WPF之小动画三
如果前两篇的博客太为普通，那么接下来的内容将让你动画实在是太厉害了。本文将会介绍两个关于纯手工实现动画的形式，当然动画效果就不用我多说了。
基于帧的动画：
此处的帧并不是之前介绍的Animation这样的动画，之所以称之为帧，那是因为它控制范围更加精细。也就是说，在有些应用程序方案中，你需要根据每个帧控制呈现，使那么就可以基于每个帧回调来创建自定义动画。基于帧的动画主要使用CompositionTarget 对象的一个回调函数来实现，CompositionTarget表示应用程序的显示图面，其回调函数将会在1秒之内被访问60次，所以也就可以实现动画的过程(一般来说此种动画会在游戏的时候使用，因为它每一帧都是会执行一次回调函数，可以创建出逼真的效果和动画)。
接下来我们的例子是实现一个Ellipse从上往下坠落的过程(数量是从20--100不等，通过随机)，当所有的图形坠落到底部之后则结束动画。
效果图如上，待我慢慢讲解代码。
EllipseInfo(可以理解为Ellipse信息类)：
public class EllipseInfo
{
public Ellipse Ellipse
{
get;
set;
}
public double VelocityY
{
get;
set;
}
public EllipseInfo(Ellipse ellipse, double velocityY)
{
VelocityY = velocityY;
Ellipse = ellipse;
}
}
Ellipse表示一个Ellipse对象，VeloctyY表示动画向下时所使用的值。
XAML：
<Window x:Class="WpfApplication3.Window4"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
Title="Window4" Height="300" Width="300">
<Grid>
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="auto"></RowDefinition>
<RowDefinition Height="*"></RowDefinition>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal" HorizontalAlignment="Left" VerticalAlignment="Top">
<Button Height="30" Width="30" Content="开始" Margin="5" Name="btnStart" Click="btnStart_Click"></Button>
<Button Height="30" Width="30" Content="停止" Margin="5" Canvas.Left="50" Name="btnStop" Click="btnStop_Click"></Button>
</StackPanel>
<Canvas Name="ellipseCanvas" Height="Auto" Width="Auto" Background="LightBlue" Grid.Row="1">
</Canvas>
</Grid>
</Window>
两个按钮，一个Canvas，没什么说的。
Xaml.cs：
private void btnStart_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
if (!rendering)
{
//清楚集合汇中的Ellipse
ellipses.Clear();
//清楚Canvas中的元素
ellipseCanvas.Children.Clear();
//添加自定义呈现过程
CompositionTarget.Rendering += CompositionTarget_Rendering;
//标示进入呈现过程
rendering = true;
}
}
开始按钮事件，事件中清空集合和页面集合，然后添加呈现过程。
呈现事件：
private void CompositionTarget_Rendering(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
//没有图形，则随机创建
if (ellipses.Count == )
{
//得到Canvas的宽度的一半，用于随机得到Ellipse的Left值
int halfCanvasWidth = (int)ellipseCanvas.ActualWidth / ; Random random = new Random();
//随机创建Ellipse的数量
int ellipseCount = random.Next(minEllipses, maxEllipses);
for (int i = ; i < ellipseCount; i++)
{
//创建Ellipse
Ellipse ellipse = new Ellipse();
ellipse.Fill = Brushes.LimeGreen;
ellipse.Width = ellipseRadius;
ellipse.Height = ellipseRadius; //设置Left属性，Left的值为0--Canvas.ActualWidth
Canvas.SetLeft(ellipse, halfCanvasWidth + random.Next(-halfCanvasWidth, halfCanvasWidth));
//Top值为0，因为当创建完毕Ellipse之后才处理Top的动画效果
Canvas.SetTop(ellipse, );
//将Ellipse放入Canvas
ellipseCanvas.Children.Add(ellipse); //创建EllipseInfo，用于保存Ellipse对象，以及每个对象的向下速度
EllipseInfo ellipseInfo = new EllipseInfo(ellipse, speedRatio * random.Next(minStartingSpeed, maxStartingSpeed));
ellipses.Add(ellipseInfo);
}
}
else
{ for (int i = ellipses.Count - ; i >= ; i--)
{
EllipseInfo info = ellipses[i];
//根据Ellipse得到Top
double top = Canvas.GetTop(info.Ellipse);
//设置Ellipse的Top为初始时的速度值
Canvas.SetTop(info.Ellipse, info.VelocityY);
//如果Top到达了Canvas的底部
if (top >= (ellipseCanvas.ActualHeight - ellipseRadius * ))
{
//图形到了底层，则从集合移除
ellipses.Remove(info);
}
else
{
//否则继续增加高度
info.VelocityY += accelerationY;
}
//如果元素全部从Canvas中移除，则停止呈现过程
if (ellipses.Count == )
{
CompositionTarget.Rendering -= CompositionTarget_Rendering;
rendering = false;
}
}
}
}
代码注释非常清楚了，但是还是要说一句，为什么可以用if和else这么做。因为我上文提到，呈现过程是1秒钟被执行60次的，所以我们的事件也是这样的，所以这样反复的过程就形成了你看到的动画。
结束事件：
private void btnStop_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
CompositionTarget.Rendering -= CompositionTarget_Rendering;
rendering = false;
}
赶紧运行程序，将会看到很有趣的效果哦。
地雷下坠游戏：
如果上述的效果让你觉得没什么可玩性，那么接下来这个可是完整的一个游戏。
此游戏属于考验反应速度类的，左边一直有地雷下降，并且速度越来越快，你必须点击地雷使地雷消失，否则当地雷坠落超过5个，则视为游戏结束。
代码构成部分：主要为主窗体和一个用户控件，用户控件就是放了一个使用Path实现的地雷形状(当然不是我做的，我可没那么厉害)。
用户控件Bomb：
代码有点长，不过不用去关注，就是使用Path绘制的图形。
<UserControl x:Class="WpfApplication3.Bomb"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
>
<UserControl.RenderTransform>
<TransformGroup>
<RotateTransform Angle="20" CenterX="50" CenterY="50"></RotateTransform>
<ScaleTransform ScaleX="0.5" ScaleY="0.5"></ScaleTransform>
</TransformGroup>
</UserControl.RenderTransform>
<Canvas> <Path Data="M 11.989,50.026 L 24.381,37.08 L 19.097,53.862 Z ">
<Path.Fill>
<SolidColorBrush Color="#FFF2CC0C"/>
</Path.Fill>
</Path>
<Path Data="M 0.46098,31.997 L 17.945,28.449 L 4.1114,39.19 Z ">
<Path.Fill>
<SolidColorBrush Color="#FFF2CC0C"/>
</Path.Fill>
</Path>
<Path Data="M 9.9713,7.3517 L 22.075,20.49 L 5.7445,14.16 Z ">
<Path.Fill>
<SolidColorBrush Color="#FFF2CC0C"/>
</Path.Fill>
</Path>
<Path Data="M 58.484,29.408 L 40.712,31.997 L 57.523,37.367 Z ">
<Path.Fill>
<SolidColorBrush Color="#FFF2CC0C"/>
</Path.Fill>
</Path>
<Path Data="M 51.663,10.229 L 38.694,22.408 L 55.506,17.325 Z ">
<Path.Fill>
<SolidColorBrush Color="#FFF2CC0C"/>
</Path.Fill>
</Path>
<Path Data="M 32.354,0.25535 L 31.682,18.092 L 40.039,2.7487 Z ">
<Path.Fill>
<SolidColorBrush Color="#FFF2CC0C"/>
</Path.Fill>
</Path>
<Path
Data="M 105.84,186.87 L 110.84,183.99 L 115.45,180.64 L 119.58,176.9 L 123.33,172.77 L 126.69,168.36 L 129.47,163.76 L 131.88,158.87 L 133.8,153.79 L 135.14,148.51 L 136.01,143.14 L 136.39,137.77 L 136.3,132.21 L 135.53,126.74 L 134.28,121.37 L 132.45,116 L 130.05,110.73 L 128.61,108.14 L 127.17,105.74 L 125.54,103.34 L 123.81,101.14 L 121.98,99.029 L 120.06,97.015 L 118.04,95.097 L 115.93,93.275 L 113.82,91.549 L 111.61,89.919 L 109.3,88.481 L 106.9,87.138 L 104.5,85.891 L 102,84.741 L 99.503,83.782 L 96.909,82.823 L 94.316,82.055 L 91.722,81.48 L 89.032,81.001 L 86.342,80.617 L 83.556,80.329 L 80.867,80.233 L 78.081,80.233 L 75.391,80.329 L 72.605,80.617 L 69.915,81.096 L 67.129,81.672 L 64.44,82.343 L 61.75,83.206 L 59.06,84.165 L 56.37,85.316 L 53.777,86.563 L 48.781,89.44 L 44.17,92.796 L 40.039,96.536 L 36.293,100.66 L 33.027,104.97 L 30.145,109.67 L 27.743,114.56 L 25.918,119.65 L 24.477,124.83 L 23.612,130.2 L 23.324,135.66 L 23.42,141.13 L 24.189,146.59 L 25.438,152.06 L 27.263,157.43 L 29.664,162.7 L 31.105,165.29 L 32.546,167.69 L 34.179,170.09 L 35.909,172.29 L 37.734,174.4 L 39.655,176.42 L 41.672,178.34 L 43.69,180.16 L 45.899,181.88 L 48.109,183.51 L 50.414,184.95 L 52.72,186.3 L 55.217,187.54 L 57.619,188.69 L 60.213,189.65 L 62.71,190.61 L 65.304,191.38 L 67.994,191.95 L 70.684,192.43 L 73.374,192.82 L 76.063,193.1 L 78.753,193.2 L 81.539,193.2 L 84.325,193.1 L 87.015,192.82 L 89.801,192.34 L 92.49,191.76 L 95.18,191.09 L 97.87,190.23 L 100.56,189.27 L 103.25,188.12 Z ">
<Path.Fill>
<SolidColorBrush Color="#FF777777"/>
</Path.Fill>
</Path>
<Path
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</Canvas> </UserControl>
CS：
public bool IsFalling
{
get;
set;
}
后置代码中主要就是一个属性，用于标示地雷是坠落了还是被点中了。
主窗体：
<Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot">
<Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
<ColumnDefinition></ColumnDefinition>
<ColumnDefinition Width="280"></ColumnDefinition>
</Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <Border BorderBrush="SteelBlue" BorderThickness="1" Margin="5">
<Grid>
<Canvas x:Name="canvasBackground" SizeChanged="canvasBackground_SizeChanged" MinWidth="50">
<Canvas.Background>
<RadialGradientBrush>
<GradientStop Color="AliceBlue" Offset="0"></GradientStop>
<GradientStop Color="White" Offset="0.7"></GradientStop>
</RadialGradientBrush>
</Canvas.Background>
</Canvas>
</Grid>
</Border> <Border Grid.Column="1" BorderBrush="SteelBlue" BorderThickness="1" Margin="5">
<Border.Background>
<RadialGradientBrush GradientOrigin="1,0.7" Center="1,0.7" RadiusX="1" RadiusY="1">
<GradientStop Color="Orange" Offset="0"></GradientStop>
<GradientStop Color="White" Offset="1"></GradientStop>
</RadialGradientBrush>
</Border.Background>
<StackPanel Margin="15" VerticalAlignment="Center" HorizontalAlignment="Center">
<TextBlock FontFamily="微软雅黑" FontSize="35" Foreground="LightSteelBlue">地雷下坠</TextBlock>
<TextBlock x:Name="lblRate" Margin="0,30,0,0" TextWrapping="Wrap" FontFamily="Georgia" FontSize="14"></TextBlock>
<TextBlock x:Name="lblSpeed" Margin="0,30" TextWrapping="Wrap" FontFamily="Georgia" FontSize="14"></TextBlock>
<TextBlock x:Name="lblStatus"
TextWrapping="Wrap" FontFamily="微软雅黑" FontSize="20">没有地雷落地.</TextBlock>
<Button x:Name="cmdStart" Padding="5" Margin="0,30" Width="80" Content="Start Game" Click="cmdStart_Click"></Button>
</StackPanel>
</Border>
</Grid>
主窗体主要是两列的一个Grid，左边为地雷区域(主要是一个Canvas容器)，右边为操作和显示信息的区域。
CS--字段：
//存放Bomb和动画的键值对
private Dictionary<Bomb, Storyboard> storyboards = new Dictionary<Bomb, Storyboard>();
//运行于UI线程的Timer，用于定时绘制图形到UI
private DispatcherTimer bombTimer = new DispatcherTimer();
#region 图形相关
//坠落的图形数量
private int droppedCount = ;
//点中的图形数量
private int savedCount = ;
//初始时候每1.3秒执行一次动画
private double initialSecondsBetweenBombs = 1.3;
//图形的降落时间
private double initialSecondsToFall = 3.5;
//Bomp动画周期
private double secondsToFall;
#endregion #region Timer
//Timer执行周期
private double secondsBetweenBombs;
#endregion #region 调节相关
//Timer的调节时间间距，默认为每15秒调节一次
private double secondsBetweenAdjustments = ;
//记录最后一次的调节时间
private DateTime lastAdjustmentTime = DateTime.MinValue;
//用于减少Timer运行周期的值
private double secondsBetweenBombsReduction = 0.1;
//用于减少动画执行的周期的值
private double secondsToFallReduction = 0.1;
#endregion //最大降落数量，如果超出则结束游戏
private int maxDropped = ;
CS--Timer事件和动画：
private void bombTimer_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
//创建Bomb
Bomb bomb = new Bomb();
bomb.IsFalling = true;
canvasBackground.Children.Add(bomb); //随机计算Bomb的Left值
Random random = new Random();
Canvas.SetLeft(bomb, random.Next(, (int)canvasBackground.ActualWidth - ));
Canvas.SetTop(bomb, -); //添加点击时的动画
bomb.MouseLeftButtonDown += bomb_MouseLeftButtonDown; Storyboard sbBomb = new Storyboard(); #region 创建下坠的动画
//创建下坠的动画
DoubleAnimation fallAnimation = new DoubleAnimation();
//设置动画的目标位Canvas的高度
fallAnimation.To = canvasBackground.ActualHeight;
//设置运行时间
fallAnimation.Duration = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(secondsToFall);
Storyboard.SetTarget(fallAnimation, bomb);
Storyboard.SetTargetProperty(fallAnimation, new PropertyPath("(Canvas.Top)"));
sbBomb.Children.Add(fallAnimation);
#endregion #region 创建Bomb左右摇摆动画
//创建Bomb左右摇摆动画
DoubleAnimation wiggleAnimation = new DoubleAnimation();
wiggleAnimation.To = ;
wiggleAnimation.Duration = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.2);
wiggleAnimation.RepeatBehavior = RepeatBehavior.Forever;
wiggleAnimation.AutoReverse = true;
Storyboard.SetTarget(wiggleAnimation, bomb);
Storyboard.SetTargetProperty(wiggleAnimation, new PropertyPath("RenderTransform.Children[0].Angle"));
sbBomb.Children.Add(wiggleAnimation);
#endregion sbBomb.Duration = fallAnimation.Duration;
//动画完成事件
sbBomb.Completed += sbBomb_Completed;
//开始动画
sbBomb.Begin(); //将动画和Bomb对象放入键值对集合
storyboards.Add(bomb, sbBomb); //如果当前时间和最后一次调整的时间差大于指定的间隔
if ((DateTime.Now.Subtract(lastAdjustmentTime).TotalSeconds > secondsBetweenAdjustments))
{
lastAdjustmentTime = DateTime.Now; //每调整一次都要减少Timer的运行周期
secondsBetweenBombs -= secondsBetweenBombsReduction;
//调整Bomb动画结束的周期值
secondsToFall -= secondsToFallReduction;
//重新设置Timer的运行周期
bombTimer.Interval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(secondsBetweenBombs); lblRate.Text = String.Format("每{0}秒出现一个地雷.", secondsBetweenBombs);
lblSpeed.Text = String.Format("每个地雷{0}秒降落到底部.", secondsToFall);
}
} void sbBomb_Completed(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
ClockGroup clockGroup = sender as ClockGroup;
//得到下坠动画对象
DoubleAnimation completedAnimation = clockGroup.Children[].Timeline as DoubleAnimation;
//得到当前动画的关联对象
Bomb completedBomb = Storyboard.GetTarget(completedAnimation) as Bomb;
if (completedBomb.IsFalling)
{
droppedCount++;
}
else
{
savedCount++;
} lblStatus.Text = String.Format("坠落了{0}个炸弹，解救了{1}个炸弹.", droppedCount, savedCount);
//如果坠落的数量大于了最大允许坠落数量
if (droppedCount > maxDropped)
{
bombTimer.Stop();
lblStatus.Text += "\r\n\r\n游戏结束."; foreach (KeyValuePair<Bomb, Storyboard> item in storyboards)
{
Bomb bomb = item.Key;
Storyboard story = item.Value;
//将图形从Canvas中移除
canvasBackground.Children.Remove(bomb);
//停止动画
story.Stop();
} storyboards.Clear();
cmdStart.IsEnabled = true;
}
//否则则对动画对象和Bomb做清理工作
else
{
//结束动画
Storyboard storyBoard = clockGroup.Timeline as Storyboard;
storyBoard.Stop(); //从动画集合中移除
storyboards.Remove(completedBomb);
//将Bomb从Canvas中移除
canvasBackground.Children.Remove(completedBomb);
}
}
CS--地雷点击事件(让地雷消失)：
private void bomb_MouseLeftButtonDown(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e)
{
Bomb bomb = sender as Bomb;
bomb.IsFalling = false; //记录下Bomb的当前位置
double currentTop = Canvas.GetTop(bomb);
double currentLeft = Canvas.GetLeft(bomb); //找到Bomb对应的动画，并结束
Storyboard sbBomb = storyboards[bomb];
sbBomb.Stop();
sbBomb.Children.Clear(); //创建上升动画，使Bomb消失
DoubleAnimation riseAnimation = new DoubleAnimation();
riseAnimation.From = currentTop;
riseAnimation.To = ;
riseAnimation.Duration = TimeSpan.FromSeconds();
Storyboard.SetTarget(riseAnimation, bomb);
Storyboard.SetTargetProperty(riseAnimation, new PropertyPath("(Canvas.Top)"));
sbBomb.Children.Add(riseAnimation); //水平移除的动画
DoubleAnimation slideAnimation = new DoubleAnimation();
//如果当前Bomb不在中间位置，则直接移出到左边
if (currentLeft < canvasBackground.ActualWidth / )
{
slideAnimation.To = -;
}
//否则直接移出到右边
else
{
slideAnimation.To = canvasBackground.ActualWidth + ;
} slideAnimation.Duration = TimeSpan.FromSeconds();
Storyboard.SetTarget(slideAnimation, bomb);
Storyboard.SetTargetProperty(slideAnimation, new PropertyPath("(Canvas.Left)"));
sbBomb.Children.Add(slideAnimation); sbBomb.Duration = slideAnimation.Duration;
sbBomb.Begin();
}
CS--开始事件：
private void cmdStart_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
cmdStart.IsEnabled = false; //清空数据
droppedCount = ;
savedCount = ;
//设置Timer的周期
secondsBetweenBombs = initialSecondsBetweenBombs;
//设置动画完成的时间
secondsToFall = initialSecondsToFall;
//设置Timer时间
bombTimer.Interval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(secondsBetweenBombs);
//开始Timer
bombTimer.Start();
}
CS--窗体大小改变事件：
只所以写此事件是为了防止地雷显示在了Canvas区域之外。
private void canvasBackground_SizeChanged(object sender, SizeChangedEventArgs e)
{
//窗体改变大小后要动态的裁剪Canvas，防止图形超出Left范围
RectangleGeometry rect = new RectangleGeometry();
rect.Rect = new Rect(, ,
canvasBackground.ActualWidth, canvasBackground.ActualHeight);
canvasBackground.Clip = rect;
}
执行过程：
1.点击开始按钮开始一个Timer的动作，根据设置的初始值每x秒执行一次Timer。
2.在Timer中创建Bomb控件，同时给其创建两个动画，一个负责向下坠落，一个负责左右摇摆，这样就加大了点击的难度。另外在动画过程中会动态的调整Timer的周期时间以及Bomb的动画时间，也是为了加大难度。
3.在每个动画的完成事件中得到当前的Bomb对象和动画对象，判断Bomb是自然坠落了还是点击了；如果是自然坠落则累加坠落的地雷数量，同时将Bomb对象从页面中移除，也从集合中移除动画；如果是点击，则将他们从集合中移除即可。每次动画结束都检测坠落的地雷是否已经达到了最大数量限制，然后决定是游戏结束还是继续执行。
4.当点击了一个Bomb之后，执行两个动画，一个控制Bomb的Top直到消失，一个控制Bomb的Left直到消失(Left要根据当前Bomb的所在位置判断是向右移动还是向左移动)，并且标示为点击消失(即IsFalling为false)。
为了方便大家，我把动画的Demo源码贴出来，戳我。
希望大家多多交流和指出错误之处。
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