Q: python3使用requests模块发https请求，提示caused by ssl error, can't connect to https url because the ssl module is not available

首先在pycharm--File--Settings--Project--Project Interpreter,添加ssl,结果安装如下报错，在命令行用 pip install ssl 也是报相同的错误 ：

Looking in indexes: http://pypi.douban.com/simple

Collecting ssl

  Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/83/21/f469c9923235f8c36d5fd5334ed11e2681abad7e0032c5aba964dcaf9bbb/ssl-1.16.tar.gz

    ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:

     command: /usr/bin/python -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-8cbn9rjm/ssl/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-8cbn9rjm/ssl/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' egg_info --egg-base /tmp/pip-install-8cbn9rjm/ssl/pip-egg-info

         cwd: /tmp/pip-install-8cbn9rjm/ssl/

    Complete output (6 lines):

    Traceback (most recent call last):

      File "<string>", line 1, in <module>

      File "/tmp/pip-install-8cbn9rjm/ssl/setup.py", line 33

        print 'looking for', f

                          ^

    SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call to 'print'. Did you mean print(print 'looking for', f)?

    ----------------------------------------

ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1: python setup.py egg_info Check the logs for full command output.

一开始以为是本机安装了python2和python3导致的，因为上述错误是语法错误，print 'looking for', f,python3的print是作为方法，不是关键字。想修改上面的setup.py,发现在/tmp/pip-install-8cbn9rjm/ssl/setup.py找不到这个文件，估计是失败自动回滚删除了。

于是在命令行pip3 install ssl -v 打印详细信息，报错如下：

[root@ana53 yum-rpm]# pip install ssl -v

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "/usr/local/bin/pip", line 5, in <module>

    from pip._internal.main import main

ImportError: No module named pip._internal.main

[root@ana53 yum-rpm]# pip3 install ssl -v

Collecting ssl

  1 location(s) to search for versions of ssl:

  * http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ssl/

  Getting page http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ssl/

  Starting new HTTP connection (1): pypi.douban.com

  "GET /simple/ssl/ HTTP/1.1" 301 162

  Starting new HTTP connection (1): pypi.doubanio.com

  "GET /simple/ssl/ HTTP/1.1" 200 417

  Analyzing links from page http://pypi.doubanio.com/simple/ssl/

    Found link http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/3a/c2/846a19d1572ec6cb8ac438d58a898de8926d32e13f0355cdf4ab00864b5f/ssl-1.15.tar.gz#md5=81ea8a1175e437b4c769ae65b3290e0c (from http://pypi.doubanio.com/simple/ssl/), version: 1.15

    Found link http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/83/21/f469c9923235f8c36d5fd5334ed11e2681abad7e0032c5aba964dcaf9bbb/ssl-1.16.tar.gz#md5=fb12d335d56f3c8c7c1fefc1c06c4bfb (from http://pypi.doubanio.com/simple/ssl/), version: 1.16

  Using version 1.16 (newest of versions: 1.15, 1.16)

  "GET /packages/83/21/f469c9923235f8c36d5fd5334ed11e2681abad7e0032c5aba964dcaf9bbb/ssl-1.16.tar.gz HTTP/1.1" 200 33052

  Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/83/21/f469c9923235f8c36d5fd5334ed11e2681abad7e0032c5aba964dcaf9bbb/ssl-1.16.tar.gz

  Downloading from URL http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/83/21/f469c9923235f8c36d5fd5334ed11e2681abad7e0032c5aba964dcaf9bbb/ssl-1.16.tar.gz#md5=fb12d335d56f3c8c7c1fefc1c06c4bfb (from http://pypi.doubanio.com/simple/ssl/)

  Running setup.py (path:/tmp/pip-build-la62j81l/ssl/setup.py) egg_info for package ssl

    Running command python setup.py egg_info

    Traceback (most recent call last):

      File "<string>", line 1, in <module>

      File "/tmp/pip-build-la62j81l/ssl/setup.py", line 33

        print 'looking for', f

                          ^

    SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call to 'print'. Did you mean print(print 'looking for', f)?

Cleaning up...

Command "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-build-la62j81l/ssl/

Exception information:

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/basecommand.py", line 215, in main

    status = self.run(options, args)

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/commands/install.py", line 324, in run

    requirement_set.prepare_files(finder)

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/req/req_set.py", line 380, in prepare_files

    ignore_dependencies=self.ignore_dependencies))

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/req/req_set.py", line 634, in _prepare_file

    abstract_dist.prep_for_dist()

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/req/req_set.py", line 129, in prep_for_dist

    self.req_to_install.run_egg_info()

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/req/req_install.py", line 439, in run_egg_info

    command_desc='python setup.py egg_info')

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/utils/__init__.py", line 707, in call_subprocess

    % (command_desc, proc.returncode, cwd))

pip.exceptions.InstallationError: Command "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-build-la62j81l/ssl/

Looking up "https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip/json" in the cache

Returning cached "301 Moved Permanently" response (ignoring date and etag information)

Looking up "https://pypi.org/pypi/pip/json" in the cache

Current age based on date: 77343

Freshness lifetime from max-age: 900

Starting new HTTPS connection (1): pypi.org

There was an error checking the latest version of pip

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/adapters.py", line 423, in send

    timeout=timeout

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 583, in urlopen

    conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 257, in _get_conn

    return conn or self._new_conn()

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 808, in _new_conn

    raise SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL "

pip._vendor.requests.packages.urllib3.exceptions.SSLError: Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available.

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/utils/outdated.py", line 126, in pip_version_check

    headers={"Accept": "application/json"},

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py", line 488, in get

    return self.request('GET', url, **kwargs)

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/download.py", line 386, in request

    return super(PipSession, self).request(method, url, *args, **kwargs)

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py", line 475, in request

    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py", line 617, in send

    history = [resp for resp in gen] if allow_redirects else []

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py", line 617, in <listcomp>

    history = [resp for resp in gen] if allow_redirects else []

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py", line 177, in resolve_redirects

    **adapter_kwargs

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py", line 596, in send

    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/adapter.py", line 47, in send

    resp = super(CacheControlAdapter, self).send(request, **kw)

  File "/opt/python36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/adapters.py", line 497, in send

    raise SSLError(e, request=request)

pip._vendor.requests.exceptions.SSLError: Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available.

发现是先下载了一个wget http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/83/21/f469c9923235f8c36d5fd5334ed11e2681abad7e0032c5aba964dcaf9bbb/ssl-1.16.tar.gz,于是自己手动下载，解压看到

└── ssl-1.16

    ├── Makefile

    ├── PKG-INFO

    ├── README.rst

    ├── setup.py

    ├── ssl

    └── test

打开setup.py，发现第33行就是第一个错误日志里面的错误代码，发现这个包只适合python2，尝试改了里面所有print语句的语法还是会报错。

     30     # Check the standard locations

     31     for dir in std_dirs:

     32         f = os.path.join(dir, filename)

     33         print 'looking for', f

     34         if os.path.exists(f):

     35             return []

转移思路，以为是本机python2和python3同时存在导致，用pip下载的是python2版本的ssl包。于是百度怎么把python2卸载。于是看到了下面这篇文章

Centos7 python2.7和yum完全卸载及重装 https://www.cnblogs.com/wangjunjiehome/p/9239005.html

只看了完全卸载（卸载python和yum命令），没看重装部分。

参考的博文，注意rpm包的版本需要根据自己系统版本修改，譬如我的是CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810,rpm下载路径是http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/ (7.* 都是用7的rpm包)

1、删除现有Python

[root@test ~]# rpm -qa|grep python|xargs rpm -ev --allmatches --nodeps ##强制删除已安装程序及其关联

[root@test ~]# whereis python |xargs rm -frv ##删除所有残余文件 ##xargs，允许你对输出执行其他某些命令

[root@test ~]# whereis python ##验证删除，返回无结果

2、删除现有的yum

[root@test ~]# rpm -qa|grep yum|xargs rpm -ev --allmatches --nodeps

[root@test ~]# whereis yum |xargs rm -frv

------------后面的部分需要根据自己本机报错去补充下载相应rpm包--------------------------

3、从http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/6.4/os/x86_64/Packages/下载相应的包

python-2.6.6-36.el6.x86_64.rpm

python-devel-2.6.6-36.el6.x86_64.rpm

python-libs-2.6.6-36.el6.x86_64.rpm

python-pycurl-7.19.0-8.el6.x86_64.rpm

python-setuptools-0.6.10-3.el6.noarch.rpm

python-urlgrabber-3.9.1-8.el6.noarch.rpm

python-iniparse-0.3.1-2.1.el6.noarch.rpm

rpm-python-4.8.0-32.el6.x86_64.rpm

yum-3.2.29-40.el6.centos.noarch.rpm

yum-metadata-parser-1.1.2-16.el6.x86_64.rpm

yum-utils-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm

yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm

yum-plugin-protectbase-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm

yum-plugin-aliases-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm

yum-plugin-downloadonly-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm

由于源中版本会更新，具体请查看URL中的版本再下载下来！

[root@test ~]# rpm -Uvh --replacepkgs python*.rpm

[root@test ~]# rpm -Uvh --replacepkgs rpm-python*.rpm yum*.rpm

可能之间还需要zlib和zlib-devel包，根据情况下载并安装！

结果悲剧了，yum命令找不到了（好奇过为什么要把yum卸载，不知道linux的yum是依赖python的，不卸载yum是无法卸载python2的）。没有yum命令只用源码安装python2，缺少很多依赖，只能一个个手动下载rpm包，下面是我下载的所有rpm包

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/rpm-build-libs-4.11.3-40.el7.x86_64.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/rpm-libs-4.11.3-40.el7.x86_64.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/rpm-build-4.11.3-40.el7.x86_64.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/rpm-cron-4.11.3-40.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/rpm-devel-4.11.3-40.el7.x86_64.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/rpm-plugin-systemd-inhibit-4.11.3-40.el7.x86_64.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/rpm-sign-4.11.3-40.el7.x86_64.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-2.7.5-86.el7.x86_64.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-devel-2.7.5-86.el7.x86_64.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-libs-2.7.5-86.el7.x86_64.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-pycurl-7.19.0-19.el7.x86_64.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-setuptools-0.9.8-7.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-urlgrabber-3.10-9.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-iniparse-0.4-9.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/rpm-python-4.11.3-40.el7.x86_64.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/yum-3.4.3-163.el7.centos.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/yum-metadata-parser-1.1.4-10.el7.x86_64.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/yum-utils-1.1.31-52.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.31-52.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/yum-plugin-protectbase-1.1.31-52.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/yum-plugin-aliases-1.1.31-52.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-rpm-macros-3-32.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-backports-ssl_match_hostname-3.5.0.1-1.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-backports-1.0-8.el7.x86_64.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python2-rpm-macros-3-32.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-ipaddress-1.0.16-2.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-srpm-macros-3-32.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/rpm-4.11.3-40.el7.x86_64.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/libxml2-python-2.9.1-6.el7_2.3.x86_64.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-kitchen-1.1.1-5.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-chardet-2.2.1-3.el7.noarch.rpm

安装rpm包：

rpm -Uvh --replacepkgs python*.rpm

rpm -Uvh --replacepkgs rpm-python*.rpm yum*.rpm

我的yum命令终于可以用了！！！

最后解决python3的ssl模块问题，原来是要用pyopenssl，完美解决

pip install pyopenssl

重新编译python3

./Modules/readline.c:32:31: fatal error: readline/readline.h: No such file or directory

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