerade for a zone [P] [Z]

--query-masquerade   Return whether IPv4 masquerading has been enabled for a

zone [P] [Z]

--list-rich-rules    List rich language rules added for a zone [P] [Z]

--add-rich-rule=<rule>

Add rich language rule 'rule' for a zone [P] [Z] [T]

--remove-rich-rule=<rule>

Remove rich language rule 'rule' from a zone [P] [Z]

--query-rich-rule=<rule>

Return whether a rich language rule 'rule' has been

added for a zone [P] [Z]

Options to Handle Bindings of Interfaces

--list-interfaces    List interfaces that are bound to a zone [P] [Z]

--add-interface=<interface>

Bind the <interface> to a zone [P] [Z]

--change-interface=<interface>

Change zone the <interface> is bound to [Z]

--query-interface=<interface>

Query whether <interface> is bound to a zone [P] [Z]

--remove-interface=<interface>

Remove binding of <interface> from a zone [P] [Z]

Options to Handle Bindings of Sources

--list-sources       List sources that are bound to a zone [P] [Z]

--add-source=<source>[/<mask>]

Bind <source>[/<mask>] to a zone [P] [Z]

--change-source=<source>[/<mask>]

Change zone the <source>[/<mask>] is bound to [Z]

--query-source=<source>[/<mask>]

Query whether <source>[/<mask>] is bound to a zone

[P] [Z]

--remove-source=<source>[/<mask>]

Remove binding of <source>[/<mask>] from a zone [P] [Z]

Direct Options

--direct             First option for all direct options

--get-all-chains

Get all chains [P]

--get-chains {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table>

Get all chains added to the table [P]

--add-chain {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain>

Add a new chain to the table [P]

--remove-chain {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain>

Remove the chain from the table [P]

--query-chain {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain>

Return whether the chain has been added to the table [P]

--get-all-rules

Get all rules [P]

--get-rules {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain>

Get all rules added to chain in table [P]

--add-rule {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain> <priority> <arg>...

Add rule to chain in table [P]

--remove-rule {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain> <priority> <arg>...

Remove rule with priority from chain in table [P]

--remove-rules {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain>

Remove rules from chain in table [P]

--query-rule {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain> <priority> <arg>...

Return whether a rule with priority has been added to

chain in table [P]

--passthrough {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <arg>...

Pass a command through (untracked by firewalld)

--get-all-passthroughs

Get all tracked passthrough rules [P]

--get-passthroughs {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <arg>...

Get tracked passthrough rules [P]

--add-passthrough {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <arg>...

Add a new tracked passthrough rule [P]

--remove-passthrough {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <arg>...

Remove a tracked passthrough rule [P]

--query-passthrough {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <arg>...

Return whether the tracked passthrough rule has been

added [P]

Lockdown Options

--lockdown-on        Enable lockdown.

--lockdown-off       Disable lockdown.

--query-lockdown     Query whether lockdown is enabled

Lockdown Whitelist Options

--list-lockdown-whitelist-commands

List all command lines that are on the whitelist [P]

--add-lockdown-whitelist-command=<command>

Add the command to the whitelist [P]

--remove-lockdown-whitelist-command=<command>

Remove the command from the whitelist [P]

--query-lockdown-whitelist-command=<command>

Query whether the command is on the whitelist [P]

--list-lockdown-whitelist-contexts

List all contexts that are on the whitelist [P]

--add-lockdown-whitelist-context=<context>

Add the context context to the whitelist [P]

--remove-lockdown-whitelist-context=<context>

Remove the context from the whitelist [P]

--query-lockdown-whitelist-context=<context>

Query whether the context is on the whitelist [P]

--list-lockdown-whitelist-uids

List all user ids that are on the whitelist [P]

--add-lockdown-whitelist-uid=<uid>

Add the user id uid to the whitelist [P]

--remove-lockdown-whitelist-uid=<uid>

Remove the user id uid from the whitelist [P]

--query-lockdown-whitelist-uid=<uid>

Query whether the user id uid is on the whitelist [P]

--list-lockdown-whitelist-users

List all user names that are on the whitelist [P]

--add-lockdown-whitelist-user=<user>

Add the user name user to the whitelist [P]

--remove-lockdown-whitelist-user=<user>

Remove the user name user from the whitelist [P]

--query-lockdown-whitelist-user=<user>

Query whether the user name user is on the whitelist [P]

Panic Options

--panic-on           Enable panic mode

--panic-off          Disable panic mode

--query-panic        Query whether panic mode is enabled